The hand is the "diplomatic organ" of the human body, and it takes the lead in all people's "foreign affairs activities", such as engaging in all kinds of labor, taking out garbage, brushing spittoons, washing feet, wearing shoes, and rubbing stools. Therefore, hands are easily infected with many pathogenic microorganisms. Scientists have made such an investigation that an unwashed hand contains at least 40,000 to 400,000 bacteria. Nail cracks are a good place for bacteria to hide, and as many as 3.8 billion bacteria can be hidden in one nail crack. In addition, someone has done an experiment. Patients with acute dysentery use 5 ~ 8 layers of toilet paper, and Shigella can penetrate into their hands. Shigella can survive for 3 days on their hands. The flu virus can survive for 7 days on wet and warm hands. Therefore, hands are very dirty. Moreover, when you travel, visit and study, and perform tasks, your hands often touch some items, which will make your hands dirty. Especially, patients with infectious diseases and those who appear to be healthy but actually have viruses in their bodies often spread pathogenic microorganisms to various articles and appliances. When healthy people touch their hands, the pathogenic microorganisms will come to your hands. If you don't wash your hands before and after meals, you can take bacteria into your mouth and eat them in your stomach. This is what people often say: "Bacteria come from your hands and diseases come from your mouth." Therefore, it is necessary to develop the habit of frequently cutting nails and washing hands before meals, after defecation and after work.
Hand washing can remove bacteria and eggs attached to hands. Washing hands with running water can remove 80% of bacteria on hands. If washing hands with soap and then washing with running water, 99% of bacteria can be washed off hands. When washing hands, it should be noted that several people should not use the same basin of water to avoid cross-infection and spread diseases to each other, and the time should exceed 15 seconds.
Second, don't spit or throw your nose:
Phlegm is a viscous liquid secreted by respiratory tract, which is excreted by coughing. Everyone knows how to spit, but not everyone has a good way to spit. Some people don't pay attention to the environment, spit everywhere, and throw their noses all over the floor, which not only affects hygiene but also harms their personal image. Some so-called "hygiene lovers" spit on the ground and wipe it with shoes worn on their feet, thinking that even if they can't see the traces of phlegm, they will not hinder hygiene and health. I don't know that sputum contains millions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycoplasma and so on. In particular, people with respiratory diseases, such as tuberculosis, influenza, meningitis and other patients, have more bacteria and viruses in their sputum, especially the SARS epidemic in the early stage. Someone examined a mouthful of sputum and found that it contained hundreds of thousands of bacteria. Millions of mycobacterium tuberculosis can be found in the sputum of the most annoying tuberculosis patient. If you spit on the ground, when the sputum is dry, bacteria will fly into the air with the dust, and healthy people may get respiratory diseases if they inhale such dust. Therefore, everyone should form a good habit of not spitting. Sputum should be spit in the spittoon, which should be scrubbed regularly every day. Where there is no spittoon, you should wrap the spittoon on waste paper and throw it into the wastebasket or dustbin, so as not to spit everywhere and maintain the hygiene of public places.
Third, don't cough or sneeze at others:
It is not surprising that coughing and sneezing are a normal physiological phenomenon of human beings. However, sneezing in front of others or food without paying attention to the occasion is an unhealthy and impolite bad behavior. According to the investigation, a cough can eject 20,000 tiny droplets, and a sneeze can eject nearly/kloc-0.00000 droplets. Moreover, the speed of droplet ejection is very fast, and it can fly 4.6 meters in less than 1 s, and it can reach 9 meters away with the wind. The nasal cavity and throat are one of the most densely populated places for bacteria and viruses, and the sprayed droplets contain a large number of bacteria and viruses. A sneeze can eject up to 85 million germs. These tiny droplets can float in the air for a long time, for 30-60 minutes in a windless room, and for up to 30 hours. After the water in the droplets evaporates, bacteria and viruses fly with the dust and continue to endanger people's health.
Among the legal infectious diseases in China, 15 are spread by air (such as influenza, measles, chickenpox, mumps, mycoplasma pneumonia, etc.). Therefore, for everyone's health, people should pay attention to politeness and hygiene when coughing and sneezing, especially those suffering from respiratory infectious diseases. If you can't help sneezing in front of people or food, you should immediately take out a towel or tissue and cover your mouth and nose. Turn your back on others or food when it is too late, and cover your mouth and nose with your hands.
Fourth, do not smoke:
Smoking is harmful but not beneficial, which has been recognized by the scientific community all over the world. Tobacco smoke contains more than 3000 kinds of harmful substances. Among them, there are mainly nicotine (nicotine), tobacco tar, light hydrofluoric acid, acrylic acid and carbon monoxide. Nicotine is a toxic substance. Tobacco tar contains nitrosamines, phenols, arsenic and radioisotopes, which are carcinogens or cancer-promoting substances, especially benzopyrene, which is recognized as a strong carcinogen. According to statistics, the incidence of lung cancer in people who smoke 40 cigarettes a day is 70 times higher than that in non-smokers. In addition, smoking is also closely related to lip cancer, laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer and gastric cancer. Smoking can promote the development of systemic arteriosclerosis and hypertension, so the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of smokers are higher than those of non-smokers. In addition, smokers are prone to colds, rhinitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, bronchitis, emphysema and so on. Other studies have shown that smoking is related to male impotence. .
Some people say that smoking can refresh oneself and improve work efficiency. In fact, this is a misunderstanding. Modern medical research believes that nicotine has a dual effect on the central nervous system, that is, it is first excited and then inhibited. Therefore, people who smoke a lot for a long time lose balance in the process of excitement and inhibition in the cerebral cortex, but instead show fatigue, insomnia, memory loss, distraction and decreased work efficiency. The incubation period of many smoking-related diseases is very long, not as fast as eating highly toxic substances. So in a short time, people often don't see his harm. Sometimes it takes decades from the beginning of smoking to death. This is also the main reason why people don't know enough about the dangers of smoking.
There are about 200-300 million smokers in China, accounting for more than15 of the national population and10 ~14 of the world's 200 million smokers. Not only will it consume a lot of money every year, but many years later, the state and individuals will invest unimaginable money in treating various diseases caused by smoking. At present, European and American countries have seen the great harm of smoking, and used legal, economic and political means to greatly reduce the smoking rate of the masses. For example, American law clearly stipulates that selling cigarettes to teenagers under the age of 18 will be severely fined and even prosecuted to the court. Newspapers are also carrying complaints from local people in Europe and America about the harm done to themselves and their families by tobacco companies and advertising companies that advertise tobacco. At present, China is still in the process of reform and opening up, and some laws are not perfect. Some departments also regard cigarettes as a magic weapon to create huge profits. Young people regard holding a cigarette in their hands or mouth as a sign of maturity, and even some women now join the ranks of smokers. A famous foreign scholar predicts that about 50 million young people under the age of 20 in China will die from smoking in the future. Therefore, at present, many people think that smoking is a public hazard, a plague in 2 1 century, and an opium in the new century, which is endangering the Chinese nation. Smoking may bring you a little temporary happiness, but it brings people more disasters, diseases and deaths.
Five, do not drink too much:
Moderate drinking can promote blood circulation, promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis, and dispel wind and cold. However, alcoholism caused by excessive drinking, that is, when drunk, will cause a series of damage to the body and even endanger life. Excessive drinking destroys people's health, and can also induce various accidents and violations of discipline (especially drivers). Alcohol can enter the blood in about 5 minutes and then be transported to all parts of the human body. Alcohol mainly acts on the brain after entering the human body, and the brain is particularly sensitive to alcohol. It is generally believed that when the alcohol concentration in blood reaches 0. 1%, the cerebral cortex is inhibited, and the lower-level centers under the cortex are excited because of the decrease of inhibition, which makes people feel euphoric. At this time, the drinker has facial flushing, rapid heartbeat, mental excitement, grandiloquence, headache and brain swelling, which is the early stage of acute alcoholism. At this time, as long as you stop drinking, you can completely return to normal after rest. On the contrary, if you continue drinking, when the alcohol concentration in your blood reaches about 0.2%, you will enter the middle stage of drunkenness, that is, the period of * * * ataxia. Some people will lose their manners because of drunkenness, walk and sway, and even lie drunk on the roadside, bridge head and other places. When the drunken person appears pale, his body temperature drops, his lips turn purple, he is incontinent in urine and urine, and he is unconscious, even in a coma. At this time, he has entered the late stage of alcoholism. If the coma lasts for more than 4 hours, the prognosis is poor and serious sequelae are easy to appear. Modern medical research shows that when the alcohol concentration reaches 0.6%, it often leads to death.
The damage of drunkenness is systemic, and its consequences are quite serious. A scholar in our country dissected 47 dead bodies due to drunkenness, and found that all the dead bodies had extensive internal congestion, especially the congestion, edema and bleeding of gastric and duodenal mucosa, and some gastrointestinal mucosa could be necrotic. Many scholars have pointed out that a large amount of drinking can lead to a high degree of inhibition of the cerebral cortex, and inhibit the respiratory and circulatory centers, resulting in respiratory arrest, which is a common cause of death for drunkards.
Six, do not drink unclean water, eat raw fruits and vegetables should be washed or peeled, do not urinate anywhere, do not litter, frequently dry clothes and bedding.
Common specious "hygiene habits"
1.Wipe tableware, fruits and face with toilet paper: Many toilet papers are not disinfected or not completely disinfected, and the fillers or powder scraps in them are easily left on tableware or fruits, which will affect health if they enter the human body. Therefore, it is not appropriate to wipe tableware, fruits and face with toilet paper.
2. Dry the tableware and fruit with a rag: In general families, the rag is versatile, both for wiping the table and for wiping the tableware. If it is not disinfected, cleaned or aired frequently, moist and nutritious rags are suitable for the reproduction of various pathogenic microorganisms. It is more hygienic not to wipe the tableware and fruit with a rag.
3. Wash tableware, fruits and vegetables after meals: Washing meals can be used to wash tableware, vegetables and fruits to remove oil stains on tableware and pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables, which has become an essential daily necessity in people's lives. However, few people know that washing meals containing sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate is harmful to human health. In order to reduce the harm of meal washing to human health, when washing vegetables and fruits, we should pay attention to the concentration not to be too high, generally about 0.2% is better; The appropriate soaking time is 5 minutes, and it needs to be washed repeatedly with running water after soaking. The same is true for tableware washing. In addition, don't buy unqualified bulk meals on the stalls, because most of these meals are unqualified.
4. Cover the food with a gauze mask: Covering the food with a gauze mask in summer can prevent the direct pollution of flies, but it cannot be covered all at once. Because the eggs laid by flies on the veil and the dirt on the body will still fall from the gap of the veil and pollute the food. Therefore, we should take multi-pronged measures to prevent flies, and it is best to keep flies out.
5. Spread plastic sheets on the dining table: Some tablecloths are made of PVC, which contains toxic free radicals. Tableware often comes into contact with this plastic sheet, and toxic substances will enter the human body through food, which will lead to chronic poisoning. Therefore, families should not use this toxic plastic tablecloth. When eating out, don't put chopsticks directly on the table covered with plastic sheets or plastic films. Besides, don't use painted chopsticks.
6. Wrap food in white paper: White paper looks clean, but it is not hygienic. Because a certain amount of bleaching powder is used in the production of white paper, it is easy to trigger chemical reactions and produce many harmful substances, such as peroxide. This substance can cause joint pain, headache, insomnia, liver cancer and infertility.
7. Eat stale food after heating: Many people think that food poisoning is caused by bacteria in spoiled food. If the spoiled food is boiled before eating, all the bacteria will be killed, and everything will be fine after eating. In fact, eating spoiled food after cooking is still very unsafe, although the danger is reduced. For example, Botox and Staphylococcus aureus, which cause food poisoning, will not be decomposed and destroyed even if they are heated at high temperature. Eating food contaminated with this toxin will still cause poisoning and even death.
8. Cut off the rotten part of the fruit before eating: Some people think that cutting off the rotten part of the fruit before eating will be fine, but it is not. This is because even if the rotten part is cut off, the rest of it has already been contaminated by the juice of rotten fruit containing bacteria and their metabolites. Eating this fruit can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, acute gastroenteritis and even cell mutation or cancer in human body.
9. Handkerchiefs are multi-purpose or mixed with other things: it is unsanitary to wipe your nose and mouth with a handkerchief. Handkerchiefs that are not often cleaned or put together with other things can easily cause diseases such as upper respiratory tract infection or facial furuncle. Because paper money, keys and other things carry a lot of germs and eggs, it is easy to pollute handkerchiefs. People who wipe their hands and mouths with such handkerchiefs are prone to intestinal infectious diseases and parasitic diseases. Therefore, handkerchiefs should be cleaned frequently to keep them clean; It is best to take two handkerchiefs with you, one to wipe your nose and the other to wipe your mouth. Handkerchiefs should not be mixed with paper money, keys and other sundries to avoid being polluted.
10. Long-term use of cups with tea rust: Some people think that tea rust is formed by long-term deposition of tea and is harmless, so it is rarely washed at ordinary times. In fact, this is wrong. Tea rust contains a variety of harmful substances, which can cause pathological changes in organs such as kidney, liver and gastrointestinal tract.
11.Remove the brown rust in aluminum pot frequently: aluminum pot looks clean in this way, but actually a protective film is removed from the surface of aluminum pot. Because the brown rust on aluminum pot is an oxide of aluminum, it can prevent aluminum from dissolving into water-containing diet, thus reducing the absorption of aluminum by human body and helping to prevent Alzheimer's disease.
12. drying towels with waste fluorescent tubes: some families use waste fluorescent tubes to dry towels or handkerchiefs, which is considered to be very hygienic. As everyone knows, if both ends of the lamp tube are corroded or the lamp tube itself is cracked, toxic substances such as mercury, fluorescent powder and a small amount of ammonia gas in the tube will gradually seep out or volatilize, polluting towels or handkerchiefs, thus endangering human health. If it enters the eyes, it can cause vision loss or even blindness. These toxic substances will also pollute indoor air and cause chronic poisoning.
13. Take a bath immediately after drinking and eating: People with heart disease will take a bath with cold water immediately after drinking, which will lead to death due to heavy heart burden. Even normal people should not take a bath immediately after meals. Because bathing will increase the blood flow of limbs and body surface, and reduce the blood supply of gastrointestinal tract, thus affecting the digestive function of gastrointestinal tract.
14. If you have phlegm, don't spit: spitting is an uncivilized life habit and should be abandoned. But it is also a bad habit not to spit and swallow it into the stomach. Because doing so will feed all kinds of pathogenic microorganisms and parasitic larvae in sputum into the body, resulting in corresponding infections and even diseases.
15. Put the toothbrush head upside down in the cup: after brushing your teeth, put the toothbrush head down in the washing cup, and some food residues in the toothbrush room will become the nutrient source of bacteria, which can make them multiply in large numbers. When you brush your teeth again, the bacteria and their decomposition products in the toothbrush may invade your body, which will affect your health.
15. Wash your hands with public soap: Washing your hands with soap is for cleaning and hygiene, but if you wash your hands with soap in public toilets, the result may be just the opposite. Healthy people and unhealthy people use a piece of soap, which gives bacteria and viruses an opportunity to spread, and soap acts as a medium for the spread of diseases. In addition, wash the faucet with water before turning off the water after washing your hands, so as to prevent the washed hands from being infected again by touching the switch.
16. Wash your hands after defecation but not before defecation: Washing your hands after urination and urination can prevent the spread of parasite eggs and intestinal pathogens, but compared with this, washing your hands before defecation is more important, which is often overlooked. If you don't wash your hands before defecation, all kinds of pathogens on your hands may touch the external reproductive organs and perineum with your hands and cause infection. In today's high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, it is more important to wash your hands before defecation.
17. Wipe the toilet paper forward after defecation: This practice is extremely unsanitary, especially for women, and it is easy to cause urinary and reproductive tract infections. Because of this, all kinds of pathogenic microorganisms and parasite eggs in feces can easily pollute the female vulva through toilet paper, causing infection of the vulva, and even retrograde upward, causing infection of the internal genitalia and urinary system.