Pinyin name Shān Zhā

English name Hawthorn Fruit

fruit of chinese Hawthorn

fruit of Large chinese Hawthorn

fruit of Nippon Hawthorn

Fruit of Hupeh hawthon

Fruit of Redhaw Hawthorn

fruit of Yannan hawthorn

Alias pestle, mumei, pestle, mouscha, sheep pestle, red claw, soup pestle, red jujube, mountain red fruit, wild jujube, snot ball, persimmon fruit, mountain fruit, Mao Mao, monkey Mao.

source

The source of medicinal materials: mature fruits of Rosaceae plants, such as Crataegus pinnatifida and Crataegus pinnatifida.

Latin plant and animal mineral name:1.crataegus pinnatified a bunge var. major n.e.br.2.crataegus pinnatified a bunge

Harvesting and storage: harvest after the fruits are ripe in September 9- 10/October.

Original form

1. Red deciduous trees in the mountains, up to 6m. Branches are 1-2cm long, or spineless. Simple leaves alternate; The petiole is 2-6 cm long; Leaf blade broadly ovoid or triangular ovoid, rhomboid-ovoid, 6- 12cm long and 5-8cm wide, with 2-4 pairs of pinnate lobes, tapering at the apex, broad wedge-shaped at the base, shiny above, pubescent below along veins, and irregular double serrations at the edge. Corymb, about 4-6 cm in diameter; Calyx tube campanulate, 5-dentate; Corolla white, diameter about 1.5cm, petals 5, obovate or nearly round; Stamens ca. 20, anthers pink; Pistil 1, ovary inferior, 5-loculed, style 5. Pear fruit is nearly spherical, with a diameter of 2.5cm, deep red, with yellow and white spots, sepals falling off very late, leaving a round depression at the apex; Nucleolus 3-5, slightly angled outward, smooth inward. Flowering period may-June. The fruiting period is August 8- 10/0 month.

2. This species of Crataegus pinnatifida is very similar to Crataegus pinnatifida, but the fruit shape is smaller, with a diameter of1.5 cm; The leaves are also small and deeply divided.

Habitat distribution

Ecological environment: Crataegus pinnatifida was born in stream, valley, forest edge or bushes at an altitude of 100- 1500m.

Resource distribution: 1. Crataegus pinnatifida is distributed in North China, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan and other places.

2. Distributed in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangnan and other places.

cultivate

Biological characteristics are cold-resistant and wind-resistant, and can be cultivated on flat land and hillside. For soil conditions, sandy soil is the best, while sticky soil grows poorly.

Cultivation techniques include seed, ramet and grafting. Seed propagation: Mature seeds must be treated with sand storage, dig a deep ditch of 50- 100cm, mix the seeds with 3-5 times of wet sand, put them in the ditch until they are away from the ditch edge 10cm, then cover the ground with sand, cover the ground with 30-50cm before freezing, overturn the seeds in June-July of the following year, take them out and sow in autumn. The row spacing of drilling is 20cm, the ditching depth is 4cm, and the width is 3-5cm. Sow 200-300 seeds per1m. After sowing, cover with thin soil, and then cover with 1cm thick sand to prevent soil hardening and water evaporation. The sowing amount per 1hm2 is 375-450kg. Propagation by ramets: Roots and tillers are dug out and planted in nursery for grafting. Root cutting method: in spring, the root with the thickness of 0.5- 1cm is cut into 12- 14cm root segments, tied into bundles, and mixed with 0.3×10-6-0.5×10. Grafting propagation: it can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn. Seedlings or ramets propagated by seeds can be used as rootstocks, and bud grafting or branch grafting is adopted, and germination grafting is the main method.

In field management, the seeding time is as high as 10cm, and the transplanting row-to-row spacing is (50-60) cm× (10-15) cm. Combined with the application of organic fertilizer in autumn ploughing, inorganic fertilizer can be sprayed on the leaves from flowering to fruit vigorous period. Regularly shaping and pruning, ploughing and weeding, planing off roots and tillers, cultivating soil, etc.

character

Character identification 1. The fruit of Malus pinnatifida is nearly spherical with a diameter of 1-2.5cm. The surface is bright red to purple, shiny, covered with gray spots, with persistent calyx at the top and fruit stalk residue at the base. Commodities are often processed into longitudinal or transverse slices, with a thickness of 2-8mm, which are mostly curled and wrinkled. The pulp is thick, dark yellow to light brown, and 3-5 pale yellow seeds can be seen on the section, and some have fallen off. Hard. The gas is slightly fragrant, and the taste is slightly sour and sweet. It is better to have large slices, red skin and thick meat.

2. Crataegus pinnatifida fruit is spherical, with a diameter of 1- 1.5cm. The surface is dark red with small spots, with persistent calyx at the top and slender fruit stalk at the base. Hard. The breath is slightly fragrant, and the taste is slightly sour. It is better to be even, brown and red in color and fleshy.

Microscopic identification of the cross section of the fruit: 1. The exocarp cells 1 row, square-like, covered with cuticle, and the cell cavity contains brownish red pigment, which is arranged neatly; The mesocarp is extremely thick, all of which are parenchyma. There are 1-2 rows of parenchyma cells containing brown pigment on the outer side (under the exocarp), and the parenchyma of the mesocarp on the inner side contains most starch grains and a few calcium oxalate clusters, and there are vertical and horizontal vascular bundles scattered. Starch granules are extremely small, quasi-round or quasi-triangle, with a diameter of 4-8μm, and the umbilicus points are mostly linear, single granules or compound granules composed of 2-3 fractions; The diameter of calcium oxalate clusters is 20-28 μ m.

2. There are many stone cells scattered in the parenchyma of hawthorn mesocarp, which are round and a few are irregular, with a diameter of 60- 100μm, and the wall thickness is different, and the wall holes and holes are obvious; There are calcium oxalate clusters scattered, and the diameter of calcium oxalate clusters is12-20 μ m. (Figure 3) Powder characteristics: Mountain red and dark brown. 1 there are many stone cells, scattered in groups or single, nearly hairless or yellowish; It is round-like, oblong, elongated, triangular or irregular, with a diameter of 18- 173μm and a length of about 185μm, with obvious layering, thick holes and grooves, bifurcation, small cell cavities and some orange-yellow substances. Smaller stone cells are sometimes arranged in rows and connected to fibers. 2 The square crystals of calcium oxalate are scattered or embedded in the brown matter of parenchyma cells, and the diameter of square crystals is 13-52μm, and there are also small crystals only 2-5 μ m.. 3 calcium oxalate cluster crystals are scattered or exist in pulp cells, with a diameter of 27-4 1μm and blunt edges and corners. The parenchyma cells of pulp shrink, the cell boundaries are unclear, the cell cavity contains brown matter, and there are starch and calcium oxalate crystals. 5 fiber bundles, colorless or light yellow. The fiber is long, with the diameter of 1 1-36μm, the wall is extremely thick, about to 17μm, and the pores and grooves are not obvious or fine. 6. The surface of epidermal cells in pericarp is polygonal, round or oblong, with a diameter of 18-47μm, a slightly thick wall, and the cells contain brown or orange-red substances. 7. The single starch granule is spherical, quasi-circular or oblong, and some of them are slightly pointed at one end, with a diameter of 4- 12μm, and the umbilical point is faintly visible, showing a point or crack shape; Multiple grains often consist of 2-4 fractions.

chemical composition

1. The fruit of Malus pinnatifida contains L-epicatechin, quercetin, hyperoside and chlorogenic acid. Citric acid and its monomethyl ester, dimethyl ester and trimethyl ester, Sucrose, flavan polymers, and ursolic acid 0.27%.

2. Hawthorn fruit contains L-epicatechin, quercetin, hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, citric acid, monomethyl citrate, dimethyl citrate, trimethyl citrate and flavan polymer. Fruit 100g contains anthocyanidins11.28-16.04mg, acids 1.27%-2.46%, and soluble sugars 9690-99/kloc.

Commercial products: North Crataegus pinnatifida (including Crataegus pinnatifida and Crataegus pinnatifida). The fruit contains about 3% flavonoids, 0.5% ursolic acid and 20% free sugar. Oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid and succinic acid were detected, and the content of citric acid was about 5%. It is also reported that the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida contains citric acid 1.88%-3. 14%, succinic acid1.04%-1.15% and acetic acid 0.54%-0. The fatty acids in pulp are: linoleic acid 29.01%-38.23%, palmitic acid18.10%-23.54%, stearic acid)2.23%-3.74%-3.74. Oleic acid11.69%-22.13%, linolenic acid)20.24%-30.69%-30.69%.

pharmacological action

1.Promote digestion Mountain contains lipase, which can promote fat digestion, increase the secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach and promote digestion. It can regulate gastrointestinal function to some extent, inhibit hyperactive duodenal smooth muscle, and slightly enhance contraction in the face of relaxed gastric smooth muscle in rats. The extract and aqueous solution of phytic acid can obviously inhibit the contraction of isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscle of rats and rabbits induced by acetylcholine and Ba2, but can promote the contraction of gastric smooth muscle of rats in relaxed state.

Effect of 2 on cardiovascular system (1) Effect on heart; The extract of Mangosteen increased the contractility of toad heart in vivo and in vitro, and lasted for a long time. Mountain phytic acid can restore the beating of tired and weak toad heart arrest. Triterpenoid acids contained in hawthorn can improve coronary circulation and compensate coronary heart failure, thus achieving cardiotonic effect. Shanzhi preparation can cause significant and lasting coronary artery dilation and enhance cardiac performance in guinea pigs. 4g/kg of Beishan plant extract was injected intravenously into guinea pigs for 6 days, which had a certain protective effect on myocardial injury caused by isoproterenol. Hawthorn can increase coronary flow, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, and protect myocardial ischemia and hypoxia. Intravenous injection of Shanzhi extract and total flavonoids glycosides into dogs can increase coronary blood flow by 37.5%, and myocardial oxygen consumption increases slightly at first, but then decreases gradually. Flavonoids from hawthorn can reduce the range of myocardial infarction and alleviate the changes of S-T segment in the model of experimental acute myocardial infarction. The fluid extract of Alpinia speciosa has certain protective effect on acute myocardial ischemia caused by pituitrin and isoproterenol in animals. The left ventricular blood flow can be increased for several hours after the dog is fed with Shanzhi (containing proanthocyanidin oligomer), and the maximum increase can reach 70% of the normal blood flow. Intravenous injection of proanthocyanidin oligomer can also increase the cardiac blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and reduce the arterial blood pressure slightly. Hawthorn extract has a certain inhibitory effect on arrhythmia caused by posterior pituitary index. Triterpenoid acids can increase coronary blood flow, improve myocardial sensitivity to cardiac glycoside, increase cardiac output, and weaken myocardial stress and conductivity, and have anti-ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal arrhythmia.

(2) The experiment of hypotensive effect proved that Mangosteen has a lasting hypotensive effect. Intravenous administration of ethanol extract of hawthorn can slow down the blood pressure of anesthetized rabbits for 3 hours. The total flavonoids of hawthorn 10mg/kg can reduce the blood pressure of cats by 40% for 5- 10min, and its total extract also has obvious central hypotensive effect on rabbits and cats. Intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection and duodenal administration of flavonoids, triterpenoids and hydrolysates of hawthorn showed different degrees of hypotensive effects on blood pressure in anesthetized cats. The blood pressure decreased by 20mg/kg intraperitoneal injection and 5-25mg/kg intravenous injection, respectively. Hawthorn flavonoids were injected intraperitoneally at 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, intravenously at12.5 mg/kg and 25mg/ kg, and given to the duodenum at 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg, and the antihypertensive rates were 45.3%, 66.6% and 56.6% respectively. The maintenance time was 240min, 130min, 100min, 8 1min, 540min and 540min respectively. In the range of 20-40mg/kg, the antihypertensive effect of hawthorn triterpenoid acid is the strongest by intravenous injection of 25mg/kg, and the antihypertensive effect will not increase correspondingly with increasing dose. Compared with the same dosage (25mg/kg) of hawthorn flavone and triterpenoid acid hydrolysate, triterpenoid acid has the most obvious antihypertensive effect. However, the dosage of flavonoids which produced significant hypotensive effect was the lowest.

3. Lipid-lowering effect. Oral administration of 0.5 mg/kg of the extract and alcohol extract of Alpinia pseudoacacia can increase the proportion of lecithin in the blood of atherosclerotic rabbits and reduce the deposition of cholesterol and lipids in organs. Oral administration of Nanshan hawthorn powder can reduce serum total cholesterol and β lipoprotein in experimental hyperlipidemia rabbits, and the reduction value of serum β lipoprotein is similar. 15%, 30% hawthorn extract has lipid-lowering effect on young rats, among which 30% hawthorn extract is significant. After taking hawthorn decoction, guinea pigs have enzymatic activity on cholesterol.