1. The basic form of the earth's movement: revolution and rotation around the central sun axis from west to east (counterclockwise over the north celestial pole) from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole and counterclockwise over the South Pole). Periodic sidereal year (6: 09,365 days, 10 second), sidereal day (23: 56: 4 seconds) and perihelion (65438+. The average linear velocity is 30 km/h, decreasing from the equator to the poles. Equator 1670KM\ h, pole is 0.

The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution: (1) Equatorial angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. (2) The movement of the direct point of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer?

Second, the geographical significance of the earth's rotation (1) alternate day and night (2) local time (3) objects moving horizontally along the surface deviate, and the northern hemisphere tilts to the right and the southern hemisphere tilts to the left.

Three: the geographical significance of the earth's revolution? ① Changes of the length of day and night in the northern hemisphere: in summer, the days are long and the nights are short, and the days are longer as you go north. The direct point of the sun is in that hemisphere, and the extreme sun phenomenon appears in the northern part of the Arctic Circle. ② The equatorial winter lasts for half a year, and the days are short and the nights are long. The farther north, the shorter the days are. (3) On the day of the spring and autumn equinox, extreme night appeared in the northern Arctic Circle, and the southern hemisphere was divided equally between day and night: contrary to the northern hemisphere?

4. Calculation of time zone and local time Step 1: First find out the longitude difference between the two places. Step 2: Find the time difference again, and calculate it according to the longitude difference of 4 minutes per degree. The third step: then judge the east-west direction of the two places, adding the east and subtracting the west. If the time exceeds 24 hours, it will be reduced by 24, and the date will be increased by 1 day. If the time is negative, 24 hours will be added and the date will be reduced by 1 day.

V: Terminator line and latitude and longitude?

(1) Judging from the intersection of the terminator line and latitude ① The terminator line can judge that this day is around March 2 1 or September 23; ② The terminal line is tangent to the north and south poles; It's daytime in the Arctic Circle; It can be judged that this day is around June 22; The northern hemisphere is the summer solstice; Summer is in the southern hemisphere; ③ The terminal line is tangent to the north and south poles; It's night in the Arctic Circle; It can be judged that this day is 650.

(2) According to the intersection relationship between the termination line and the meridian, judge the day and night length and calculate the day and night length of a place. When calculating the day length, calculate the latitude circle of the place from the intersection of the morning line and latitude circle to the intersection of the faint line and latitude circle, and divide the longitude by 15, that is, the day length of the place. If only half the solar hemisphere is drawn on the map, it should be noted that twice the longitude difference spanned by one day on the map is divided by 15.

Unit 2 Atmosphere?

1. Composition of the atmosphere and vertical stratification 1) Composition of the lower atmosphere: dry and clean air (nitrogen-the basic component of living things, oxygen-the basic substance for living things, carbon dioxide-the basic raw material for photosynthesis, ozone-the "protective umbrella" for absorbing ultraviolet rays from the sun), water vapor and solid impurities (the necessary conditions for forming clouds and causing rain)

The influence of altitude, temperature and atmospheric movement on human activities, the upper atmosphere is 2000-3000 km. The ionosphere reflects radio waves, and the stratosphere rises 50-55 kilometers with the increase of height. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays and heats up. The low latitude of troposphere: 17- 18km, the middle latitude: 10- 12km, and the high latitude: 8-9km, which is beneficial to high-altitude flight and decreases with the increase of altitude. Convective weather phenomenon is complex and changeable, which is closely related to human beings?

Two: atmospheric thermal action?

(1) Attenuation of solar radiation absorption: selective, water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays, ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and less reflects visible light; non-selective, the thicker the clouds, the stronger the reflection, cloudy in summer, and the temperature is not very high; selective, the blue-violet light with short wavelength is easily scattered, so the clear sky is blue?

(2) Heat insulation on the ground ① The atmosphere absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground and intercepts heat to raise the temperature. Because the atmosphere has a poor absorption capacity for short-wave solar radiation and a strong absorption effect for long-wave radiation from the ground, most of the ground radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere. ② Thermal state of the atmosphere, thermal effect of the atmosphere, 1) thermal cycle: because the ground is hot and cold.

Three: global atmospheric circulation?

(1) Three-circle circulation (Figure 2 on page 37 of the textbook.14) ① There are seven pressure belts and six wind belts on the earth's surface, and the wind belts of the pressure belts move north and south with the north-south movement of the direct point of the sun. For the northern hemisphere, they move northward in summer, and their positions are northerly; In winter, it moves south, and its position is south. (Figure 2. 15) ② What is the influence of land and sea distribution on atmospheric circulation?

(2) Monsoon Circulation Area East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia Climate Type Temperate monsoon climate Subtropical monsoon climate causes the difference of thermal properties between tropical monsoon climate and land, and the seasonal movement direction of pressure belt and wind belt Northwest wind (Asian continent) Northeast wind (Asian continent) Summer southeast wind (Pacific ocean) Southwest wind (Indian Ocean)?

Four: Common weather systems?

(1) Frontal system-concept of cold front, cold front and warm front The cold air mass actively moves to the warm air mass; The warm air mass actively moves to the cold air mass; The weather characteristics are controlled by a single air mass before crossing the border; The weather is clear and controlled by a single air mass; When crossing the border at low temperature, it is cloudy, rainy, snowy, windy and cool; Continuous precipitation increased after crossing the border; The temperature drops; The weather is fine; Temperature rise; Pressure drop; The weather is getting better; The distribution of precipitation generally appears behind the front; Precipitation generally appears in the frontal atmosphere; For example, the northern summer rainstorm.

(2) Low pressure and high pressure systems-Cyclones and anticyclones (take the northern hemisphere as an example, Figure 2.2 1). Cyclones and anticyclones have low pressure (low center and high periphery) and high pressure (high center and low periphery). They move horizontally, converge towards the center (north to south) and diverge from the center (north to south). They move vertically, rise and sink. It is sunny and rainy.

Five; Formation and change of climate?

Formation factors of climate (solar radiation, ground conditions, atmospheric circulation, human activities) ① The temperature distribution of different climate types is generally low latitude and high latitude; The temperature on the mountain is lower than that under the mountain; The temperature in the area where the warm current passes is higher than that in the area where the cold current passes. Due to the different underlying surfaces, the temperature conditions in different places are also different, among which the ocean and land have the greatest influence.

Extended data

Learning method:

First, the integration of arts and sciences, both learning and learning.

Physical geography in high school geography (mainly the first volume of high school geography), including universe, atmosphere, ocean, land and so on. , mainly belongs to the science content. In particular, the earth's movement and time calculation, solar altitude angle, various sunshine maps, climate, ocean currents, various isoline maps and so on have distinct scientific characteristics and need more logical thinking. When learning, we should adopt a scientific learning method, emphasize that understanding is more important than memory, aim at practical application, pay attention to the understanding and application of geographical principles and laws, and solve problems with practical analysis. Usually do more exercises, pay attention to solving problems, especially draw more pictures, deepen understanding and consolidate knowledge.

Human geography (mainly the second volume of senior high school geography and the first elective textbook) and regional geography (the second elective textbook) are mainly liberal arts, so it is very important to strengthen memory on the basis of understanding. Read more books when studying, and be familiar with and master the main points of knowledge; Can read books, grasp the context and main ideas of teaching materials; Think more, be good at summing up and form your own opinions.

Second, the combination of graphics and text is easy to learn and remember.

Geography learning is inseparable from maps, so we must pay attention to them. Knowing and using maps is also the most important basic skill of geography. There are all kinds of colorful illustrations in geography textbooks for senior high schools, which, together with words, make the presentation of teaching materials more intuitive, vivid and vivid. When studying, both physical geography and human geography should pay attention to the study and application of maps. Only by combining pictures and texts can we better know, understand and master all kinds of geographical things and phenomena, geographical laws and principles, and make geography easy to understand, learn, remember and use.

Third, knowledge connection and mastery.

The subject characteristics of high school geography can be summarized as follows:

1. Junior high school geography is more about learning "Where?" Problems such as "what kind of things" and "what characteristics" inevitably involve many things that need to be memorized, so the focus of its learning method is to solve how to memorize these geographical facts scientifically and efficiently.

High school geography focuses on the laws of geographical things and their influence on human production and life. By exploring the causes of these laws, it serves for human beings to form corresponding countermeasures. In other words, it is necessary to focus on the comprehensive analysis of multiple factors, summarize those complicated geographical facts, derive some laws from them, grasp their causes in essence, and finally form corresponding countermeasures for human production and life. It can be seen that the core of geography learning in senior high school is understanding rather than memory, and application rather than memory.

2. Both physical geography and human geography are characterized by the relationship between man and land, and almost all geographical problems are closely related to human production and life. Learning geography must closely follow this main line.

3. Many geographical problems have interdisciplinary characteristics of knowledge and ability. Physical geography is mainly related to mathematics, physics and biology, while human geography is mainly related to politics. It is of great significance to the comprehensive college entrance examination we are facing.