Sui was called Daxing City, and Tang was renamed Chang 'an City, that is, the present city and its nearby suburbs. The following are commensurate with Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty.

Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty is a rectangle with a slightly longer east and west and a slightly narrower north and south, which is very neat and tidy. Its shape, like Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty, is also influenced by the local topography. Because the plain occupied by Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty happened to be open from east to west, but the north and south were restricted by Shaoling Plain and Longshou Plain. According to the actual measurement, the east-west width from Chunmingmen in the east wall to Jinguangmen in the west wall is 97,265,438+0m (including the thickness of the second east-west wall), and the north-south length from Mingdemen in the south wall to Xuanwu Gate in the north wall is 86,565,438+0m (including the thickness of the second north-south wall) (1). Comparing the two, the east-west length 1070.

In the Tang Dynasty, the plane layout of Chang 'an City was uniform, and the east-west symmetry was rigorous. Yu Wenkai first determined the central axis of the city, and then spread around it. The central axis of Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty took Chengtianmen in Miyagi, Zhuquemen in Imperial City and Mingdemen in Outer Guo Cheng as the north-south lines, namely Chengtianmen Street (also called Tianjie, between Chengtianmen and Zhuquemen) and Zhuquemen Street (between Zhuquemen and Mingdemen). Because there is a central axis running through the whole city, the plane layout of the well is orderly.

Miyagi is the core of the whole city, located in the northern center of the city, with a circumference of 8.6 kilometers and an area of about 4.2 square kilometers. There is no north-south street as the central axis to distinguish it from the Imperial City and Guo Cheng. This also took a lot of thought in design. Because Miyagi is the place where the emperor lives, it shows the supreme characteristics everywhere. The axis is composed of Chengtianmen, Taijitang, Liang Yitang, Ganlutang, Yanjiatang and Xuanwu Gate (slightly to the west), which is located in the center of the northern section of the central axis of the city. These buildings are tall and majestic. Although Chengtianmen Street and Zhuquemen Street are straightforward, they are only appendages compared with the central axis of Miyagi. The buildings in Miyagi have basically maintained the symmetry between the east and the west, but this pattern has changed after adding new halls.

The imperial city is close to the south of Gongcheng, with a circumference of 9.2 kilometers and an area of about 5.2 square kilometers. Seven streets north and south, five streets east and west. Chengtianmen Street (also known as Tianjie Street) divides the imperial city into two parts, and all buildings are symmetrically arranged around it. The east and west sides of Chengtianmen Street are north-south, and the east and west halls are east hall and west hall respectively. There are provinces in the east and provinces in the west; There are left Wu Wei in the east and right Wu Wei in the west; There is Shangshu Province in the east and Sinong Temple in the west. There are left guards in the east and right guards in the west; There is Taibu Temple in the east and Zongzheng Temple in the west. There are Taichang Temple in the east and Split Temple in the west, which are basically symmetrical from east to west. As for the east of Anshangmen Street and the west of Hanguangmen Street, because the arrangement of organs is not important, the principle of east-west symmetry has not been observed.

Outer Guo Cheng is a big rectangle with a circumference of 36.7 kilometers and an area of 84 square kilometers, which is completely in a chessboard-like symmetrical layout. There are 14 streets in the east and west, and 1 1 streets in the north and south, which divide the whole city into Li Fang of different sizes. "A hundred schools of thought are like a chess game and twelve streets are like vegetable fields" (2) is a true description of this situation. As Zhuque Street is the central axis and main road of the whole city, which divides the whole city into two parts, there are five north-south streets in the east and west parts of the city, forming a symmetrical street pattern. According to the actual measurement, the width of Zhuque Street is150m (the widest point is150m), and the five streets in the east, north and south, are 67m,134m, 68m, 68m and 25m (Dongshuncheng Street) in turn. The five north-south streets in the west are 63m, 108m (residual width), 63m, 42m (residual width) and 20m (Cheng Xishun Street). It is not difficult to see from the survey results that the width of the five streets west of Zhuque Street is slightly narrower than that of the five streets east, but it should be admitted that the pattern of east-west symmetry has been strictly maintained. This is manifested in the following aspects: the street leading to Nanqiangmen is wide, while the width of Qixiamen Street and Anhuamen Street is roughly the same; Other streets leading to Beiqiangmen and Huangchengmen are more than 60 meters wide. Only the street leading to Gwanghwamun remains 42 meters, which should not represent its original width. East-west Shuncheng Street is narrow, only 20-25m wide. This design not only keeps the characteristics of symmetrical layout, but also fully meets the needs of urban traffic. The core of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty was in the north, so the three gates on the south wall contracted to the middle, and the width of the street leading to them was between 108 m and 155 m, which should be very reasonable. These three parallel streets, carefree, open-minded, straight and tree-lined, can set off the grandeur of the imperial city and Miyagi. Shuncheng Street in the east-west direction is very narrow, because the closer to the city wall, the fewer pedestrians there are. East-west street 14, and the street leading to the east-west gate is also relatively wide. Among them, Hengjie in the south of the Imperial City leads directly to Chunmingmen (out of the middle gate in the east) and Jinguangmen (out of the middle gate in the west), with a width of120m. However, from the design layout, the east-west street is asymmetrical between north and south. In the Tang Dynasty, the streets of Chang 'an were criss-crossed, like a chessboard, with drains dug on both sides and locust trees, elms and willows planted, which were tall and green, making Chang 'an look spectacular.

These neatly arranged streets divide all residential areas into Li Fang of different sizes, which are under the jurisdiction of Chang 'an and Wannian counties. With Zhuque Street as the boundary, Chang 'an County manages 55 squares in the west and Wannian County manages 55 squares in the east. Because the southeast corner of the city twists and turns at right angles, it is actually 54 squares. Later, because Xingqing Palace occupied one and a half squares, it became 53 squares. However, Danfengmen Street in Daming Palace divides the two squares into four squares, and the east of the city is still 55 squares. These uniform Li Fang, with Suzaku Street as the boundary, has a strict east-west symmetrical layout. There are nine east-west columns in the south of the Imperial City, each column is 10 square (8 square in the first column and 8 square in the second column), and the north-south column is 10 square, each column is 9 square (7 square in the fourth column in the east of Suzaku Street and 7 square in the fourth column in the west), making a total of 86 squares. Taking Zhuque Street as the boundary, the east-west widths of the five rows of squares in the east are 562m, 700m, 1022m, 1032m,1125m respectively; The east-west widths of the five columns in the west are 558m, 683m, 1020m, 1033m, 1 15m respectively. As can be seen from these figures, the East-West Square of Zhuque Street in the south of the Imperial City is completely symmetrical, and the east-west widths of the corresponding columns are almost the same. Although only Jude Square in the west of Miyagi Imperial City (north of Jinguangmen) was measured, its east-west width was115 meters, which was equivalent to the width of the fifth column square in the west of Suzaku Street. This proves that because the width of the north-south and east-west streets has been determined, the east-west pillars of Miyagi and Imperial City are also symmetrically arranged. Because the squares in Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty were arranged symmetrically from east to west, they were particularly uniform. It is really "the border is divided into blocks, and all the lanes are ink-filled". "The streets are straight and straight, and there is no comparison with the imperial city since ancient times." (2) The north-south length of each row of squares has also been proved, but it can be seen from the measured figures that the north-south rows of squares are not symmetrical, and the length of each row of squares can only be defined according to geographical characteristics, so as to keep a single terrain as much as possible. All squares are surrounded by tall walls. Usually there are intersections in the east, west, north and south directions, and there are doors on each side. Except in special circumstances, it is not allowed to open the door facing the street again, except for the "three musts". In other words, residents who are blocked on three sides and cannot open the door to the house are allowed to open the door to the street. Only the east-west street and the east-west gate are opened in the 36th Square south of the Imperial City, but the north-south street and the north-south gate are not opened. This is because Miyagi is in the north, "I don't want to be discouraged by opening North Street and rushing to the city gate" (2). Actually, it's not like this. It should be closely related to geographical reasons. The square to the south of the imperial city is small in area and population. It is enough to drive only the east-west street, there is no need to drive the north-south street. Where there is a cross street, the width of the cross street is 15 meters. The four districts separated by Cross Street have their own cross streets, which divide the whole square into 16 communities. The width of these lanes is generally more than 2 meters. According to the customary address of Tang people, the four corners of Duifang are named southeast corner, southwest corner, northeast corner and northwest corner. The parts close to the four square doors in the east, west, south and north are called Mennan, Menbei, Menxi and Mendong. The area near the central road of Cross Street in the house is called "northeast of Cross Street", "southeast of Cross Street", "northwest of Cross Street" and "southwest of Cross Street". ④

The squares at these intersections are also symmetrically arranged from east to west, which can be clearly seen from the titles of the four communities at the crossroads. This also shows that the principle of east-west symmetry is also followed in a square. Of course, in addition to the 16 communities in a square, there are many alleys divided by tiny paths, so many that people may actually get lost. These Li Fang in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty were residential areas for dignitaries and ordinary residents, as well as places for monks, craftsmen and small traders of various religions. There are many elms in the workshop, and the success of bamboo cultivation in Liu Chengxing, nursery orchard and private house makes the scenery of the workshop charming and unforgettable. However, the streets and alleys of Chang 'an have strict management systems. "There are walls and doors in the lane, and there is no room for rape." . Sometimes, every night after the drums sound in the street, pedestrians must return to the square, otherwise they will commit crimes at night, be severely punished by patrol warriors, and even be killed with sticks. "Six streets are deserted, and nine streets are empty for a month" (2), which reflects this curfew every night. Only on the evenings of the 15th, 16th and 17th of the first month of every year, men and women in the city can freely go out and enjoy the lanterns. In fact, in the Tang Dynasty, there were city walls in the square of Chang 'an city, and streets were like hutongs, which was quite different from the situation of shops on both sides of the streets in the city today. This enclosure and strict management system, in addition to uniformity, is obviously also to strengthen the rule.

The economic activity centers of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty were East and West, which were also arranged in a completely symmetrical pattern. Dongcheng is located in the southeast corner of the Imperial City (now the west of Xi Jiaotong University), and Xicheng is located in the southwest corner of the Imperial City (now the west of Northwestern Polytechnical University). The two cities each occupy two squares, and there are well-shaped streets in the city. Each street is 16 meters wide and there are two doors on both sides. There are 220 industries in each city, which are distributed in all directions. "Imported goods extending in all directions are accumulated." There is a discharge pond in the northeast corner of Dongshicheng, which leads to the west flow of the river, and is called "Haichi". Later, a releasing pond was dug in the northwest corner of Xishi, which was used to draw water from Yong 'an Canal, keeping the east-west symmetry with Dongshi Pond. Institutions that manage the market and price level are also set up accordingly, such as the East Municipal Bureau, the East Tieping Bureau, the West Municipal Bureau and the West Tieping Bureau, all of which belong to the Taifu Temple. The nine districts of the city divided by zigzag streets are surrounded by streets, and shops from all walks of life also open along the streets. The road surface is generally 6 meters. In every Little Square, there are many alleys. Judging from the excavation of Xicheng, there are handicraft workshops in addition to shops. There are coat shops, autumn shops, weighing shops, silk shops, dou Jia shops selling candles, Hou Jingxian pawn shops, Zhangjialou restaurants, Dow restaurants, jewelry stores, Persian mansions, dou Yi cabinets and so on. Companies in the East City are similar to those in the West City. On the evening of June 27th, the third year of Huichang (843), the East City caught fire and burned down "more than 4,000 shops in the 12th line of Caomen West" (5). This shows that there are many shops. But in comparison, the western market is more prosperous than the eastern market, and it is "floating and floating, and there is nothing to do". Because Dongcheng is close to the Third Palace, princes and ministers mostly live near Dongcheng. The mansion is "noble" and covers a vast area, and businessmen have nowhere to stay, so they have to "go back to Xicheng" for trade. Of course, Xicheng is close to Yong 'an Canal and Caohe River, with superior geographical position and convenient waterway transportation, which is also an important reason why it is superior to Dongcheng. In addition, the unimpeded "Silk Road" has also contributed to the prosperity of the western region market, because most merchants from the western region entered the city from Kaiyuan Gate (the first gate in the western region north) or Jinguangmen (the second gate in the western region north), and the western region market became their first place to stay. There are many businessmen and a wide range of businesses in Xishi, which is closely related to the superior geographical location of Xishi. On the fifteenth day of the first month of every year, Xi Shi is the most lively place, and it is also the most attractive place for princes and nobles. Of course, this is not to say that the East City is not prosperous, but "complex, slightly inferior to the West City".

There were also three groups of palaces in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, namely Taiji Palace in Miyagi, Daming Palace in Longshou Garden and Xingqing Palace in Chunmingmen. Due to different orientations, it is generally called West Taiji Palace, East Daming Palace and South Xingqing Palace.

Miyagi Taiji Palace, also known as Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty, was the political ruling center of Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. It is located in the northern center of the city, occupying the "92" highland, with many temples and magnificent momentum. Except for several halls as the central axis, other halls, tables, pavilions and pavilions are basically symmetrically arranged around the central axis. According to the Records of Chang 'an, Taiji Palace has 2 1 halls, and there are countless pavilions on the balcony. There are mountains and ponds in the east, west, south and north of the palace, which are in harmony with the pavilions on the balcony and picturesque. It is the place where the emperor plays, that is, the imperial garden. To the east of Taiji Palace is the East Palace where the Crown Prince lives, and to the west is the Yefu Palace where concubines live and court officials learn skills. Both of them have gates connected with the Tai Chi Palace, which actually constitute an integral part of the whole Tai Chi Palace.

The Daming Palace on the faucet was originally named Yong 'an Palace. It was built in the eighth year of Zhenguan (634) for Emperor Li Yuan's summer vacation, and was renamed Daming Palace (II) the following year. Because of wind arthralgia, Emperor Gaozong hated Taiji Palace. In the second year of Longshuo (662), it was called Penglai Palace, which became the most magnificent palace in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. There are only 33 halls in Daming Palace, and there are countless pavilions on the balcony. After archaeological excavation, it is proved that the southern half of it is an east-west rectangle, and the northern half is slightly trapezoidal because the east wall moves west and tilts to the northwest. Today, Daming Palace has a measured circumference of 7.6 kilometers and an area of 3.2 square kilometers. (3) There are five gates in the south of Daming Palace, with Danfengmen in the middle (the site is located on Ermayina Road, north of Qiangzi East Road). Danfengmen Street divides Yishan and Yongchang into four squares, with a width of176m, which is the widest street in Chang 'an. It can be seen from archaeological data and literature records that the plane layout of Daming Palace is also symmetrical, with an obvious central axis. This central axis is Danfengmen, Hanyuan Hall, Zhengxuan Hall, Chenzi Hall, Penglai Hall, Hanliang Hall and Xuanwu Gate. Hanyuan Temple is the main hall of Daming Palace, and its ruins are just south of Hanyuan Temple Village. The things measured today are 1 1. Four rooms are deep and each room is 5 meters wide. It stands on the top of Longshouyuan, and on the south slope of Longshouyuan, your Highness, a 70-meter-long Wei Long Road is paved. Wei Long Road is three parallel inclined step roads, the middle one is 25.5 meters wide (namely Imperial Road), the two sides are 4.5 meters wide, and the middle one is 8 meters apart. There are symmetrical cloisters, Xiangluan Pavilion and Qifeng Pavilion on the east and west sides of the temple, which together with the main hall form a group of huge buildings with strict symmetry, coordinated layout and magnificent momentum. Standing under Wei Long Road and looking up at Hanyuan Temple, it is like a palace in the sky descending into the clouds, which is very spectacular. There is a grandfather pool in the north of Gonggong, and there is Penglai Mountain in the pool. It is surrounded by the main hall, towering into the sky, and is in harmony with the rippling lake. Linde Hall, which receives foreign guests and holds palace banquets, is arranged on the raised highland west of Taiye Pool. Linde Hall is named after Linde Nian. It is composed of front, middle and back halls, with the middle hall as the main hall. There is a thick partition wall between the middle hall and the back hall, and there is no interval, only a narrow interval. The middle hall is higher than the front and rear halls, and it is magnificent and bright with high-altitude lighting. The whole temple is surrounded by cloisters, but the cloisters on the east and west sides are separated by two ear chambers protruding from the left and right sides of the back temple. There are more than one floor and adjacent buildings on the east and west sides of the back hall, and there are symmetrical East Pavilion and West Pavilion on the left and right sides of the middle hall. The whole building is solemn and elegant, showing the new features of architectural art in the Tang Dynasty. The spirit of Linde Hall surpassed that of Taihe Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing today.

Xingqing Palace in Chunmingmen is the political ruling center of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), the old house was changed into a palace. It used to be the place where Emperor Xuanzong lived when he was the king of Linzi County, located in Qin Long Square. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Li Longji, and in order to avoid taboo, he changed Qin Long Square to Xingqing Square. In the second year of Kaiyuan, it was named Xingqing Palace after Fang Ming. In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), half of Yongjiafang was merged into the palace, which expanded the scope of Xingqing Palace. After many large-scale constructions, a huge new palace group has sprung up. In the 16th year of Kaiyuan (728), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty moved the political center from Daming Palace to Xingqing Palace. According to the detection, the scope of Xingqing Palace is relatively small. Its eastern boundary is the west of Jinjiabao106m, the western boundary is 90m east of Jinjingjiu Road (outside the west gate of Xingqing Park), 84m north of Jinwei 10th Street (Xianning Road) in the south and Dongyaofang near Changle Square in the north. Its east-west width is1075m. Judging from the detection data, it is proved that Lu Dafang's Xingqing Palace Map (No.775) is basically close to reality, only slightly different from the detection data. Lutu and his inscriptions describe Xingqing Palace more accurately. As can be seen from the plan, the main entrance of Xingqing Palace, also called Xingqing Gate, is facing west and located in the northern section of the Western Wall. It can be seen that the architecture of Xingqing Palace is not symmetrical, which may be related to the fact that the palace was rebuilt from an old house and has no central axis. The main hall of Xingqing Palace is Xingqing Hall, which is located in the north of Xingqing Gate and Datong Hall in the south, both of which are located in the northwest corner of Xingqing Palace. In the east of the northern half of the palace, there are Nanxun Hall, Xinshe Hall and Jinhua Fall. The main hall of Xingqing Palace is in its northern half, and Longchi (also known as Xingqing Pool) is in the middle of its southern half. There are Jingjin Building and Calyx Xianghui Building in the southwest of Longchi, Longtang in the south, Changqing Hall in the southeast and Chenxiang Temple in the northeast. Taking Longchi as the center, these buildings together constitute the garden scenic spot of Xingqing Palace, which is the amusement place of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. In addition to the temples, pavilions and halls on the road map, there are also temples, Xianning Hall, Yi 'an Hall, Temple, Lengjing Hall, Huining Hall, Feixian Hall, Tongguang Hall, Rongdian and Wulongtan. But compared with Taiji Palace and Daming Palace, there are still fewer halls. Although there are few buildings in Xingqing Palace, most of them are high-rise buildings with great momentum. "There is a haze in the northeast and a cloud of smoke in the palace" is a true record of this situation.

In addition to small and exquisite residential gardens and unique scenery, there are also large-scale garden areas outside the city, namely Forbidden Garden in the north, Qujiang Pool in the southeast, Huaqing Palace in the east and Fan Chuan in the south, all of which have magnificent scenery and their own characteristics. The forbidden park is "East Chen, North, Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty, Nandu, 27 miles east and west, 23 miles north and south, and 120 miles a week". The pavilions in the park are opposite, the canals are clear, the lakes are dotted, the trees are lush and the scenery is pleasant. The water surface of Qujiang Lake is 0.7 square kilometers, surrounded by Shaoling Plain, and the Qinling Mountains suddenly stand in front of us, unlike the West Lake, but it is better than the West Lake. Huaqing Palace is based on Mount Li and hot springs. "Hot springs surge, Huaqing evil is hard to get old", and it has won the victory of rivers and mountains. Chang' an looks back at the embroidered pile, and the top of the mountain opens a thousand times ",a paradise on earth. Fan Chuan, a banded basin between Duqu and Qu Wei in Chang 'an County, is a villa area of dignitaries in the Tang Dynasty. Looking from the south, it is tall and beautiful, with Shaoling in the north, magnificent, and picturesque with the green undulating Shenhe Plain and the river like a silver chain.

Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty was not only large in scale and neat in layout, but also reached a new peak in the development of scenic spots, that is, making full use of geographical advantages and carving it by hand to make it wonderful.

Luoyang is the capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties. Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties is located about 10 km west of Luoyang City in Han and Wei Dynasties, with Mangshan Mountain in the north and Longmen in the south. The city plane is nearly square, with the longest point of 73 12 meters from north to south and the widest point of 7290 meters from east to west. Luoshui passes through the city from west to east, dividing Luoyang into north and south areas. There are four bridges on the Luoshui River in the city, connecting the north and south areas. Besides Luoshui, Yishui and Jishui were introduced into the city, and several canals were dug, so the waterway transportation in Luoyang is more convenient than that in Chang 'an. On the other hand, in order to adapt to the terrain, Luoyang does not emphasize the north-south axis and completely symmetrical layout like Chang 'an. The difference between Luoyang and Chang 'an is that both Miyagi and Imperial City are located in the west of the North District, but the overall planning is neat and tidy, which is similar to Chang 'an. In the south of the imperial city, there are three avenues running through the north and south, including provinces, governments, temples, health centers, societies, temples and other buildings. Miyagi is just north of the imperial city. There are also some government offices on the east side of Miyagi and Imperial City. There is 103 Li Fang in Luoyang, and the street outside Li Fang is only 4 1 m wide. Due to the narrow streets and the increase of houses facing the street, the relationship between various parts of the city is closer. Luoyang has three "cities" because of frequent water transportation, which are set up because of water.