Anyi, the capital of the Xia Dynasty

Anyi, the name of an ancient city, is one of the capitals of the Xia Dynasty. It is located in Qinglong, Henan, east of Feng Village, Nizhang Town, Xia County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province today. The Dongxiafeng ruins on the north bank. After the Xia Dynasty monarch Qi pacified the "Youhu Rebellion", he moved the capital from Yangzhai to Anyi. Anyi County was placed in the Western Han Dynasty. In the first year of Shenjia, Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was divided into northern and southern counties. In the 10th year of Taihe, the northern county was divided into two counties. The Anyi County seat was moved eastward and renamed Xia County, which remained unchanged until 2018.

Anyi was the early capital of Wei during the Warring States Period. In the 31st year of King Hui of Wei, the capital was moved to Daliang.

Basic introduction

Chinese name: Anyi Category: Chinese Cultural Heritage Location: Dongxiafeng Village, Dongxiafeng Village, Dizhang Town, Xia County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province Ancient administrative status: Xia County Honor of one of the capitals of the dynasty: Overview of Anyi, a national key cultural relics protection unit, historical evolution, ruins, modern Anyi, introduction, changed ownership, overview of Anyi. The name of the ancient city [yì], in today's Xia County, Shanxi. In the nearby area are the ruins of the early capital of the Wei State during the Warring States Period and the present-day King Yu's City. In the early Warring States period, Wei State's territory was mainly in Hedong, with its capital in Anyi. As Wei continued to expand its territory in the east, Wei's main territory became the Henan region. In addition, Anyi was located in the east corner of the river, which was not conducive to controlling the eastern princes and stabilizing its hegemony. In the sixth year of King Hui of Wei, in 364 BC, Wei moved its capital to Daliang. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Anyi became the seat of Hedong County and the seat of Anyi County. Interestingly, in the second year of Xingping reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Anyi was temporarily established as the capital for nearly a year. Historical evolution Xia Yu divided China into Kyushu. Anyi belongs to Jizhou and is the territory of a marquis state. In the 21st century BC, the son of Xia Yu established his capital here. Fan Wenlan's "Compendium of General History of China" records: "Qi abandoned Yangzhai, moved westward to Daxia, and built Anyi." The Zhou Dynasty belonged to the Kingdom of Jin, and King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty granted his concubine the title of Concubine here. During the Warring States Period, it was called Anyi. After Han, Zhao and Wei divided the Jin territory, Wei Si governed Wei and made Anyi his capital. The Qin Dynasty called Anyi County, which belonged to Hedong County and was the seat of the county government. Anyi County was established in the Han Dynasty, and the county seat is in the present-day King Yu City. During the Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasties, the old system was followed and was called Anyi County. In the first year of Shen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Bei Anyi was established, and Nan Anyi was established 20 kilometers south of Anyi. In the 18th year of Taihe reign of Emperor Xiaowen, the county seat was moved to 7.5 kilometers east of Beianyi County and was renamed Xia. This is the beginning of the name of Xia County and it belongs to Qinzhou and Hebei County. The Northern Zhou Dynasty was changed to Anyi County, and the county government was in the present-day King Yu City. In the 16th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty, Yuzhou was established. In the early years of Daye, the state was abolished and the county was placed under the jurisdiction of Hedong County. In the Tang Dynasty, Hedong County was abolished and replaced by Yuzhou County. In the 17th year of Zhenguan, it was transferred to Jiangzhou. In the first year of Dazu, it was transferred to Shaanzhou and soon returned to Jiangzhou. In the reign of supreme virtue, the name was changed to Yuyi. In the second year of Qianyuan, it belonged to Shaanzhou again. The Song Dynasty belonged to Shaanxi Province. The third year of Jin Zhen_ belongs to Jiezhou. The Yuan Dynasty still followed the old system. Ming Dynasty belongs to Pingyang Prefecture Jiezhou. The Qing Dynasty was directly under the jurisdiction of Jiezhou. At the beginning of the Republic of China, Jiezhou was abolished and belonged to Hedong Road; in the 19th year of the Republic of China, the road organization was abolished and it was directly under Shanxi Province; in the 26th year of the Republic of China, it belonged to the Seventh Administrative District of Yuncheng; in the 31st year of the Republic of China, Xia County Anti-Japanese Democratic County *** was established; at the end of the 32nd year of the Republic of China, Xia County The area north of the Tongpu Railway was designated as the Jilu Anti-Japanese Democratic County ***; in the spring of the 33rd year of the Republic of China, the Kangjie Anti-Japanese Democratic County *** was established in Nanhe Village, Zhongtiao Mountain, and the south of the Yao Siam Canal was designated as the Anxia Office. In the following winter Kangjie County and Anxia offices were abolished; Jilu County was abolished and restored to its original establishment in the 35th year of the Republic of China; it was under the jurisdiction of the Third Special Office of Taiyue Administrative Region; it was liberated on July 14, the 36th year of the Republic of China, and the Democratic People's Republic of China was established; December 12, the 37th year of the Republic of China. In June, it was under the jurisdiction of Luliang District of Shanxi-Sui Border Region; in the summer of 38 years of the Republic of China, it was under the jurisdiction of Yuncheng Prefecture, and in June of the same year, it was under the jurisdiction of Shannan Prefecture. In 1950, it belonged to Yuncheng Prefecture; in 1954, it belonged to Shannan Special Administrative Region; in October 1958, most areas of Xia County, Wenxi and Jiangxian County were merged into Wenxi County, and the county seat was located in Wenxi County; in May 1961, Xia County was restored ; On May 21, 1970, it belonged to the Yuncheng Administration. On October 31, 2000, Yuncheng was evacuated and the city was established, and Xia County belonged to Yuncheng. There is also the ruins of King Yu's City near the site, located 7.5 kilometers northwest of present-day Xia County, Shanxi. There are still remnants of the city wall. Due to its rise several times, the city site has three city circles of different ages: large, medium and small. Dacheng belongs to the early Warring States period. It spans the Mingtiao Gang Loess Hills and Gangxia Plain, with a circumference of 15.5 kilometers. It is a trapezoid that is narrow in the north and wide in the south. The width of the wall base is 22 meters except for a 1 kilometer section in the northwest corner of the city. They are all 10-12 meters. In the middle of the big city, there is a small square city with a circumference of 3270 meters. The wall is 5-6 meters wide and the terrain is 1-4 meters higher than the surrounding ground. It may be a palace city built at the same time as the big city, but the palace foundation has not yet been found. As for the middle city wall that surrounds the southwest of the city, with a circumference of 6,500 meters, it may have been built during the Qin and Han Dynasties when it was the governor of Hedong County. The Five Baht Qianyu King's City is covered with cultural layers from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty and the Two Jin Dynasties, with a thickness of 2-3 meters and extremely rich relics. A large number of relics were unearthed, including pottery models, Han five-baht coins, etc., especially the five-baht coin clay model, which is the most precious. There are twelve-character seal script square bricks and animal-head tiles that read "Everyone in the sea is a minister, he is ripe with age, and there is no hunger in the world." Unique among the sites of the same period. It is the most complete preserved ancient ruins from the Warring States Period to Qin and Han Dynasties in China. In 1988, it was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit. There is another relic, Yuwang Terrace, also known as Qing Terrace, which was a place for worshiping Yu the Great in the past dynasties. It was destroyed in the war before liberation. A high rammed earth platform remains, located in the southeast corner of the small town. According to local legend, it was the platform for Yu's wife to watch her husband. The legendary "Yudu Anyi" refers to this place. Also: According to legend, Xia Qi established his capital here after taking over the throne. Jie lived there again. An introduction to modern Anyi and its current place names. Anyi Subdistrict Office in the east of Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province. In 428 AD during the Northern Wei Dynasty, the original Anyi County was divided into northern and southern counties, with the seat of Nan Anyi County located here. After Bei Anyi was renamed Xia County, Nan Anyi was called Anyi.

Today's Anyi is mainly composed of four streets, including North Street, South Street, East Street and West Street. The changed county has part of the ancient famous Salt Lake "Jiechi". In the Yuan Dynasty, for the convenience of salt transportation and salt administration, Phoenix City was built on the bank of the salt lake a few miles west of the city. It later evolved into Yuncheng County, and Anyi was changed from a county to The town belongs to it.

The first capital of the Xia Dynasty

As the first dynasty in the history of our country, the capital of the Xia Dynasty was divided into three places according to different historical periods, mainly located in Shanxi There are three main capitals in the south and west of Henan, which are listed below:

The first capital belongs to the early Xia culture. Its specific location is the Dengfeng Royal City in Wangwan, Longshan, Henan. It covers an area of ??three The royal city of the Longshan period of the Xia Dynasty, which covers an area of ??more than 100,000 square meters, is the Yangcheng where "Yu lived in Yangcheng" recorded in "Historical Records". Specifically, the reigning emperors from Xia Yu to Taikang built their capitals for more than a hundred years. After Dayu succeeded in controlling the floods and became the lord of the world, he chose to make Yangcheng the capital, which is now the city, in order to rule the southern region. Dengfeng Wangchenggang ruins.

Second, the Xia capital city in the middle period of the Xia Dynasty is the ancient city of Xinzhai, represented by the latest archaeological discovery of the Xinzhai ruins in Xinmi City, which lasted from the "loss of Taikang" to the During the period between Yi and Xia, the specific emperors in power were Taikang and Houyi. The capital was built less than a hundred years ago. After Taikang lost the country due to extravagance, the capital of Houyi and Hanzhuo during the tyrant period is now the Xinzhai ruins of Xinmi City. Archeology found that the old city was destroyed, which was also caused by Shaokang's move of the capital after the Zhongxing Dynasty.

Thirdly, the Xia capital city in the middle and late Xia Dynasty was the Erlitou culture represented by the Erlitou site in Yanshi City, Luoyang, which lasted from the "Resurgence of Shaokang" to the demise of Xia Jie. Specifically, The reigning emperors were from Shaokang to Xia Jie, and the capital was established for more than 200 years. Erlitou was the capital of the late Xia Dynasty, which is now the Erlitou culture. Its area of ??influence was very small, insignificant compared to the rise of the Shang Dynasty at that time, so it was replaced by the Shang Dynasty.

In addition, the newly excavated Taosi ruins in Shanxi Jinnan should belong to the early stage of Xia culture, and the recently excavated Shimao Huangchengtai ruins should also be a large urban ruins. It is generally known that Taosi died in Shimao. This is already common knowledge in the historians, and it is consistent with the records in the "Bamboo Book Annals" that forced Emperor Shun to "zen" after Dayu became powerful. Taosi Temple belongs to the early Xia Dynasty, but whether it is the capital of the Xia Dynasty requires further research by experts to prove. However, the three capitals of the Xia Dynasty, which the historians have reached a consensus on, should be as mentioned above.

Names of the capitals of the Xia Dynasty

There were 17 capitals in the Xia Dynasty, namely: Chong, Yangcheng, Yangzhai, Zhen_, Shangqiu, Luncheng, Pingyang,_ .

Qiongshi, Xiayi, Diqiu, Yuan, Laoqiu and Xihe.

1. Xia Capital Pour_

When Yu first founded the country, Yangcheng was the capital. Some scholars infer that the location is today's Gaocheng Town in Dengfeng County, Henan Province. Taikang moved its capital to Zhen_, which is now near Erlitou Village in Yanshi, Henan. The main activity center of the Xia Dynasty was in Luoyang, and the place where it was the capital for the longest time was Chu_.

Thousands of years have passed, and the ancient city of Zhen_ has long been buried underground and has become a historical relic that is difficult to find. In the spring of 1959, when Mr. Xu Xusheng was searching for Xia Ruins in western Henan, he discovered the Erlitou ruins in the south of Erlitou Village, 9 kilometers southwest of Yanshi County, on the ancient road of Luohe River, which attracted the attention of the archaeological and historical circles.

In the same year, the Luoyang excavation team of the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences excavated the Erlitou site and discovered the cultural accumulation following the Longshan Culture in Henan. Initially, archaeology named it "Erlitou Culture" and regarded it as the Xia Culture representative. After more than 40 years of archaeological excavation and multidisciplinary interdisciplinary research of the national "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project", it was determined that the Erlitou site was the capital of the Xia Dynasty - Zhen_.

2. Yu Du Yangcheng

Yu succeeded Shun and became the leader of the tribal alliance due to his merits in controlling floods. After taking the throne, he established the Xia Dynasty and made Yangcheng his capital. The Wangchenggang archeology was later excavated here. ruins.

3. Qidu Yangzhai

Qi was the son of Dayu. After he came to the throne, he made Yangzhai his capital and held a gathering of princes at Juntai in the south. Yangzhai is now Yuzhou, Xuchang. Some people also speculate that the Xinmi Xinzhai archaeological site in Zhengzhou, near Yuzhou, was the capital of Xia Qi.

4. Dakang’s place of exile: Yangxia

When Taikang went out hunting, the capital was occupied by Hou Yi, the leader of the Youqiong clan. Taikang fled to Yangxia and died there. Yangxia is now Taikang County in Zhoukou.

5. Zhongkang's small court: Zhen_

After Hou Yi seized power, he moved from _ to Qiongshi. Taikang's younger brother Zhongkang established a small political power in Zhen_ called Xia The king received secret support from some princes and officials.

6. Moved to Diqiu

After Zhongkang's death, his sons succeeded to the throne, and their power developed, which aroused the vigilance of Hou Yi and his subordinate Han Zhuo. Yi forced the lower minister to move to Diqiu by force, where he received support and assistance from the tribes of Zhen and Zuguan, and his power further developed. Diqiu is located in Wuxing Township, Puyang County, Puyang City today. Legend has it that it was the residence of the ancient Emperor Zhuanxu, and later became the capital of the Wei Kingdom during the Spring and Autumn Period.

7. Shaokang’s escape and the road to restoration: Youyi, Youyu, Lun, Zhen_

Houyi was killed by his subordinate Hanzhuo to usurp power, and Hanzhuo sent his son to destroy him. Pour the _ family and pour the Guan family, attack Diqiu and kill the prime minister. Hou Min, the prime minister's wife, fled to her parents' home, the Youshang clan, where she gave birth to her posthumous son, Shaokang.

When Shaokang grew up, he fled to the Youyu tribe to avoid Po's pursuit. There, he was appointed as Po in charge of the food supply. He also married the two daughters of the tribe leader and received a fief.

Shaokang used this as a base to establish an armed force, which grew stronger and eventually returned to Youqiong State, killed Hanzhuo and his son, and returned to the capital to revive the country.

8. Zhu Qianyuan and Laoqiu

Shaokang’s son Zhu was also an accomplished Xia king. The scope of the dynasty's rule further expanded, and Zhu moved the capital to Yuan north of the Yellow River. Later, in order to conquer the Dongyi tribe, he moved the capital from Yuan to Laoqiu.

9. Yinjia moved to Xihe

After Zhu, Fen, Mang, Xie, Buji and Deguo have remained unchanged. After his son Yinjia ascended the throne, he moved the royal capital to Xihe. The specific location of Xihe cannot be determined, but it is approximately in the southwest of Shanxi. After Yinjia's death, his son Kongjia succeeded to the throne and became the defeated king. During this period, the Xia Dynasty was in political desolation and gradually lost its popular support. The following Gao Hefa did not last long.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Xia Dynasty

Anyi, the capital of Xia Jie

Study on the ancient history of Bird Zun Zhenzhitang unearthed from the tomb of Jinhou Xie: the question of whether the Xia Dynasty existed , it seems that the dust has generally settled. The central scope of the Xia king's rule, if we look at the Erlitou type and Dongxiafeng type of Xia culture recognized by academic circles, is mainly in the Heluo area of ??Henan Province and the Yuncheng Basin of Shanxi Province. Just as Yin Xu is the name of the ruins of the Shang Dynasty, the term Xia Xu refers to the ruins of the capital of the Xia Dynasty. So, is the Erlitou site the Xiaxu site? The precious cultural relic bronze bird statue unearthed from the tomb of the Marquis of Jin in Shanxi may reveal this mystery! The origin of Xia Xu, looking for the beginning of the Xia Dynasty. Xia Xu means the ruins of the Xia Kingdom, that is, the ruins of the capital of the Xia Dynasty. How did the term Xiaxu come from the Erlitou site in Yanshi, Henan? In fact, it appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period. "" He was assigned to Tang Shu by Dalu and granted the title of Tang Gao, and was granted the title of "Xiaxu". "What is the meaning of this passage in "Zuo Zhuan: The Fourth Year of Dinggong"? We will talk about it later. Let's go back to contemporary times and look at the search process of Xia Xu. In 1926, not long after the founding of the Republic of China, Japan had not yet launched a war of aggression against China. China was in a brief period of peaceful founding. In this year, Mr. Li Ji, known as the "Father of Chinese Archeology", presided over a prehistoric archeology in Xiyin Village, Xia County, Shanxi Province at that time. It was this archeology. It kicked off the Chinese archaeological community's search for Xia Ruins. Li Ji "" chose Xihuayin Village. . . Part of the reason is also due to its location in the center of the legendary royal capital region of the Xia Dynasty, the founding period of Chinese history. "Two years after "Li Ji's Autobiography", the archaeological excavation of the Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan, hosted by Dong Zuobin, was the beginning of the academic world's use of archaeological evidence to prove history. It marked the birth of Chinese archeology. Although the Yin Ruins were discovered, they were not fully recovered due to the subsequent anti-Japanese war. With the outbreak of the war, the search for Xia Xu had to be stopped for several decades. It was not until 1959, the tenth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, that Mr. Xu Xudong led a team to the field in western Henan. Archaeological survey. The search for the Xia Dynasty began again. Xu Xusheng, named Bingchang, was born in Tanghe County, Henan Province. After returning to China in 1919, he served as a professor in the Department of Philosophy at Peking University. Provost, President of Beijing Normal University, editor and researcher of the History Research Society of the Peking Research Institute, director of the Institute of Chinese History, etc. After 1949, he served as chairman of the leadership group of the Peking Research Institute and researcher of the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. As a pioneer in the study of Xia culture, Mr. Xu Xusheng pointed out very early in his article "A Brief Discussion on Research on Xia Culture" that the Yin Ruins were Laoqiu, the capital of the Xia Dynasty

Does it refer to the Shang Dynasty? Then why is the Shang Dynasty also called the Yin Dynasty?

After Tang destroyed Xia, he was named "Shang Dynasty" "Shang" was taken as the name of the country. After his descendant Pan Geng moved to Yin, he was also called "Yin", or collectively called "Yin Shang". Because the last capital of the Shang Dynasty was fixed in Yin, it was also called Yin Shang. Oracle bone inscriptions were unearthed in Yin Ruins of.

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