Origin of proverbs

Proverbs have been passed down for a long time, and many of them have been recorded in ancient books. For example, today's popular "rice seedlings good half a year rice", "wheat to water buds, vegetables to water flowers", "summer root head white, farmers eat a heck", "" Rice such as warbler color red, all have to water for" and other proverbs, in the late Ming Dynasty "Shen's Farming Book": "inch wheat is not afraid of feet of water, feet of wheat, but afraid of inch of water", in the late Ming Dynasty "Tiangongkaiwu"; "no ash does not plant wheat", "harvesting wheat as fire", "wheat as a fire", "wheat as a fire", "wheat as a fire", "wheat as a fire", "wheat as a fire", "wheat as a fire". "no wheat without ash", "wheat collection is like putting out a fire" in the early 16th century, "the people's compilation"; "June is not hot, the grains do not knot", "June covers the quilt, the field does not produce rice" and so on in the early 14th century, "the five lines of the field house"; "the five lines of the field house". "If you want wheat, see the three whites" and "Three whites in the first month, the field public laughs" in the early 8th century in the Tang Dynasty's Chaoye Kyunjian; "If you want to know the five grains, look at the five trees" and "Cultivation without work" "If you want to know the five grains, you have to look at the five trees" and "It is better to plow without working than to make a storm" were quoted in "The Essentials of Qi Min" in the 6th century. Farming proverbs quoted in ancient books are often labeled with the words "proverbs" or "ancient people", indicating that the quoted proverbs originated much earlier, in the end, when, not always found in the literature. At least so far, some proverbs can be traced back to thousands of years ago, such as the Zhejiang proverb: "no grass under the trees, no beautiful seedlings between the blocks" sentence, also found in the Western Han Dynasty (1st century BC Huan Kuan's Salt and Iron Theory of the fourteenth of the weight: "no grass under the forest, no beautiful seedlings between the blocks. " "A sudden rain does not end in a day, a hurricane does not end in a morning" is similar to Laozi's Tao Te Ching, Chapter 23: "A drifting wind does not end in a morning, a sudden rain does not end in a day." Since the origin of agricultural proverbs can be traced continuously, it is reasonable to assume that the origin of agricultural proverbs is consistent with the origin of agriculture. And since the origin of agriculture predates written records, the origin of agricultural proverbs must also predate written records. If music, dance, and ballad all have their origin in labor, then agricultural proverbs are really an important branch of agricultural labor that diverged from ballads. The difference between ballads and proverbs lies in the fact that the former expresses the thoughts and feelings of the working people, i.e., focuses on social relations, while the proverbs describe the working people's struggle with nature, i.e., focuses on production. This distinction is the result of later gradual development, in fact, there is no clear-cut boundary between the two. Because agricultural proverbs could have included the experience of "living in the world" in addition to agricultural production, and then agricultural proverbs could have included the experience of "living in the world" in addition to agricultural production, and then agricultural proverbs are harmonious in sound, rhyming, moving in form, and rich in the flavor of life, and are hardly different from songs. It is also difficult to distinguish them from ballads. This was especially true in ancient agricultural societies. For example, "July", "Futian", "Daitian", "Chengong" and so on in the Book of Songs are not only songs about farming operations, but also songs about farmers. agricultural operations, but also farmers to express their feelings. With the development of agricultural production, agricultural proverbs were gradually separated from ballads. At the same time, belonging to the pure production experience of agricultural proverbs, but also continue to increase, rich up, become an important part of the guidance of production.

The role of proverbs in production

The proverbs are the crystallization of the experience accumulated by the working people in the long-term production practice, which inevitably plays a certain guiding role in agricultural production. Especially in the feudal society, the working people were deprived of the right to read and write, their experience is mainly by "father edict his son, brother edict his brother" oral transmission and inheritance, agricultural proverbs is one of the aspects. For example, in the feudal period, there is no contemporary thermometer, hygrometer and other instruments, farmers take the growth of perennial trees as the basis for forecasting the agricultural season, because the growth of perennial trees to a certain extent reflects the objective climatic conditions, and thus produced "to know the five grains, first look at the five wood" proverbs. In the guidance of the sowing period, there are many proverbs reflecting climatology, such as "pear white, planting soybeans"; "camphor tree leaves peach blossom red, white bean seeds good out of the urn"; and "frogs call, falling grain "and so on. More is based on the twenty-four seasons pointed out that the appropriate sowing period of various crops: such as "white dew early, cold dew late, the autumn equinox grass at the right time"; "white dew white, just buckwheat" and so on. Farmers have these proverbs will be able to grasp the timely sowing. In addition, such as "winter beans wheat, a lifetime to catch up do not"; "October planting oil, not enough wife to put on the head" and other proverbs, but is a summary of the lessons of failure to remind people to seize the season, do not miss the farming season.

If we divide the whole process of crop production into several segments, there are certain proverbs for almost every segment. For example, rice from sowing, the selection of good seeds have "good rice, mother good daughter good" and so on; cultivation of strong rice seedlings have "good rice seedlings half a year rice" and so on; rice planting technology have "will not insert, look at your two feet! "Early rice floating on the water, late rice inserted waist", etc., fertilizer "early rice under the mud to send, late rice three times congestion", "the middle of the light, the two ends of the heavy" and so on; Field management has "summer root touch, a handful of rotten mud a grain" and so on. Take a rice, Zhejiang has about 500 proverbs. Farmers have these proverbs, as if now have a technical guidebook, once played a great role in guiding. Especially in some of the old farmers still have this habit. 1959 in Lishui County to an old farmer to understand the local experience of sowing corn, he cited "a needle on the head of the red corn, only afraid of shallow not afraid of deep" proverbs, and corn and sesame seeds compared to say: "sesame seeds on the head of the two leaves, only afraid of deep not afraid of shallow", and compared to sesame seeds and said: "sesame head two leaves, only afraid of deep not afraid of deep". This proverb vividly illustrates the different requirements for sowing depth of monocotyledonous plants (such as corn) and dicotyledonous plants (such as sesame). When we summarized the experience of growing Longzhuaji (locally known as corn) in Pingyang County, the farmers also cited the proverb "Half of the rice crop is harvested when it falls down, wheat is harvested when it falls down, and half of the corn crop is harvested when it falls down" to illustrate that Longzhuaji is not afraid of falling down. Such examples are numerous, enough to prove that agricultural proverbs play a great role in guiding agricultural production.

Third, the characteristics of the content of agricultural proverbs

Agricultural proverbs are about agricultural production. Agricultural production in a broad sense, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, vice, fishery five industries, agriculture, including crops, fruits and vegetables, sericulture, etc., these contents in the proverbs have. Besides, agricultural production can not be separated from the soil, fertilizer, moisture, temperature and season, weather, climate conditions, these aspects in the agricultural proverbs have a lot of content. Agricultural production is carried out by human beings, so there are many other aspects of agricultural proverbs that are inseparable from human relations and management experience. Before the liberation of Fei Jiexin collected "Chinese agricultural proverbs", is by the season, weather, crops, feeding, aphorisms and so on five major parts of the composition, although not ideal, but can be seen from this classification of the content of agricultural proverbs of several characteristics. According to the author's statistics of the 5,953 agricultural proverbs in the book. [1] 2,961 belong to the section of seasons, accounting for 40.45% of the total; 1,556 belong to the section of meteorology, accounting for 26.22%; 1,020 belong to the section of crops, accounting for 17.18%; 251 belong to the section of feeding, accounting for 4.23%; and 707 belong to the section of aphorisms, accounting for 11.91%. Two points can be seen from the percentage of individual allocations: first, the agricultural proverbs of weather and seasonality*** accounted for 2/3, reflecting the dependence of the development process of agricultural production on natural conditions. Do not violate the farming season, timely sowing, is a prerequisite for agricultural production, from the primitive slash-and-burn farming to modern machine farming, agricultural technology has changed how much, only timely sowing can not be changed arbitrarily. In order to correctly grasp the agricultural time, thousands of years of working people summed up a wealth of experience, have endured enough lessons, so that the seasonal-centered proverbs even accounted for about 40%. Droughts, floods, wind, cold and other natural disasters in the small peasant economy of feudal society, but also insurmountable threat, so attempts to grasp the laws of natural disasters proverbs also accounted for 1/4.

Fei Jiexin collected proverbs, limited to his personal conditions, *** only 5953. After the founding of the country, the Agricultural Publishing House to Lv Ping mainly, carried out a planned national collection of proverbs, *** got more than 100,000, after the merger and sorting classification, *** got more than 31,400, divided into the "Chinese proverbs" up and down the two volumes published. The upper book is part of the crops, including field crops, cotton and hemp, fruits and vegetables, sericulture, beans, oilseeds until flowers, according to the author's statistics, *** about 16,200; the lower book for the general and animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry and other parts of the General Theory, including soil, fertilizer, seed, field management, water conservancy and meteorology, *** about 15,200. And the book up and down the two books by category, respectively, the results of statistics, generally similar to the above-mentioned Feijie Xin statistics. But the regularity is more obvious. That is, among all the agricultural proverbs, the weather proverbs are the most predominant, **** 7903, accounting for 25.16% of all. The second is rice, ***4573, accounting for 14.56% of all; the third is wheat, ***3596, accounting for 11.45% of all. The rest are scattered to various crops, the number of articles are more or less, are far less than rice and wheat as much. The ratio of the number of agricultural proverbs of rice, wheat and corn is very much like the author of the "Ancient and Modern Books Integration" of the Department of grass, trees and cereals of the results of the statistics, in the "Integration", but also the amount of literature in the rice accounted for the first place, a variety of wheat together in the second place, corn and the second, the proportion of the three more than any other crops. [2] The fact that the weight of written records is so consistent with the weight of farmers' oral proverbs is a true reflection of the law of objective things. Fruit trees and vegetables are also in short supply, accounting for only 1,571 entries, or 5.00% of the total. Grain, like corn and sweet potato were introduced and popularized as late as the end of the Ming Dynasty. Corn quickly accumulated 222 articles, but of course the proportion is not high, accounting for only 0.70%; sweet potato accumulated 366 articles, accounting for 1.16%. Since ancient times, agriculture and mulberry clothing and food, cotton compared to sericulture is a late starter, but the promotion of very fast, the accumulation of proverbs more than sericulture, cotton has 1,243, accounting for 3.95%; sericulture only 355, accounting for 1.13%, sericulture proverbs should not be so little, the reason to be investigated. In the two legs of crops and livestock, the proverbs of livestock are far fewer than those of crops, with only 1,433 proverbs, accounting for 4.56% of the total, which is a characteristic of the food structure of China's agricultural areas, where the pressure of population growth has made it impossible to take out more land to raise domestic animals. Among the proverbs on domestic animals, the pig is the most popular, and the pig is an omnivorous feeder in the south, which does not need pasture land for grazing. Livestock proverbs a prominent point, is the identification of livestock proverbs more, and very vivid evidence, very similar to the Han Dynasty since the "horse scripture", "cattle scripture," and so on, but only the sentence is shorter.

Following the characteristics of the content of the proverbs to try to analyze, summarized in three points of six:

The regional and universal. Proverbs of the region, in fact, reflects the geographical nature of agricultural production. For example, different types of crops in different areas, sowing, harvesting season is different, and so on. Zhejiang farmers proverb: "wheat yellow hemp, hemp yellow wheat", Shaanxi farmers proverb is "wheat yellow rice, rice yellow wheat", this is the crop due to the region and different. North China farmers proverb "seven gold, eight silver, nine copper, ten iron", "autumn harvest does not plow the land, the next year can not set the idea", this is a reflection of the northern winter recreation, a year of cultivation system, in the south is not so, Zhejiang farmers proverb " Grass seed three years, bad field into a good field", "bad winter rape dry winter wheat", reflecting the Zhejiang region in winter is not planted green manure, is planted barley, rape, as well as broad beans, peas, etc., very little leisure, and no July August plowing in preparation for the winter. Geographical difference is the biggest sowing period, North China wheat planting period is: "White Dew early, cold dew late, autumn equinox wheat at the right time", Zhejiang is: "cold dew early, late winter, before and after the frost at the right time". Planting sesame and millet, North China is: "small full sesame mango seed grain", Zhejiang is "the first ambush sesame two ambush corn".

But in many agricultural proverbs, despite the different regions, conditions are different, but there are similar statements. Such as soybean "dry flowers wet pods, acres of stone eight", north and south of the world are so said; Zhejiang farmers proverb "cut wheat such as fire" and North China farmers proverb "wheat harvest such as fire" as well; "inch of wheat is not afraid of exhaustion of water, feet of wheat but afraid of inch of water" in Zhejiang, northern Jiangsu and other places have the same proverbs: "June is not hot, the grains do not knot", "money is hard to buy big belly yellow". ...... and so on are universal proverbs. So it is, because they reflect the biological characteristics of crops. The biological characteristics of crops is its own hereditary manifestations of its requirements of environmental conditions, cultivation principles are often the same with ****, there are some of the same basic principles of cultivation, such as deep plowing, fertilizer, soil cultivation, etc., reflected in the proverbs are also largely the same. Such as North China, Shaanxi farmers proverb "planting without manure, is equal to the blind paste mix"; North Jiangsu farmers proverb "do not apply manure, blind nonsense", Zhejiang farmers proverb "planting no uncle, as long as the fertilizer is sufficient"; as well as the North China The meaning is the same as the Chinese proverb "hoe has three water" and the Chinese proverb "hoe will produce water in the drought" and so on.

Regardless of the regional and universal, on the similarity of its form of expression, suggesting that a proverb may have originated in a certain region, with the spread of the spread of the region in accordance with their own regional characteristics (such as crops, farming system, seasonal, colloquial habits, etc.) to be adapted, the most obvious, such as the sowing period, almost "× × × early, × × × late, ×××× being The most obvious example is the sowing date, almost "××early, ××late, is" has become the formula for the expression of agricultural proverbs in various places **** the same.

Generalization and scientific. Generalization and scientific is the most important feature of the proverbs, because the proverbs are passed on orally, must be short and fluent, easy to remember. But it is rich in content, so it must be concise and profound, thought-provoking. Many proverbs seem to be simple and obvious, in fact, contains profound scientific principles, we need to be analyzed. For example, planting green manure proverb: "If you want to grass is good, often three dry." Generally speaking, the grass is like wet soil, but happy wet does not equal to do not need air, farmers especially pointed out that "often three dry". According to the scientific research proved that the grass field soil humidity to 70% or so of the best, because the water table is reduced, increased the thickness of the oxidation layer, shorten the thickness of the reduction layer, can make the root system and the rhizoma development is good, this is the generalization of the proverbs and the scientific nature of the place. Other words such as "wheat watering buds, vegetables watering flowers" 6 words summarize the two winter fertilization key; "mountain garden straight insertion, swinging garden oblique insertion", pointed out that the sweet potato should be based on different moisture conditions, to take different cuttings. "Cow dung is cold, horse dung is hot", in the cow and horse dung is also divided into hot and cold, seems to have no reason, in fact, due to the different drinks of cows and horses, the microbial activity in the dung is also different, and the ability of fermentation and heat is very different. Some cultivation measures not only affect the yield and quality. Such as agricultural proverbs pointed out: "nine plow grain hairless, three cut wheat no bad", is very reasonable, should be how to explain thoroughly, but also worthy of in-depth consideration. Some proverbs must be through scientific research in order to reveal its theoretical significance, such as "rice is difficult to plant three yellow rice", "money is difficult to buy big belly yellow". Farmer rice expert Chen Yongkang put forward three yellow and three black problems, a few years through the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Branch and Chen Yongkang comrades together to engage in scientific experiments, initially made clear that "yellow is on behalf of the development process of the individual rice at the turning point of a physiological state, every time after the fall of yellow, the plant that is turned to another new stage. This is a preliminary explanation of the three yellow problem, however, there are still different views of the debate. Agricultural proverbs like this generalization, rich in profound scientific principles, there are many need to use modern scientific knowledge or through specific experimental research, to be analyzed to improve.

Mass and popularity. Agricultural proverbs is a great part of the author of the masses of working people, which determines the thoughts and feelings of the proverbs, as well as the expression of the form is bound to be popular among the masses, rich in the flavor of life, the atmosphere of the soil, and easy to recite and disseminate to each other. One of the most commonly used is the production of technical measures and human relations associated with the description, the most easily accepted by the masses. Such as the description of pulling seedlings before the slight application of starting fertilizer, in order to facilitate the development of roots, but not too much, the proverb says: "seedlings start, but also snacks," to "snacks" to compare the role of starting fertilizer and the amount of appropriate. Winter wheat without ash fertilizer is a big problem, the proverb with "no ash without wheat, no wine without treats" to emphasize the importance of ash fertilizer. Rice lack of nitrogen fertilizer, yellow leaves, the urgent need to increase the fertilizer, the proverb used "rice yellow sickly, the master owes it bean cake money" to irony. Corn topping can promote strong plant growth, sturdy sticks, proverbs with "corn to the head, the strength of the great ox" to the metaphor, others, such as "sweet potatoes are not afraid of shyness, has been planted to the fall", "planting grass river mud, children! Other proverbs such as "sweet potato is not shy, it is planted all the way to fall", "planting grass and river mud, children have water chestnuts with sugar stalks", "show rice is yellow, eat a piece of sugar; show rice is black, there is nothing to eat", etc., are all good proverbs with vivid and deep meaning. When we inherit the heritage of proverbs and summarize the characteristics of proverbs, we must grasp the mass and popularity of proverbs.

Fourth, the analysis of the structure of proverbs

In order to better summarize the proverbs, it is necessary to make some dissections of the syntactic structure and methods of expression of the proverbs that have been handed down for thousands of years, so as to learn from them some useful experiences for the development of new proverbs and the creation of new proverbs.

(1) Syntax of proverbs The sentences of proverbs are relatively concise and simple, but analyzing a large number of proverbs, one can find that the sentences of proverbs are also quite intricate and complex. First, the number of words in each sentence, according to the author's statistics on the classification of 15,823 proverbs (about 360,000 words),[3] the least is 3 words, the most is 196 words. If each article with different numbers of words is called a "sentence class", there are 56 different sentence classes from 3-word articles to 58-word articles, ***: from 60 words to 196 words, *** there are 34 sentence classes, totaling 90 sentence classes from 3-word articles to 196-word articles ***. It is worth noting that the number of sentences owned by each category in these 90 sentence categories is unbalanced, with the vast majority concentrated in 12 sentence categories such as 10, 8, 14, 12, 7, 6, 13, 5, 16, 20, 9, and 11, *** having 14,524 entries, accounting for 91.79% of the total number of entries; and of these 12 sentence categories, the 6 sentence categories of 10, 8, 14, 12, 7, and 6 are the most numerous, ** *11857 articles, accounting for 74.93% of the total. Also in terms of the statistics of the crop part of Zhejiang agricultural proverbs, the same distribution exists (Table 17).

From the following table can be seen very important points:

1, agricultural proverbs are people's oral proverbs, in addition to individual cases (such as the nine nine songs and so on), the general number of words in each category should not be too many, otherwise it is not easy to recite orally. Although some proverbs can be up to more than 100 words, but in fact the vast majority of no more than 20 words, and more is no more than 14 words. And because the content of proverbs is very rich, too short to express more content, so the 5-word, 4-word, and 3-word sentences below 6 words are not too many, and among all 15,823 proverbs, 5-word sentences only appeared in 468, accounting for 2.95%; 4-word sentences only appeared in 150, accounting for 0.94%; 3-word sentences were even fewer, appearing in only 6 (due to the limitation of space, there is no allocation of each sentence category here, and they are listed one by one). (The distribution of each sentence category is not listed here due to space constraints).

Allocation of sentence categories in national and Zhejiang proverbs

Total |15823|100.00|1081|100.00

2Sentence categories consisting of 20 characters or 28 characters (similar to the pentameter and heptameter in the old poems) do not predominate in the proverbs (373 sentences in the 20-word sentences ****, and 132 in the 28-word ones ****), but the 20-word and the 28-word ones are the most predominant ones. On the contrary, there is an absolute predominance of 20-word and 28-word halves, i.e., 10-word and 14-word sentences, which is also a very noteworthy phenomenon.

3In the 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14 words and other six categories of sentences accounting for more than three-fourths of the total number of sentences, even-numbered sentences accounted for five kinds of odd-numbered sentences of only 7 words a kind of, which is in line with the people of China's spoken or written in the habit of often expressed in pairs.

In each of the same number of words, there are several other ways of expression, for example, the same 10-word sentence category, the expression can be 5 words plus 5 words (5 + 5 on behalf of the same below), but also 3 + 7, 4 + 6, 6 + 4, and so on. Here are some examples of the common 8-word, 9-word, 10-word, 11-word, 12-word and other 5 types of sentence types (Table 18).

Examples of sentence patterns contained in each sentence category of agricultural proverbs

8-word sentence

Sentence pattern|example sentence

4+4|Plants planted in clear water, rice-planting in mixed water

3+5|Autumn is established, and rice-planting is carried out in the small one

2+2+2+2|Dry-plugging, early living; fast-growing, quick-growing

9-word sentence

Sentence pattern|example sentence

4+5|These are the most common agricultural proverbs.

4+5|Not afraid of drought, only afraid of hoe break

5+4|Seventy days of buckwheat, eighty days of rain

3+3+3|June is here, sell quilts, buy ash

10 words

Sentence |Example sentence

5+5|Will you be able to plug in the buckwheat or not, look at your two feet

4+6|Buy a hundred pounds of seeds, better than

3+7|July autumn, inside and outside the application to the pump

3+3+4|One season of grass, two seasons of rice, grass is good, rice is good

4+3+3|After the summer solstice pressure, a quart of seedlings, a quart of potatoes

11 words

Sentence | Example sentence

5+6|Will plant a seed, will not be able to plant a thousand hills

6

4+7|Thousands of dung fields, not as good as one dung seedling

7+4|Early planting, early harvesting

3+3+5|Broken dung tanks, no need to dump, congested fields have more meals

5+3+3|The planting of a field without fertilizer, you lie to it, and it lies to you

12-word sentences

6+6|Buckwheat doesn't grow old without seeing frost, and wheat doesn't yellow without eating wind

5+7|If you want to plant more grain, plant two kinds of grains and green beans

7+5|Seed sweet potatoes and rice, and the yield will be high every year

4+4+4|The first hemp sees rice, the second hemp sees chaff, and the third hemp sees frost

3+3+3+3|The time to plant in the spring is when to plant in the summer, and the time to plant in the summer is when to plant in the spring, and the time to plant in the summer is when to plant in the spring. Day, summer time

According to the above table, the author has tried to classify Zhejiang agricultural proverbs of crops of the Ministry of 1081 24-sentence category, the results **** 64 kinds of sentences. If the national proverbs to categorize, of course, more sentences. It should be pointed out that the common sentence basically are concentrated in the common sentence class, the rest is relatively minor. Moreover, due to errors in oral recitation or written records, as long as there is a word or sound difference, it will cause the sentence pattern to change. For example, in the above table, in the 11-word sentence category, the 4+7 style "A thousand dung fields are not as good as one dung seedling", if the word "come" is removed, it belongs to the 4+6 style of the 10-word sentence. Therefore, from the point of view of inheriting heritage and creating new proverbs, what is worth noting is not to ask how many sentence types there are in proverbs, but to pay attention to the ones that are most commonly used, easy to remember and easy to recite among these many sentence types. For example, the 9-word sentence of "the rice of the root, the grain of the root", "the turnip of the spring, the melon of the fall", the 10-word sentence of "the fall, regardless of the size of a pull", "the winter, only a little bit of the winter", "the winter", "the winter", "the winter", "the winter", "the winter", "the winter", "the winter". After winter, only the combing of hair and the eating of work", 13-word sentence, "After fall, the rain is harvested, and there are ponds and dams that should be repaired quickly", "After spring, after summer, plant millet and then hemp", 14-word sentence, "The head of the head, and the grain of the head", "The head of the head, and the grain of the head", and "The head of the head, and the grain of the head". The 14-word sentence "the first hoe skin, the second hoe mud, the third hoe four hoe flowers away from" and so on are short and long to match the victory, easy to recite catchy good sentence style, it is worthwhile for us to inherit and learn.

(2) The Rhetorical Methods of Farmers' Proverbs In addition to the intricate changes in their syntactic structure, farmers' proverbs are also rich and colorful in terms of the rhetorical methods they use to express their contents. Farmers know a variety of rhetorical methods to express their experience in production techniques, here are some examples:

Metaphors: Proverbs make good use of metaphors, which are easy to understand and accept. There are two kinds of metaphors in agricultural proverbs, one is explicit and the other is implicit. To more explicit metaphors, such as "people are powerless, cinnamon lychee; powerless, river mud grass," "cooked soil plus raw soil, like a patient to eat a pig's belly," "winter snow is wheat, the more pressure will be the more long", "silkworm beans cover layer of soil. "Fava beans covered with layers of mud, like three nine cover cotton clothes. Metaphors, such as: "rice straw to get up, but also snacks," to snacks implicitly referring to the rise of fat. The first is that it is not a good idea to compare the life of a person with the life of a person, but it is a good idea to compare the life of a person with the life of a person.

Borrowing: agricultural proverbs are often more borrowing techniques to represent the whole of the local, concrete on behalf of the abstract, so it is more vivid. For example, "there is no mud legs, starve to death oil mouth", here to "mud legs" on behalf of the working people, to "oil mouth" on behalf of the exploiters. Another example is "a mountain, more than a quintal, a river, more than a bucket", which refers to the exchange of seeds in different places can increase yields, the distance between the seeds, the principle is difficult to specify, the proverbs use "a mountain", "a river "

This is the first time I've ever seen a woman in the world with a baby.

Wanqu: This is a technique that has been used quite a lot in agricultural proverbs. Farmers like to use euphemistic and subtle words to bring out the original meaning, for example, "cut off the root of wheat, pull off the heart of the mill", is that wheat needs to be ploughed diligently, ploughing can increase production, but he did not use the words such as increase in production and so on, but said that the processing of wheat, grinding a large number of wheat flour may be pulled off the heart of the mill, so as to emphasize that, in order to encourage people to do a good job of ploughing in the fields. This is to encourage people to do a good job of plowing in the fields. Others, such as "wheat field dance dragon lantern, wheat is the same birth" refers to the role of wheat seedling suppression; "small summer not see the bottom, there is no rice grain" refers to the field does not bake will cause the collapse and grain; "sesame field three days clear, go home to wash the oil bottle "Sesame field is sunny for three days, and you can go home and wash the oil bottle" means that drought is good for a good harvest of sesame; "A chopstick is long for planting beans in winter, and two beans are changed into a pair" is a warning not to miss the time for planting; "Gold comes out of the corners of the fields" encourages people to make full use of the gaps in the land for planting all kinds of crops; "Sad to cut vegetables, shed tears to collect sesame" refers to the sesame and rape two crops are very easy to peel off the grain when ripe, lost a lot of.

Exaggerated: this is also a common technique in agricultural proverbs, often used to emphasize the importance of a certain measure or a link. For example, to emphasize the importance of oilseed rape wax fertilizer, said: "thousands of watering ten thousand watering, less than wax manure a watering"; to emphasize the importance of rice irrigation before and after the summer heat, with "thousands of cars ten thousand cars, less than a car in the summer heat"; to emphasize the importance of fertilizer in the rice paddies, said: "will Shi Shi a hill, will not Shi Shi a hill, will not Shi Shi a hill, will not be able to do so. Will fertilize a mound, will not fertilize a thousand mounds, fertilize a thousand mounds is better than fertilize a mound." When encountering this kind of exaggerated agricultural proverbs, you should not interpret it literally, but recognize it as a technique of textual exaggeration.

Comparison: it is generally compared to the object as a person, infectious. For example: "Soybean deaf, the more hoeing the more through"; actually refers to the soybean needs to be plowed, the root system and rhizomes in order to grow well. "Wheat butt itch, the more pressure the more willing to grow" refers to the suppression to promote the tiller.

Superimposed words: a common expression in agricultural proverbs. For example: "more guandan, cut rice rice; more shake, cut rice wine"; "the first plow heap heap flat, the second plow dig dig root, the third plow cupping round", "rice yellow sickly, the master owes it bean cake money"; "All kinds of sweet potatoes and all kinds of rice are good for two times a year"; "Corn gets married, and the children and grandchildren get married"; "The wheat ridge is narrow and narrow, and there is not even half a mu of wheat in a mu; it is just a wide irrigation area, and a mu of wheat is half a mu of wheat"; "Summer sowing, picking cotton fat doodle, small full sowing, picking cotton deflated collapse"; "white dew white fan fan, autumn equinox rice head Qi" ...... and so on are.

Omission: In order to facilitate oral recitation, omission is one of the important techniques of agricultural proverbs. In order to omit the noun used as the main word for the most. For example: "a thousand wuwu ten thousand wuwu, not as good as the root of a wuwu", which refers to the grass fertilized with ash, omit grass and grass ash two nouns. "Early plague and late freeze, no plague and no freeze, frost and winter", which refers to the relationship between rape seeding and toxin disease, frost damage, omit the four words rape seeding. "Smallpox does not marry their own mother-in-law" to save two words of corn. There is also the omission of the verb, such as "winter solstice in the middle, warm, winter solstice head, freezing cattle", refers to the winter solstice in the middle of the month or at the beginning of the month.

Contrast: Some of the different biological characteristics of the two crops are compared together. For example, "wheat corn dry, rice to soak; wheat is afraid of soaking, rice is afraid of the sun", "red corn field three suns fall, go home to change the pot; sesame field three sunny days, go home to wash the bottle of oil", "rice down half of the wheat down no", "the rotten winter oilseed is dry and dry". "Rotten winter rape dry winter wheat", etc.; some of the different technical requirements of the same crop to be compared, for example, "early rice ride a ride, late rice inserted into the dry clay lump", "early rice floating on the water, late rice inserted into the waist "

There are different technical requirements for different operations to be compared, such as "seeding in clear water, transplanting rice seedlings in muddy water", "plowing gold before the winter solstice, after the winter solstice, plowing iron" and so on.

There is another prominent expression in the proverbs, which is to borrow the subject and object of the intermixed position or the intermixed position of the definite article to reflect completely different meanings. For example, "the field does not wait for the seedlings, the seedlings do not wait for the field", "wheat does not leave the beans, the beans do not leave the wheat", "wheat and yellow plant hemp, hemp and yellow plant wheat", "seedling more than bully grass, grass more than bully seedling" and so on. Seedling more bully grass, grass more bully seedling" and so on, are through the subject and the object of mutual adjustment of position to receive the effect. Another "inch of wheat is not afraid of feet of water, feet of wheat, but afraid of inch of water", "ninety percent of the old yellow ten percent of the harvest, ten percent of the old yellow ninety percent of the harvest," and so on is borrowed from the qualifier to receive the effect of intermodulation.

From the above preliminary analysis of the syntax and rhetorical methods of the proverbs, we can appreciate that the proverbs are not only rich in content and practical, that is, in the expression of the content of the syntax and rhetorical methods are also rich in creation. This will undoubtedly give us a lot of inspiration on how to summarize and analyze the proverbs in the future and create new proverbs.

Fifth, how to correctly understand the proverbs

Previously talked about one of the characteristics of the proverbs is the mass and popularity, it seems that the proverbs are easy to understand is not a problem, the fact is not quite true. Due to the geographical and general nature of proverbs and historical factors, some situations have changed over time, and sometimes it is not a simple matter to understand a proverb correctly. For example, the author in a rapeseed production symposium, heard a farmer in Pinghu County said a proverb: "winter solstice month, cilantro hit a cup", he said it is not clear what it means to ask for an explanation. Another time, I heard a farmer in Henan Province to introduce the small microphone proverbs pussy "Sen not fall, just planting", but also do not know what it means. For agricultural scientists, with modern knowledge of agricultural science, understanding proverbs should not be a problem, but not quite. If one is not fully familiar with the various characteristics of proverbs, it is easy to "apply the ancient to the modern" and over-understand them. For example, "small summer do not see the bottom, white dew in vain", originally refers to the single-season rice drainage baking field, some comrades linked to the group structure of rice, thought small summer do not see the bottom, refers to this time should be closed line, small summer do not close the line to the white dew will be too late, the leaf area coefficient is too small, did not fully utilize the light energy ... ... ...This is an example of overdoing it. "Thousands of watering, less than a watering of wax manure", was to emphasize the importance of wax fertilizer meaning, but some comrades prefer to understand this proverb only advocate the application of wax fertilizer is enough, obviously not from the characteristics of the proverb, understanding of the dead. In the process of organizing, we have been smart, the original right to change the wrong example. For example, "you don't panic in March Qingming, early rice planting in February Qingming", in the collation of the "three" "two" to the opposite, into "you don't panic in February Qingming, early rice planting in March Qingming". The first one is "March clearing morning early rice planting", but it is a mistake. How to correctly understand the proverbs, according to our initial experience, we should pay attention to the following points:

(a) pay attention to astronomy, meteorology, calendars, festivals, general knowledge in the classification of the content of the proverbs in the section has been pointed out that two thirds of the proverbs are meteorological, seasonal things, therefore, to correctly understand the proverbs, we must have some knowledge in this regard, including the common stars and hosts, calculating the year month and year, day, hour and day, and "the heavenly stems and earthly branches," "the" and "the". These include the common stars and constellations, the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches for calculating the time of the year, month, day and hour, as well as the "Nine Days", "Three Volts", the Spring Society, the Autumn Society, and so on. These things are becoming more and more distant from our daily life, and if we do not have this kind of general knowledge, it will not be easy for us to understand this kind of agricultural proverbs. For example, "Sen does not fall, just planting", Sen is one of the seven western stars in the twenty-eight stars in ancient times, this is the Sen star does not fall as a standard, to set the wheat sowing period of the agricultural proverbs. "The Min and the wind, Bi and the rain", "the moon Li in the Min, the wind sand", etc., the Min and Bi are also the names of the constellations. "divided the community, full of days ripe, the community divided, no nibble", which refers to the spring community and the spring equinox before or after the equinox and the relationship between the grain abundance and failure, "points after the community, the late rice no up and down; after the community points, the late rice big plant root", here the community refers to the Autumn Community, the points refer to the Autumn Equinox, the argument itself is nonsensical, but it is not the case, but it is the name of the constellations. The statement itself is nonsense, but do not understand the points and social references, there is no way to choose a choice. The first is that it is not a good idea to have a good time, but it is a good idea to have a good time. [4]

(2) The omission of agricultural proverbs is an important part of the proverbial language. Due to the limitations of the spoken language, agricultural proverbs often need to be abbreviated, and what is abbreviated is often the most important main word. This is not a problem in a particular region under specific conditions, but for the collection, organization, annotation, the number of a large number, often unclear, or Zhang Guanzhi, which requires us to have a broader knowledge of biology and agriculture.