Wages of textile women workers
These two memoirs describe the Great Revolution-the era of life, mainly workers-people-movements-movements, so let's look at them according to their descriptions: Zhang Jinbao was once a member of the Sixth Central Committee and secretary of the Central Women's Committee. In the mid-1920s, she came down from urban and rural areas in Hubei to work in Hankou No.1 Cotton Mill. A month later, she "received half a month's salary-seven dollars, and the other half was deducted as a deposit by the factory." I am very happy with this money, because it means that I can earn fourteen yuan a month and I can make ends meet. " In the second year, Zhang Jinbao took care of two looms himself, with a monthly salary of more than 30 yuan. "In this way, my life is better and I have begun to have some savings."
At the same time, the newly established Shanghai Public-* *-An-All-Specialized-Home-Bureau, the monthly salary of patrol officers is 10 to 13 yuan, and the length of patrol officers is 16 to 18 yuan. Interestingly, this wage level, which is not even as good as that of textile women workers, is higher than that of Songhu Police Department in the period of Beiyang Warlords 1 to 2 yuan. Life History of Silver Dollars also reveals that a section chief of Shanghai Health Bureau earns no more than 30 yuan.
Can you believe it? The salary of a spinning female worker is even higher than that of the inspector general and the section chief! The price was low at that time. According to the collection of price information before and after the liberation of Shanghai and the history of Shanghai-industry-people-transportation-movement, it is revealed that 1927 Shanghai, No.2 stalk rice 1 stone 14 yuan, flour 1 bag is 3.30 yuan, and the section is 65,427 yuan. Coal 1 0. 14 yuan, kerosene 1 kg 0.06 yuan, soap 1 0.05 yuan, cigarette 1 box 0.036 yuan, tea 1 kg 0.23 yuan, live chicken/kloc. The "stone" in the original text should be 200 Jin; 1 bag of flour should be 44 kg.
There are similar records in the life history of the silver dollar era: in Shanghai in the 1920s, rice 1 was packed with three or four silver dollars, Lao Dao brand cigarettes were packed with three copper coins, shaved with eight copper coins, Shaoxing wine 1 kg 1 min, and stinky tofu 1 copper coins were bought with two pieces. The manuscript fee was 1 yuan, and six or seven students were invited to tea. Tea costs 8 coppers, and all kinds of snacks such as fried steamed bread and crab shell yellow cost more than 20 coppers. In the book Economic Life of Cultural People, it is mentioned that in 1929, each silver dollar can be exchanged for two or three hundred copper coins, and one or two copper coins can be exchanged for an egg. In other cities, this is generally the case.
Land and house price
As for land price and housing, except for concessions and business districts, they are not expensive. 1928, the price per mu of land in Shanghai suburb of Gaohang, Chen Hang and Yangxing was 150- 100, 100-60 and 100-300 yuan respectively. 1933, the lowest land price in Hankou District 6 1 mu 84 yuan, and the lowest land price in District 7 1 mu 90 yuan.
Rent price: the first floor of Shikumen has electric lights and running water, and the monthly rent is 10 yuan; Stay in the inn, each berth is 3.5 to 6.0; The monthly rent of the cotton mill dormitory varies from 2 to 5 yuan, and the two floors can accommodate 10 people. Tap water is provided by the factory, and some still supply electricity. If there is a family, the two companies rent a floor separately, and the cost is only 1 yuan. The best dormitory, brick structure, ground, length and width of 500 cubic feet, volume of 5000 cubic feet, kitchen, street lamps, sewers. Rent for 6 months to go to 9 yuan. In addition, workers can rent land and live in their own houses. The annual rent of half an acre of land is 200 yuan, which is shared by 2/kloc-0 households, with an average of 80 cents per household per month. Of course, the environment is extremely poor.
The living conditions of ordinary residents
From the mid-1920s to the end of 1930s, the national prices were generally stable, and some agricultural products declined due to the bumper harvest. In terms of industrial products, foreign goods such as cotton cloth and oil are also reduced in price due to the competition between Europe, America and Japan. For example, in Hankou market, 1934 and 1935 and 100 kg of sesame oil are only 17.90 yuan and 14.50 yuan respectively, and 1 kg of pork is only 0.29 yuan and 0./kloc-respectively. And 100 kg of rice has also dropped from 7.55 yuan in 1926 to 4.66 yuan in 1933, and the retail price of 100 kg of coal balls has also dropped from the past 1 yuan to about 80 cents. At the same time, land prices have also fallen. Before the Anti-Japanese War, the price of farmland with 400 kg per mu in Zhenhai County, Jiangsu Province dropped from 140 yuan in 1998 to 70 yuan, and the price of farmland with 300 kg per mu dropped from 100 yuan to 40 yuan.
"Newly promoted craftsmen earn only 20 yuan a month, and those with long working experience and good skills can get 40 yuan a month to 50 yuan ... as for coolies and temporary workers, they are extremely miserable, ranging from 89 yuan to 1 1 yuan. In addition to the regular 10 hours, working hours have to be served by staff and masters. "
"Artisans' life and working hours are similar to those of middle-and lower-level employees in general government agencies, much higher than rickshaw pullers, dockers and textile workers. The working and living conditions of coolies are more bitter. They work long hours, earn less and have no job security. "
Bao Huisheng didn't talk much about the specific welfare system, but another book, A Mirror of China's Modern History, revealed something: under the leadership of the Secretariat of Labor Combination, workers on the Jinghan Railway also won some victories, such as "having a public holiday of 15 days every year, having two work clothes a year, retiring at the age of 60, and paying wages as usual".
Compare the price at that time, do you believe it? A "bitter" coolie can buy 1 mu of land in Hankou every year! As for the problems of "long working hours" and "serving shop assistants and owners", they have existed since ancient times. This is a traditional bad habit of coolies and apprentices after they started, and it has not disappeared yet.
The survival of workers is not an isolated phenomenon. In the early 1920s, Kailuan coal miners went on strike and demanded higher wages. Finally, the employers and employees reached an agreement, and the daily wage increased from 0.90 yuan to 1.26 yuan, that is, the monthly wage rose from 27 yuan to 37 yuan. Even before the salary increase, the miners' salary was much higher than that of the police. Railway workers, coal miners and textile workers are all industrial workers with a large number and a high degree of modernization, and their income should be representative of the working class in the country.
Let's look at the income levels of other working classes:1At the end of 926, the Wuhan National Government raised funds for education and raised the monthly salary of primary school teachers to more than 20 silver dollars. 1933, the monthly salary of Hubei No.1 primary school is 39 to 56 yuan; The monthly salary of the first, second and third middle schools in the province is mostly between 60-80 yuan, so you can buy 1 gold. 65438-0935, the highest gold price in Hankou, the lowest in 90 yuan and 76 yuan, the highest in 96 yuan and the lowest in 77 yuan.
Hankou used to have a Jiayuechang new silk and satin bureau. Minimum salary of sales staff 10 yuan, the highest in 40 yuan. Three meals a day are provided by the store, steamed bread, porridge and fried dough sticks in the morning, four dishes and one soup at noon and evening, a table for eight people, and dishes are added on holidays. There are also two months of public holidays every year (except apprentices), and those who come home from Xiajiang will be reimbursed for their fares. There is an allowance for dressing and an extra month's salary every year. If there is a surplus at the end of the year, dividends will be paid at 16 shares, including 12 shares for the store owner,/kloc-0 shares for the manager and 3 shares for all employees.
Ye Kaitai of old Wuhan is also well treated: after three years of apprenticeship, the monthly salary is 10 silver dollar, the second year is 15, and the third year is 20. All shop assistants have to pay a "monthly fee" for shaving, bathing and laundry. Take 72 days paid vacation every year, and get 72 days more salary if you don't take vacation. Bonuses will be given on Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, and then dividends will be paid according to everyone's salary at the end of the year. In general, the salary of 1 yuan can be paid four to fifty cents. Drugstores also have foundations that deposit four months' wages in installments. When Wu Shuoqing, the master of medicine cutting, retired and returned to his hometown, he got back more than 500 yuan of principal and interest.
By 1933, the monthly salary of Shanghai employees is generally in 20 yuan, and the annual income of dual-employee families is above 400 yuan. The monthly income of skilled workers, primary school teachers, medical staff and other families exceeds that of 50 yuan, reaching a well-off level; The families of middle-level employees, engineers, middle school teachers, doctors, journalists, writers, lawyers and ordinary actors who earn more than one or two hundred yuan a month enter the middle class.
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