As follows:

Cow, Artiodactyla, Bovine, Bovine. This kind of animal has a clear head contour, a little longer, and a thin and wrinkled neck. Thin skin, short capillary, less subcutaneous fat, symmetrical whole body structure, meticulous and compact, clear edges and corners; The hindquarters are more developed than the forequarters, and the breasts are huge. Its cold resistance and heat resistance are poor.

There are mainly varieties of dairy cows in the world: Holstein (mainly black-and-white cows, but also red-and-white cows), Juanshan dairy cows with white spots, lower abdomen, lower limbs and slightly white tail), Erxia cows (white with pink or crimson coat, with the forehead reaching the bridge of the nose, lower abdomen, lower limbs and tail tip mostly white) and so on.

However, Holstein cows are still the main breeds of dairy cows raised in most countries, which makes the breeds of dairy cows increasingly single and large. Holstein cows have the characteristics of high milk yield, high feed reward for milk production, rapid growth and development, etc., and are loved by dairy farmers all over the world. The proportion of dairy cows is increasing, while other dairy breeds are decreasing.

In the United States, Japan, Holstein cows account for more than 90% of the total number of dairy cows, Britain accounts for 64%, and the Netherlands, New Zealand, Australia and other countries mainly develop Holstein cows.

Breast is an important organ and part of dairy cows. Well-developed breasts are large and deep, with a flat bottom line and good stretching back and forth. The whole breast is well attached between the two strands. The four nipples are moderate in size and wide in spacing. There are thin and delicate skin, short and thin hairs, and curved and obvious mammary veins.

China Holstein cattle, influenced by Dutch Holstein cattle, are similar to dual-purpose cattle. The coat color is generally black and white, the flower layers are distinct, and there are many day shifts on the forehead; The bottom of the abdomen, below the knee joint of the limbs and the tail end are mostly white, with fine and firm constitution, well-developed lactation system and solid hoof.

China Holstein cows are divided into three types: large, medium and small, due to the different types of Holstein bulls and local cows introduced from different places and the different feeding conditions.