The values of traditional society in China are based on ethics, with human relations as the core and family as the starting point. "The father and son are close, the monarch and the minister are righteous, the husband and wife are different, the young and the old are orderly, and the friends are trustworthy." This "five ethics" is extrapolated from family relations to the country and society. As the most basic and important social organization unit, the family has received great attention. The so-called "managing the family, governing the country and calming the world" is the most important thing. How to govern the country and level the world if the family is not right? This was an accepted principle at that time. How can we be together? There are many methods, the most important of which is to cultivate future generations, carry out cultural education, improve their comprehensive quality, and enable them to acquire the ability to settle down. Therefore, family studies have received considerable attention in traditional society. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the academy, which belongs to the nature of family studies, has become a cultural undertaking pursued by many scholars in China for the benefit of future generations. Although there are theoretically differences between family and clan, clan and clan, and each has different definitions, for our ancestors, they are basically mixed, and all refer to the blood and blood organization of the same paternal line. Therefore, the family academy we are talking about is the academy created and shared by this blood organization. Except for a short article written by the author a few years ago, the research on family academies is almost blank. The discussion here is still preliminary, and we pray that experts will criticize and correct us, and that the same people will lead us further.

one

The Rise and Evolution of Family Academy

Family academy came into being in order to meet the cultural and educational needs of a family. In the Tang Dynasty, the primary stage of the development of this academy appeared and got some development. The earliest family academy in the Tang Dynasty was the Guiyan Academy of Hong Chengxing, which was located six miles north of Gao 'an County (now Jiangxi Province) in Hongzhou. In the 9th year of Yuanhe (8 14), it was built by retired people for Xing Nanrong's drinking, and in the 9th year of Chengtong (868), the Xing family moved to the county seat, during which it was a place for the Xing family to collect books, teach and educate people. The most famous is Chen Dongjia Bookstore in Yimen, Jiangzhou (now Dean, Jiangxi). In the first year of Dashun (890), the Jiangzhou Chen Family Law was formulated, which contained two provisions concerning bookstore management, namely:

1. A bookstore is located in Dongjiazhuang. Brothers and nephews endow wise men with books, and those who have achieved a little should be promoted. In addition to the existing books, it is necessary to buy them. Yu Shusheng has a person who is in charge of books. The access order is well managed and must not be lost.

First of all, there is a library in the west of the house to educate children. It opens on auspicious day in the first month of each year and is dissolved in the winter month. The boy entered school at the age of seven and left school at the age of fifteen. Capable people enter the east. Every year, the library selects two people for training, one is a teacher and the other is an assistant. Its paper, pen and ink are not from the home library, and it is responsible for purchasing and processing.

Yimen Chen Shi tablets

It can be seen that, as a big family commended by the imperial court, the educational organization of the Chen family in Yimen is relatively perfect, consisting of two different and interrelated systems, namely, the bookstore and the bookstore, and institutionalized by legislation, which shows that its development has matured. According to the reporter's understanding, Dongjia Bookstore, the Yimen Academy recorded in local chronicles, is a typical early family academy with complete form. "There are dozens of bookstores, thousands of books and 20 hectares of land, which are the foundation of learning." Moreover, from the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, it was continuously established and became a famous academy that influenced Jiangnan. However, from the records of "children's talents are above the weak crown" to "people who travel around the world are naturally covered by officials and celebrities", it can be seen that Yimen Academy is not only the private property of the Chen family, but has begun to serve the public and become a hall of "people who travel around the world". From a small family to a big society, this may be the best destination after the development of family academies.

In the Song Dynasty, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, family academies developed greatly. Taking Shuizhen, Xingning County, Chenzhou (now Zixing, Hunan) as an example, four academies were established in one township. According to Cheng Shui's surname, Cao Shi is the most popular, and the so-called "country people are many", followed by Yuan Shi and Shi Jiao. Cao Shi first established Youlingquan Academy and Guanlan Academy, which was a wise move to maintain the long-term prosperity of the family. Yuan and Jiao contended, and successively founded the Academy and Wenfeng Academy. The sound of books came one after another, and the rue was everywhere. Zuo, a writer of Yuan Zaju, raised the construction of Cao Shi Academy to the height of cultural construction in Notes on Rebuilding Guanlan Academy. He said that Song San's poetry books have been infiltrated for more than a hundred years and learned from the palace and the countryside, so he has been open-minded, upright and supportive of principles for thousands of years. Isn't it the contribution of Confucianism? It founded the Xingning Cao Shi Bookstore. In the Qing Dynasty, the descendants in the countryside even linked this move of their ancestors with Zhang Qian, Zhu and others' revitalization of Huxiang academic centered on Yuelu Academy, and classified it as "those who heard the news traveled all over Hunan". Although this is a manifestation of the cultural consciousness of the latecomers, we will still think about it hundreds of years later. It can be seen that the construction of the four academies of Cao, Yuan and Jiao in the Song Dynasty had a profound and unforgettable impact on the cultural and educational development of Chengshui Town. It is a pity that the construction of the four major academies "only has one surname and one clan, and the teachings are not widely spread". Although it has the honor of "high-tech academies are solid and take care of people", it is still inevitable to close their doors for a hundred years. Finally, during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, all ethnic groups jointly established the Chenhou Academy to "learn from the classics and go to the countryside"

For example, the establishment of family academies in the Song Dynasty mostly cultivated high-quality offspring for a family to maintain its existing prosperity or change the situation of family decline, so the situation described by Wang Yinglin, a famous scholar in Guangping Academy at the end of the Song Dynasty, became its general representative. He said:

If a handsome son is a grandson, he is also a show of the clan, a scholar in the morning and evening, and a sage in the Spring and Autumn Period. /kloc-at the age of 0/8, he looks forward to the shrine, speaks with his teeth and sings like wings. ..... I have a tree, cultivated and cultivated; I have a beautiful seedling, so I can learn it. My son, studying, in the beautiful wall, is like seeing a sage. It is convenient to teach when you are unconscious in the morning; In the industry, I learned nothing but study. ..... Children and grandchildren, first, then people's hair!

As for the scale and form of family academies at that time, due to the different economic conditions and ideas of each family, there were different sizes. Such as Zhaxi Academy of Wu in Yanzhou (now Zhejiang):

Kao Bu Qi-sheng, Zhao Zao Yu Shu, lecture hall, in which the level is "reaching goodness", there is a spring in front, and the pool is sparse for research. The two wings are the East-West Zhai, the upper Zhai is the pavilion, and the left is "Ming Jing", which contains books of a subset of Confucian classics and history; On the right, "Meeting the Sages" lists the images of ancient sages and philosophers. Outside the gate, an altar was built with earth, surrounded by apricots, and the pavilion was named "Fengyi". Zhong Bozi's surname is Su Suyong Yong, and fleas repair and swim at night. There is an old Dong beside him. I don't know what year it is. It thunders one day and doesn't bother me. It is based on its materials such as Zhu Si's sages, and it is punished with foresight to save the day and night.

Although the scale is not large, it is excellent in giving lectures, collecting books, offering sacrifices and traveling. Another example is the Xushan Academy in Cui Shi, Beixi, Jianchang (now Jiangxi). Because Cui Shi is a big family of "Fan Yanchi Chang", and the construction of the academy "is discussed by the relatives of its clan, and it is a combination of public efforts and public wealth", so the regulations are open and complete, as Bao Hui remembers:

In other words, his ancestral neighborhood was founded as a huge academy. It can be said that there are halls, schools, accommodation rooms, wide corridors and strict gates. Well prepared, I tasted the word "Xushan Academy" written by Mr. Zhu Wengong, which is famous for its name. Learn from your son and nephew. Yi Xi set an example, and served as dean, senior and vegetarian successively, which also helped him. Tibet was cultivated in Sri Lanka, and Li Ze was cultivated in Sri Lanka. The experience and lessons have been tested and can serve Sri Lanka. The rules are solemn, and the performance is not over, unprecedented. Naturally, I went, and I came when I got the rest of the things in the Ming Dynasty. Now I have the right to listen.

As can be seen from the quotation, Xushan Mountain in Cui Shi is not only "large-scale", but also well-organized, with a complete teaching system composed of mountain leaders, hall leaders, seniors and Zhai leaders, which can be compared with state and county academies sponsored by the government in any respect. This family college is the most outstanding spirit in the world by virtue of its "gathering clansmen", "combining the strength of all people" and "gathering people's wealth"!

It should be said that the family academy experienced more than 300 years of development in the Song Dynasty, and it has been basically stereotyped, serving different families of different levels and types and meeting cultural needs, and has been recognized by the society. Hundreds of years after Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the evolution and development of its family academy followed the Song Dynasty and responded to the requirements of the times. There is no special innovation, so I won't go into details here. However, it should be pointed out that the development of family schools was in the period of peace and prosperity, when the country was just established or the dynasty was at the end, when people's livelihood was uncertain and food and clothing were difficult to protect, many family schools were abandoned.

two

Types of family colleges

Generally speaking, family academies in Tang, Song and even Ming and Qing Dynasties can be divided into three basic types: one original, one original, family portrait, family and family. The situation is described as follows:

There are many family academies of the first type, such as Taoyuan Academy in Yinxian County (now Zhejiang Province), which was founded in the Song Dynasty, 30 miles west of the county seat. Historians call it "Wang Shu". Zhou Yi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, founded an academy next to a scenic stream in Anfu, Jiangxi Province, named Xiuxi, and asked Yang Wanli to write it down. He said: "Zhou lived on it, and a museum called Xiuxi Academy was built nearby, where he gave lectures and gave lectures to all the students. His book was published in the pavilion, and he recruited Fu Liang to guide his four sons, namely, Mr. Ji Bo, Mr. Sung Hoon, Mr. Boren, Mr. Datong and Mr. Genzhai. Ni Jun, a poet of the Song Dynasty, gave lectures at Jinjiang Academy in Anren Great Wall Township, Jiangxi Province. In the second year of Yuan Zhen (1296), his son Donnie asked Wang Gou to take notes, claiming that "the academy is a family school, which inherited the ambitions of past dynasties, but dared to covet something and won the second sage award by mistake". Although it is not without ostentation and extravagance, it is not an exaggeration for Jinjiang to return to Nijia. People in the Yuan Dynasty said at the beginning of "Shantang Academy": "Shantang Academy is the home of descendants of Wang Men in Nan 'an. ..... Nan 'an, the man in the family, is rich, but what is not enough? Fang is diligent in choosing teachers, taking teaching children and grandchildren as the top priority, covering the hearts of the ancients, and the family law of our party is necessary for customs. " His words are intended to praise, but they can also show the image of a powerful and virtuous person who devoted himself to the construction of academies in the Yuan Dynasty to the fullest. There is a Nanxun Academy in Taoyuan Creek, southeast of Taihe County, Jiangxi Province, which was founded by Xiao, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, and rebuilt by Xiao Anheng, a descendant of Xiao Anheng in the Ming Dynasty. Qian Lian, please write it down. In other words, "Nanxun today is built to teach its children, but it has the legacy of the ancient party school. "This type of academy was everywhere in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and we don't want to repeat it.

The second kind of family college is the promotion of the first kind, and the benefits of education are pushed from one family to another. Jiading's Zhenjiang Annals has been published for ten years: "Jintan Imperial Medical College is in front of the ruins, and Taifu Temple is the grandson of the public program. Because he lived far away, he built an academy and recruited famous teachers, who were taught by his children and allocated land for a long time. Liu Zai, a citizen of the street, takes Mencius as his filial name. " This is a typical family college founded by a family and nourishing the children of the whole country. This kind of academy has existed all over the country. Here are a few examples to see the whole leopard. Fangyan Academy in Taiping County, Zhejiang Province is the place where Xie Shiyan's brothers "built for their godson". Another example is Tong Yuan Academy, which is located in the south of Guixi County, Jiangxi Province. It used to be the former residence of Gao, an observer in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, his seventh grandson could set up a college here to teach the children of rural people and support their fields. Sun Huifu, the ninth of the Yuan Dynasty, ceded land to subsidize the college fees, which was destroyed at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, the 14th Sun Jichang rebuilt it. During Chenghua years, Yu Gan and Hu gave lectures, among which disciple Xu Hongsi was once called Sheng. In the thirty-first year of Wanli, Wu Zhi County was rebuilt and applied for Sun Bai. For hundreds of years, Gao's descendants have been studying here, which can be described as a legacy. From the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties to the end of Ming Dynasty, although the government participated in the administrative construction of the academy, the grandson of Gao still held the position of ancestral temple, and the family nature of the academy remained strong. In the Book of Baisha Academy, Liu described how to set up an academy for his clan: "Zhang Wenxian, Wenchang and Jishui set up Baisha Academy to teach the handsome children of their clan", "its meaning is still long, but it is not greedy for fame", and praised this move as "one is close to ancient times, one is unprecedented in ancient times, and the other is different from modern times". The so-called "near ancient times" lies in "Wen Xianyan's famous teacher, who values the study of sages at home and thinks that all countries in the world will cultivate talents." What the ancients didn't have was that "the fields of the ancients were blessed, so the party followed suit and didn't know there were fields." This article first donates fertile land to the academy and pays taxes to the officials at the beginning of the year, so that teachers and students can have food for the rest of their lives. " Different from modern times, "there are fields between modern academies, and those who donate fields first have the meaning of long academies." If they are talented, they will be promoted next time, and Juelu can refer to them. Wen xian does not seek for himself, but for his family and children, which is different from modern people; It will also be a pioneering work, and then this field and academy will be infinite. It will not be taken from the family, it will be worse than the company, and it will be different from modern people. "

The third kind of family college is a college created and enjoyed by family members. For example, Xintian Xintian Academy in Fuliang County in Song Dynasty was founded by Li Chunnian, assistant minister of Shaoxing. In Jiading, Li "led the villagers to pay a New Year call and invited Li Dejun's children". Strictly speaking, Xintian belonged to this kind of academy only after Li "led the villagers to the new school" in Jiading period. Another example is Pucheng County, Jianning, the hometown of Zhen Xiude, a famous Confucian scholar in the Song Dynasty. His grandson donated private land to build a college in the Yuan Dynasty. Yu Ji's Xishan Academy contains its story: "pucheng county, Jianning Road, where is Zhen Wenzhong's former residence?" Sun's descendants said that his people built a temple and a private field for people studying in his palace with the comparison of Zhu Wengong of Jian 'an Temple, and asked officials to be their teachers. In Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, books are kept, and the court ordered Xishan Academy to be listed as a scholar, which was extended for four years in April. "The establishment of a scholar officer is a story of the Yuan Dynasty, which is not enough to change the family nature of Xishan Academy.

Most of these academies were built by Wang, and they belonged to clan cause in principle. Looking through the Geographical Map of Zhang's Genealogy in Ancient and Modern Times compiled by Zhang Jun and others in Ming Dynasty, we can see that Mr. Cynthia's Academy, Guishan Academy in Chuzhou, Hangzhou Academy, Jiuling Public Bookstore in Nanxiong House and Liugong Academy in Huizhou House are impressively marked on it, standing shoulder to shoulder with Zhang's ancestral hall. In local chronicles, there are many records of such academies. For example, Xianfeng's "Shunde County Records", Volume 5, Preface to School Discipline, said: "There are a large number of well-known schools, also known as academies, such as Longyong Chenshi Beichi Academy, Xunshi Yi Xue, Gancun Ganshi Bohai Academy, Xiupu He Yi Xue, Ling and so on. The author does not agree with the practice of putting "a private academy of one family" into another book and attaching it to its purpose, but consciously distinguishes the family academies that are collected and prepared at public expense, which shows that the author of local chronicles has recognized the existence of such academies.

There is another alternative form of this kind of academy, that is, two or more nationalities with different surnames are allowed to build it, and the non-participating nationalities are not allowed to enjoy it. For example, Erxian Academy in Huailai and Maying in Xuanhua in Ming Dynasty all belong to this category. According to Jiajing's "Fu Xuan Town Records", in Shanggu, besides schools, "Huailai and Maying both have Erxian Academies, and Fan Wenzheng and Ouyang Wenzhong later lived in them and built them together to worship their ancestors and enlighten their studies".

In addition to the above three basic types, there is also a family academy for the descendants of Confucian sages and historical celebrities. Its establishment is divided into self-construction and local government establishment. The creator intended to glorify his ancestors and cultivate future generations, such as Fan Zhongyan's grandson, who lived in Suzhou for five years from Yuan to (1345), and converted Zhongyan Ancestral Temple, which was founded in Song Xianchun, into an academy, and it is still used to worship Zhongyan, among which Ji's children graduated. Since then, from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty for hundreds of years, Zheng Wen Academy has continued to run schools and never set up a mountain division. It just "carefully selected the sages of all clans to serve the Lord", presided over the school administration and became a holy place for Fan's service and training talents. On the other hand, official builders support Confucianism and remain gentle. For example, the descendants of Confucius in Qingpu (present-day Shanghai) declined in the Qing Dynasty, and "the son's surname is agriculture, and there is no string chanting", which is an insult to saints and is an insult to sven. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Yu, the magistrate of a county, generously donated to build an academy, "charging for the expansion of the division, specially designed for Kong Jiashu. In the past two decades, people have been traveling in China, and people who have contributed to the court have become more and more successful. " After several efforts, it will eventually rebound.

Although there are not many such academies, they are widely distributed, and the places where saints, sages and philosophers are located are likely to be found, which has great influence and cannot be ignored. Generally speaking, there are two characteristics. One is family-oriented. Whether it was built by your own government or not, it can't be counted as a city government. Second, teaching and sacrifice are equally important, and even sacrifice is the first. "If it is, then it is called an academy. It is really like a temple system and cannot be confused by the party." We can get a summary of the situation from "Xingfu Zongsheng Academy" written in the first year of Daoguang, Qishan, Qing Dynasty (182 1), which is called:

The state worships Confucianism and learning, and worships classics. The four sages not only released them in the Confucian temple at the right time, but also set up a special temple in the place where they were born, and set up an academy to place doctors for lifelong worship. The ceremony was detailed and detailed. The old Zongsheng Academy, 40 miles south of Jiaxiang, is on the left of Nanwushan Temple. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, doctors were a little far from the city, and officials had great difficulties. Please order him to move to the city. Its name is "Academy", which determines that Nanwu used to be a place where Zongsheng preached and gave lectures, and the title of "Zongsheng" is to pay tribute to the sages. For example, the two academies of Shengni Mountain and Shengze, as well as the doctrine of the mean, are all taken care of by Confucius' descendants outside the temple, so it cannot be assumed that the office location of a city is also very clear. In the old system, the temple worships saints, with ten disciples such as saints and sub-saints on the left and right, and worships Yang Pi on the east and west. In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, Nishan Academy was built as an example to offer sacrifices to Zongsheng's parents, his wife, and the descendants of Zongsheng II and III in the back building. Therefore, it is called an academy, which is actually a temple-like system. Home-school parties can be mixed, and the gods are majestic. Especially suitable for removing feces to show silence and let students and disciples mix in!

three

Basic characteristics of family academy

Compared with the study and academy where scholars study, family academy has the publicity and openness of serving the whole family. However, this openness and openness is limited to the family and surname maintained by blood, which is very limited compared with the village school maintained by geography, so the privacy of one surname has to be the premise. Investigating these family academies with the relative duality of "public" and "private" has at least the following basic characteristics.

The first is its blood relationship. The founding funds of the family college are all provided by the family, and the directors of the college are held by or employed by family members, and their service targets are the descendants of family members. The so-called "children are grandchildren, surnames are not allowed" is its general principle, forming exclusiveness. Although the possibility of accepting his children or scholars studying in the college for various reasons is not ruled out, this is not a general rule and will not affect or change the characteristics of his college belonging to the blood family.

Second, the main task of family college is teaching and collecting. The purpose of setting up an academy in every family is clear and specific, that is, to cultivate the next generation, so that they have higher cultural knowledge and good moral literacy, thus improving the overall quality level of the family and providing greater vitality for its reproduction and development. This purpose determines its characteristics of insisting on teaching and receiving. In the imperial examination era, most of its teaching achievements were reflected by the achievements and fame of children of all ethnic groups, and they were boasted in the world. For example, Dongpo Academy in Longhongshan, northern Jiading, Sichuan, was built in the 13th year of Ming Dynasty (1448) by Liu Hongyu, a "gentleman of liberal arts" from the state. He worshipped Su Shi as his teacher and "offered sacrifices to Sasao and recruited monks to live there again". Only in this way can his son be respected and introduced to study. "In the second year of Chenghua (1466) and the nineteenth year, Su and Jie successively entered the Jinshi examination and became great officials, which was very glorious. During the period of Zhengde, Liu Jie rebuilt the Academy, and Liu Chun wrote Dongpo Academy, which is still talked about by people. He said: "Chenghua Xu Bing, a respected scholar, is tired of official suggestions. Now he is Fang Bo and has a strong wind. Gui Mao, who introduced him to the countryside, is now a magistrate of Yiling and a great politician. Let's talk about Liu Cizi's achievements in reading because his father created an academy to praise the virtuous. "。

Thirdly, besides offering sacrifices to sages, that is, offering sacrifices to sages in general colleges, family colleges have an additional task of offering sacrifices to sages, such as offering sacrifices to Fan Zhongyan in Suzhou Zheng Wen Academy. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were even some academies set up to offer sacrifices to ancestors. For example, Tongjiang Academy in Xianju, Zhejiang, Duzhou Academy in Cixi, Wen Zhen Academy in Fengcheng, Jiangxi, Donggang Academy in Changsha, Hunan, etc. were all set up to pay homage to ancestors, ancestors or fathers. It is worth pointing out that ancestor worship in the family academy is more to improve the sense of honor of future generations and Si Qi's self-motivation, so as to improve their enthusiasm for learning. Compared with teaching and receiving, it is in an auxiliary position.

Fourth, the teaching level of family college is not high, which belongs to universal education. Students in family academies are children of clans, and most of them belong to children's groups, which determines that such academies cannot have a high teaching standard. Generally speaking, they belong to the stage of enlightenment education or slightly higher than the stage of ignorance, and only a few exceptions can higher-level teaching or research be carried out.

Fifth, the family school has continuity and can persist in running schools for a long time. A family's demand for culture and education is not an order from the court or an invitation from the government, but an instinctive need for survival and development, so it can persist. As long as there are no major changes, many cases can persist for generations or even dozens of generations, such as the aforementioned Guixi Tong Yuan Academy, which lasted for hundreds of years from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Another example is Shigang Academy in Sanli, southeast of Anfu County, Jiangxi Province. "It was built by Xiao Yifeng, and the soldiers were destroyed at the end of the Song Dynasty. Other people moved from Sun to Meixi for reconstruction. Yuanji was destroyed again, and Meixi Sun Sanxi resumed it. " Another example is Hutou Academy in Yongfeng County, which was built by human capital. In the fifth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, it was restored by the descendants of the Jin family, from India to Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty. All show tenacious vitality. Future generations' reverence for ancestors, respect for ancestors' emphasis on educational tradition, and the realistic need to improve their own quality through education to achieve greater development can all be regarded as the internal reasons for the continued running of family colleges.

Source: Journal of Hunan University (Social Science Edition), No.4, July 2003.