Xingshan New Year Custom Composition

Tujia nationality is a minority with a long history in the border area of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou. They mainly live in the land of 654.38+ 10,000 square kilometers at the foot of Dalou Mountain, Wuling Mountain and Daba Mountain at the eastern end of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It is mainly distributed in Wuling Mountain area adjacent to Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Tujia nationality is 8028 133, only. The population of ethnic minorities in China ranks sixth, with 2.64 million in Hunan, 2.27 million in Hubei, 6.5438+0.5 million in Chongqing and 6.5438+0.4 million in Guizhou. There are Tujia people scattered all over the country.

Tujia people mainly live in 50 counties and cities (districts) in Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou and Chongqing. At present, there are 25 counties and districts implementing regional autonomy, including 2 autonomous prefectures (under the jurisdiction of 16 counties and cities), 5 Tujia and Miao autonomous counties, 4 Tujia autonomous counties, 40 Tujia townships, and 4 1 Tujia joint autonomous townships. They are Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hunan Province and its jurisdiction. Sangzhi County, Cili County, Yongding County and Wulingyuan District of Zhangjiajie City; Shimen County and Taoyuan County of Changde City; Yuanling County, Zhijiang County, Xupu County, Mayang County, Enshi City, Lichuan City, Jianshi, Badong, Xuanen, Xianfeng, Hefeng and laifeng county in Huaihua City under the jurisdiction of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture; Changyang and Wufeng in Yichang are two Tujia Autonomous Counties. The mixed areas include Xingshan County, Yichang County, Zigui County, Zhicheng City, Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County, Xiushan, Youyang and Qianjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous Counties in Chongqing (changed to Qianjiang Development Zone in 2000) and Pengshui Tujia and Miao Autonomous County. The mixed areas include Wushan, Wuxi, Yunyang, Fengjie and Wanxian. There are Tujia Autonomous County and Tujia and Miao Autonomous County along the river in Yinjiang, Guizhou, and Dejiang, Jiangkou, Shiqian, Ennan, tongren city and Songtao Miao Autonomous County are mixed areas.

Tujia nationality takes "Bizka" as its family name (meaning of local people) and belongs to a frontier ethnic group. Tujia language belongs to Tibeto-Burman language family and is close to an independent language of Yi language branch. Tujia people only have their own language, but no writing. Tujia language is an independent language of Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman language family. Most people use Chinese now. About 200,000 people along the Youshui River (from Hefeng, Hubei, to Shui Yuan, Hunan) still speak Tujia, and some people also speak Chinese.

The basic characteristics of Tujia nationality are: "independent language, traditional festivals, simple songs and dances, exquisite craftsmanship, strange music, mourning and marriage, special beliefs, taboos of self-esteem, tenacious national consciousness and long-standing historical sites". 19571October 3rd, Tujia was officially identified as a single ethnic group by the central government.

The origin of Tujia nationality is still inconclusive. At present, various theories coexist, and the main sources are still: First, Tujia people are descendants of Cubans. It is considered that Tujia people claim to be similar to some place names in the history of Ba people's activities, and Ba people worship tigers, which is the same as Tujia people. Some Ba surnames are the same as Tujia surnames, and so on. Second, they are descendants of indigenous ancestors. They think that the ancestors who settled in Xiangxi first are one of the main sources of Tujia nationality. The Neolithic cultural sites unearthed in Liye and Dayong ancient dikes in Longshan prove that there were ancient human activities in Xiangxi very early, and there are still many Tujia language names. It shows that these places should have been reclaimed and lived by Tujia ancestors at the earliest. Third, they were part of the barbarians who moved from Guizhou in the middle of the Tang Dynasty. It is considered that Guizhou people are called Biji or Biji is the same as Tujia people. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the barbarians in Zhang Yue invaded Guizhou and conquered some local aborigines, which is the origin of the name White Snail. Some of them struggled with them for a long time and were finally forced to move to Xiangxi. Tujia and Yi people have similarities in language, belief, song and dance, and then think that Tujia is a branch of Wuman. Fourth, they are descendants of Peng family in Jiangxi. They believe that in the late Tang Dynasty and the early Five Dynasties, the descendants of Jiangxi Peng, headed by Peng, entered Xiangxi, overcame difficulties, opened up territory and ruled Xiangxi, which played a great role. Although the above statements are not completely consistent, there is a unified understanding, that is. Tujia gradually formed a stable people's community with common language, common region, common economic life and common cultural and psychological quality, and began to form a single nation.

The neighboring areas of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou, where Tujia people live in compact communities, are centered on the eastern veins of Wuling and Qingjiang River basins, reaching Fanjingshan and Wujiang in Guizhou in the west, Yiling and Jianghan in the east, Wushan Yangtze River in the north and Zhiyuan in Li Lan in the south. Fiona Fang has about 654.38 million square kilometers. It belongs to mountainous and hilly areas, with an altitude of1000-1500m. Wushan Mountain in the Three Gorges extends northward. Rivers mainly include Youshui, Lishui, Qingjiang and Wujiang. The whole territory is covered with valleys and flat dams, extending eastward from Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It belongs to a typical subtropical climate, with mild climate, abundant rainfall, dense forests and vast mountains, with an annual average temperature of 13.5 to 17.5 degrees Celsius and an average rainfall of 65,438. It is suitable for the growth of crops and fruit trees and has good conditions for the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and by-products. The main crops are rice, corn, millet, sorghum, soybeans, mung beans, sweet potatoes, barley, wheat, peas and potatoes. Cash crops include beet, sesame, tobacco, lacquer, cypress, cowpea, cotton, tung oil tree, camellia oleifera and so on. Tung oil and tea are one of the main economic sources of Tujia people and play an important role in their lives. The forest is rich in pine, fir, nanmu and cypress. There is also a rare Davidia involucrata community in Sangzhi County.

Tujia area is rich in medicinal materials, such as Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., Gastrodia elata, Papaya, Yinhong, Poria, Coptidis Rhizoma, Angelica sinensis, Radix Aucklandiae and so on. Special products include citrus, chestnut and kiwi fruit; Mineral deposits include mercury, lead, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum, barium, phosphorus, coal, manganese, iron, purple sand pottery and so on. In addition, the giant salamander in western Hunan and Hubei, the golden monkey in Fan Jingshan, the white ape and flying squirrel in Hu Pingshan all have scientific research and ornamental value.

There are magical landscapes in Tujia area, which is a unique tourism resource. As far as mountains are concerned, there are Zhangjiajie, Wuling Mountain, Fan Jing, Wushan, Sangzhi Tianping Mountain, Shimen Hu Ping, Lichuan Xingdou Mountain, Changyang Wudang Mountain, Longshan Bamian Mountain, etc. Among them, Zhangjiajie, known as the "Three Thousand Wonders Peak, 800 Xiushui", has beautiful peaks, vast ancient plains and hundreds of miles around. Just like Penglai Wonderland, 1992 was listed in the World Natural Heritage List by UNESCO, and it received10.8 million Chinese and foreign tourists every year. As far as water is concerned, in addition to the above-mentioned major rivers, there are thousands of streams, such as Mengdong River and Maoyan River, which are magical secluded places with long and clean natural landscapes and include tourism. Hundreds of thousands of tourists try "the best rafting in the world" every year. There are many spectacular caves in Tujia mountainous areas. Zhangjiajie Forest Park, such as Longshan Huo Yan Cave, Lichuan Tenglong Cave, Youyang Cave, Youer Cave, Suoxiyu Huanglong Cave, Sangzhi Jiutian Cave, etc., has various development methods and is unique to the world.

There are many scenic spots and historical sites in Tujia areas that are worth appreciating, such as the bronze pillar of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Yongshun, the Old Division City in Yongshun, the Tusi City in Tangya, Xianfeng, the Tuhan Boundary Monument in Wufeng, the Wulishan Mountain in Changyang, the No.2 Gate in Yongshun and the Peach Blossom Garden in Youyang, which recorded the history and culture of Tujia people and wrote Chinese civilization. The natural resources and landscapes in Tujia areas are the genes of Tujia people's hearts, and these wonderful mountains and rivers naturally create Tujia people's hearts.

Tujia nationality has been a nation good at absorbing advanced culture since ancient times. Historically, due to the early contact with the Han nationality and the great influence of Chinese culture, it has created many favorable conditions for its own development. At the same time, Tujia people have made great efforts and contributions in the struggle against feudal oppression, foreign aggression and defending the territory of the motherland.

Since the peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, "barbarian chieftains in Xizhou" have emerged one after another. Since Peng claimed to be the secretariat of history, his power has become increasingly powerful, and the separatist region has been expanding. In addition to the upper, middle and lower western States, it also governs 20 States, including Longci, Tianci, Loyalty, Quiet, Probation, Yongshun, An, Yuan, Xin and QIA, and constantly competes with Chu. After several battles, Zhou lost ground. After negotiation, the two sides reached an agreement to set up a cast copper column in Huiji, Western Zhou Dynasty. Although Peng defeated Zhangjiajie Personnel Bureau in Xizhou, his political status and jurisdiction were confirmed by Chu. Ma Xifan, the king of Chu, still made Xizhou the secretariat of Xizhou, continued to administer Xizhou, brocade and seal Zhou, making it legal and territorial, thus maintaining Peng's rule in Xiangxi for more than 800 years.

During the Five Dynasties, Tujia areas were dominated by agriculture, preferring fishing and hunting to merchants. In production, extensive farming, logging and shed burning, fire farming and hydroponics, no fertilization and no irrigation lead to extremely low agricultural output. At this time, class differentiation appeared, and feudal lords were the largest ruling class. They occupied a lot of land, and farmers became serfs, oppressed and exploited by feudal lords.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, handicrafts and sideline businesses in Tujia areas developed to a certain extent. In addition to picking tea, taking wax, smelting cinnabar and mercury, and picking herbs, Zhangjiajie's pictures are more prominent. Most of these handicrafts were tribute to the imperial court by the rulers, and they got considerable "gifts" from the imperial court, that is, a lot of salt, silk, clothes and gold and silver coins. This form of official trade has benefited the upper and lower rulers, but the farmers have gained nothing. Objectively, it has maintained regional political stability and promoted economic and technological exchanges between different regions. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Tujia farmers used a large number of advanced agricultural tools such as iron plows, harrows and iron sickles imported from Han areas, and also learned to manufacture and use centipede carts, washing barrels, water mills, water rows and water mills. Under the influence of the economy in Han areas, the feudal landlord economy gradually transformed into the feudal landlord economy. However, because a large number of Han businessmen and farmers moved in, a new landlord class appeared. Farmers were not only exploited by various forms of land rent, but also by various servants and exorbitant taxes, and their lives were miserable.

During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the practice of "returning home" in Tujia areas was a major change in the political and economic system. The abolition of the chieftain system and the implementation of the official system have objectively promoted the great political and economic development in Tujia areas. Politically, it broke the ban of "no going abroad, no going into caves" in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, which was conducive to national unity and mutual exchanges among all ethnic groups. Economically, with the abolition of the chieftain exploitation system, farmers got rid of the life dependence of feudal lords, became free farmers, owned their own cultivated land, and promoted the development of social productive forces. At the same time, Han farmers and businessmen brought advanced production technologies and tools, especially after craftsmen entered Tujia areas, some towns were gradually established and expanded, which promoted the start and development of handicrafts in Tujia areas. Such as textile, wood carving, carving, casting, metal processing and mining. After the reform, the commerce and trade in Tujia areas were unprecedentedly active, and the goods flowed out smoothly, and the purchase and sale were booming. Prefectures and towns with major traffic routes have become important markets for department stores. Some products, such as salt industry, have set up special stores to distribute Sichuan salt and Huai salt. The development of commodity economy has promoted the development of agricultural production and people's life in Tujia areas.

Tujia nationality has made outstanding contributions to the patriotic struggle in modern times. During the Opium War, Chen Liansheng, deputy commander of the Qing army and Tujia nationality in Hefeng, and his son Chen Peng led more than 600 Chu soldiers to fight against the invading army from the sea and died unfortunately. When Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagukou, Luo Rongguang, a Tujia nationality in Lunzhou, western Hunan, served as the company commander. He sternly refused the enemy's threat, took the lead and died in the fierce battle. Wen,, and others have organized "mentoring".

After the founding of China, Tujia, Miao and Han nationalities carried out revolutionary activities under the leadership of the Party. Li Qingcheng, a young hero, led Tujia children to engage in the new culture movement and was unfortunately arrested and sacrificed. During the period of +0937- 1945, many Tujia children followed the Red Army northward to resist Japan and played an active role in the guerrilla war in the Sichuan-Hubei border region. Tujia nationality is a brave and fearless nation.