Tianjin, one of the four municipalities directly under the Central Government of China, is located in the northeast of North China Plain on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, in the lower reaches of Haihe River Basin, bordering Bohai Sea in the east, Yanshan Mountain in the north and Beijing in the west, with a total area of 1. 1.9 million square kilometers. It is the largest commercial city and port city in northern China. Tianjin has formed a unique urban culture since it was founded 600 years ago. Through the brief analysis and explanation of the formation, diversity and compatibility of Tianjin's urban culture, we can see that Tianjin's regional culture is the fusion of Haihe culture, Chengxiang culture, temple culture, immigrant culture, military culture, water transport culture, commercial port culture, dock culture, concession culture and charity culture.
1, Haihe culture
Tianjin's natural ecological environment is a coastal plain formed by long-term siltation of rivers. Water is the driving force behind the formation and development of this city. Haihe River runs through Tianjin, connecting North Canal, South Canal, Ziya River, Daqinghe River and Yongding River with Bohai Sea, which directly affects the city features and customs of Tianjin. The biggest advantage of Tianjin's urban development is the water culture formed by the intersection of rivers and seas. On this basis, canal culture, water transport culture, dock culture, salt merchant culture, port culture and commercial port culture are derived. It can be said that "water" is the first essence of Tianjin regional folk culture. The fluidity of water culture breeds the openness, inclusiveness and diversity of Tianjin urban culture.
Tianjin started from a village and developed with the help of fish and salt closely related to water; After Yang Di opened the Grand Canal, Tianjin was connected with the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. With the development of grain transportation from south to north and salt industry, Tianjin has become a shipping hub intertwined with rivers and seas, thus promoting the development of water transportation and commercial trade. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tianjin was the gateway of the capital, the hub of river-sea transshipment and a prosperous commercial port. At that time, grain and salt trade was its two economic pillars, and fish and salt were Tianjin's two important financial resources.
2. Cheng Xiang culture
The old city is the cradle of Tianjin's formation and development. From the founding of the city to the 1920s, it was the central area of Tianjin. 190 1 year, the city wall was demolished and four roads were built at the original site. The old city is divided into four residential areas: northeast corner, southeast corner, northwest corner and southwest corner, with different architectural styles and road shapes. Most of the northeast and southeast corners are wealthy businessmen with magnificent buildings, large courtyards and houses. Southwest city, with low terrain, is the residence of the poor. Therefore, it is known as "the north gate is rich, the east gate is expensive, the south gate is cheap, and the west gate is poor".
Cheng Xiang culture belongs to the elegant culture of the upper class. If we say that in the 11th year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (15 16), the first official garden in Tianjin-Huansu Pavilion (built in the official office of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development), created a precedent for the construction of Tianjin's upper-level exquisite culture; Then, the doorways around Tianjin City-"Gongbei, Dingnan, Anxi, Town East"-and the poet Mei of Tianjin on the Drum Tower wrote a couplet-"Climb high and be quick, see seventy-two selling sails; People who wake up in prosperity will listen to the bell sooner or later "-this is a typical symbol of Tianjin's elegant culture. "The old city is a place where the style of writing is prosperous and celebrities gather together, and it has a profound cultural accumulation. Confucian Temple, Jinwen Academy, Huiwen Academy and Zhongying Primary School have made great contributions to the development of education in Tianjin. Educators such as Yan Xiu, Zhang Boling, Lin and Liu Baoci left many touching stories in the old city. There are many celebrities' former residences here, such as the former residences of famous calligrapher, industrialist Fan Zhuzhai, expert of Chinese studies Wang Xiang, educator Ma, calligrapher Meng Guanghui, novelist Liu Yunruo and others. There are also many courtyards, such as JOE Courtyard in Tibetan Mastiff Street, Bianjia Courtyard in North Gate, Yao Jia Courtyard in East Gate, Wang Courtyard in Fushe Street, Qijia Courtyard in South Gate, Yu Jia Courtyard in Erdao Street and Yangjia Courtyard in East Gate.
3. Temple culture
Some scholars believe that from the perspective of beliefs and customs, the origin of Tianjin regional folk culture is Mazu worship, so it is said that "Niangniang Temple comes first, then Tianjin City". Although Mazu culture in Tianjin has a prominent position, it does not exclude dissidents and is self-centered. In Tianjin, traditional cultures such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as well as foreign religious cultures go their own way-Mazu folk culture represented by Tianhou Temple, Confucian culture represented by Confucius Temple and Guanyuwu Temple, Buddhist culture represented by compassion, Taoist culture represented by Yuhuang Pavilion and Lv Zu Memorial Hall, and Islamic culture represented by Grand Mosque. The reasons are as follows: firstly, the formation and development of Tianjin regional culture is not long, and the traditional mainstream culture is not enough to oust hundreds of schools, and it is not binding; Second, in this immigrant city, the indigenous population is small, so the customs and beliefs are mixed and do not interfere with each other.
In the old days, people in Tianjin believed in many gods, which reflected the inclusive and colorful characteristics of Tianjin's regional culture. A large number of immigrants live in Tianjin, and their psychology of begging for help alone and avoiding disasters, idols from all over the world and their folk religious legends have formed the folk polytheism in Tianjin. With the popularization of civilization and the progress of society, people's belief in gods has long been indifferent; However, the streets and lanes named after temples, as the witness of history and culture, are still active in people's dictation and memory.
4. Immigrant culture
"Tianjin Wei Zhi" contains: "Tianjin is close to the East China Sea, so it is a barren stone reed. Yongle first lived in it, mixed with Fujian, Guangzhou, Wu, Chu and Qi." In other words, after Tianjin was established, businessmen and boatmen gathered, troops were stationed, and the floating population surged. Tianjin has accepted boat people, immigrant businessmen, non-commissioned officers, bankrupt farmers and migrant workers from other provinces through countless ships coming and going from Sanchahekou, forming a "five-party mixed place" immigrant city. According to the "Golden Gate Garbo Map" compiled by 1845, there are 740 aborigines in the urban area and the residents along the river in the north and east, accounting for only 2.28% of the total number of households in the city. This shows that migrants account for the vast majority of Tianjin's urban population. In addition, farmers in Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi have also become another mainstream of Tianjin immigrants.
The large-scale migration of immigrants to Tianjin promoted the development of Tianjin's modern economy. Immigrants from the lower classes provide a lot of manpower-their way out of life is to work in modern factories in Tianjin or as apprentices in shops; The second is to make a living by wharf coolies, rickshaws, housekeeping, hairdressing, garbage cleaning and waste recycling; Third, peddling or manual repair along the street; Fourth, the unemployed and beggars. Middle-level immigrants-small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, intellectuals, management talents and scientific and technological talents-gather in Tianjin and become an important factor in Tianjin's urban economic development. Upper-class immigrants, such as warlords and politicians, remnants of Qing Dynasty, local wealthy businessmen and gentry, moved into Tianjin Concession one after another because they lost power or fled the war, which injected a lot of monetary funds into the urban economy and formed a unique "resident culture". In a word, the integration and collision of immigrant culture and Tianjin local culture, the integration of north and south, and the appeal to both refined and popular tastes have formed the diversification of Tianjin regional folk culture and Tianjin social life.
5. Military culture
/kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, when Judy, the Ming emperor, moved to Beijing, he thought that the seashore near Gyeonggi was unguarded, as if every household had no door, so he transferred the Huai army to guard it, named it Tianjin, expanded the village and increased defense, and set up Tianjin Wei according to the military establishment. As a military health center, the garrison sergeant became the first resident to move to Tianjin. Soldiers who settled fields in previous dynasties, sailors who carried water, Huai Army of Li Hongzhang and the new army trained by Yuan Shikai in Tianjin all added military flavor to Tianjin's regional culture. It has created the heroism and perseverance of Tianjin folk customs.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, soldiers and their families were highly concentrated in Tianjin. The combination of the indomitable fortitude in the military character and the generosity of Yan Zhao's lofty sentiments in the immigrant character forms the main tone of Tianjin people's character-straightforward, clear love and hate, taking evil as enemy, taking courage as the first priority, helping the weak and helping the needy and fighting injustice as the first priority. The Boxer Rebellion attacked the Tianjin Concession, which shocked the religious plan of Tianjin at home and abroad, and all showed the brave and tenacious temperament of Tianjin people. In the traditional charity undertakings in Tianjin, the chivalrous, brave and warm-hearted attitude of Tianjin buddies is typical. At the same time, Tianjin folk customs are nosy, angry and even provocative. The negative effects brought about by this formed the social environment in which green gang, Jiaoxing, Gangsters and others were able to dominate Tianjin Wharf in the early years.