(1769 -1921)
Napoleon Bonaparte, a famous military and political figure in modern French history, was born in 1769 in the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, into a family of broken nobles.
In 1779, he studied military affairs at the military school at Brienne, France, and in 1784, he was promoted to the officer's school at Paris, where he graduated and was commissioned as a second lieutenant officer in the regiment of artillery at Valence at the age of sixteen.
In 1789, the bourgeois revolution broke out in France. Napoleon sympathized with the revolution and became an advocate of Jacobinism. He returned to his hometown of Corsica three times and actively campaigned for the autonomy and freedom of Corsica. He was ostracized by the pro-British and anti-French Paulist group and was forced to move his family to mainland France.
In July 1793, Napoleon led his troops to capture Toulon, a royalist stronghold, and was recognized by the Jacobin Augustus Robespierre. Robespierre, January 14, 1794, was appointed major general, artillery brigade commander. After the coup d'état, the Jacobins *** 103 people were killed, Napoleon was also implicated, arrested on August 5th. After trial, acquitted, but was removed from the rank of major general, artillery brigade commander. Napoleon lived in Paris for a while.
On October 4, 1795, an armed rebellion of the royalists took place in Paris. Governor Barras called on Napoleon to help quell the rebellion. Napoleon saved the day by smashing the rebels with a single blow from his cannons. The Doge promoted Napoleon to the rank of Lieutenant General of the Army and Commander of the Paris Garrison. Overnight, the poor Napoleon became a well-known figure in military and political circles.
On March 2, 1796, at the age of 26, Napoleon was appointed commander of the French Italian army, and from then on began a career of independent warfare. on March 9, Napoleon and the famous Parisian socialite Josephine Boarnet hastily held a wedding ceremony. On March 9, Napoleon married Josephine Beauharnais, a famous Parisian womanizer, in a hasty ceremony. Two days later, he said goodbye to his new wife and rushed to the Italian army. He led tens of thousands of troops to Italy, and fought with the superiority of the first anti-French alliance Austrian and Sardinian army, and achieved a series of brilliant victories. When he triumphed in Paris from Italy, he secretly resolved to be the head of the community that would unite the world. The rising Napoleon made the Doge's government feel threatened, and the Doge's officials decided to transfer him to a place far away from Paris.
On April 12, 1798, Napoleon was appointed commander of the French Army of Egypt (Army of the East). on May 18, Napoleon marched eastward in an expedition to Egypt. He hoped to realize his ideals with the help of a new victory.
August 22, 1799, Napoleon saw that the situation in the country was rapidly deteriorating and the people were complaining, he thought that the time had come, and immediately led his close friends to leave Egypt and return to Paris.
November 9, 1799, Napoleon launched the Misty Moon coup succeeded and became the first consul.
On June 14, 1800, Napoleon defeated the Austrian army at Marengo, forcing the dissolution of the Second Anti-French Alliance. Napoleon took advantage of the short-lived peace on the European continent, and worked hard to develop his country's power, and for a time France experienced prosperity. In May 1802, a referendum was held and Napoleon became the "Consul for Life", combining executive, judicial and legislative powers, paving the way for the transition to the imperial system.
On May 18, 1804, Napoleon took the yellow robe and proclaimed himself Emperor of the First French Empire, with the title "Napoleon I".
August 9, 1805, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance, Napoleon led the army eastward to fight, achieved Ulm, Austerlitz and other victories, the Russian emperor, the Austrian emperor fled in distress. Napoleon took advantage of this victory to form the "Confederation of the Rhine" in South, Central and West Germany, and put it under his protection. In the fall of 1806, Britain, Russia and Prussia formed the fourth anti-French alliance, and on October 1, Prussia took the lead in declaring war on France, and on the 14th, the French army fought two beautiful battles in Jena and Olstadt at the same time, and the Prussian army was almost wiped out. 27th, the French army occupied Berlin, and Heine exaggerated: "Napoleon blew away Prussia with one breath. " Then France struck east against the Russians.
On June 14, 1807, Napoleon defeated the Russian army in Friedland, and the Russian Emperor was forced to beg for peace. In order to suffocate the British Isles and strictly implement the "continental blockade" policy, in October 1807, Napoleon launched the war of conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The French invasion provoked the strong resistance of the islanders, and the French army was soon trapped in the quagmire of the popular war. Napoleon had to swallow his own bitter fruit.
Early in 1809, because of the fifth anti-French alliance against Prussia, Austria and other countries, Napoleon did not wait for the end of the war in Spain, hastily led a part of the troops back to his country, and the eastern part of the Austrian conquest. With his iron will, Napoleon turned defeat into victory, forcing Austria to once again cede land and beg for peace.
In March 1810, he married Princess Maria Luisa of Austria. In March 1810, he married Princess Maria Luisa of Austria. Napoleon's empire reached its peak. But the European kingpin's greatest moment of triumph was also the moment of decisive reversal of his supremacy.
In 1812, Napoleon assembled 500,000 troops for an expedition to Russia. He drove straight into the city of Moscow. However, the cold climate of Russia and the resistance of the local people and army finally brought the French army back.
In 1813, when the Sixth Coalition of Europe against France was established, Napoleon led an army of more than 400,000 troops to fight in the Battle of Leipzig, where he was defeated, and the vassal states and other small states took the opportunity to get rid of French control, and Napoleon was caught in the middle of a four-sided war.
In 1814, the allied armies marched to the French mainland, and on March 30, Paris fell; on April 6, Napoleon was forced to abdicate and was banished to the Italian island of Elba. The Bourbon dynasty was restored. Yet again, this loser performed a rare miracle in history when he escaped from the heavily guarded island of Elba.
On March 20, 1815, he entered and occupied Paris without firing a shot, regained the throne of the emperor, and established what is known in history as the "Hundred Days Dynasty". The European monarchies re-mobilized their forces to form the Seventh Coalition against France.
In June 1815, the French army was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo, and Napoleon abdicated for the second time; in October, he was exiled to St. Helena.
On May 5, 1821, Napoleon died on the island at the age of 52 after a long illness. Four days later, the islanders held a funeral for the conqueror. The coffin was lowered to the sound of a cannon salute and buried beside the spring of Mount Torbett on the island of St. Helena. In the depths of this quiet ravine, a few weeping willows cover a stream, begonias, calla lilies and plantains are in bloom. Napoleon, the once mighty hero, who had both merits and faults, was laid to rest under these green leaves and flowers. Nineteen years later, Louis Philippe, a member of the French July dynasty, sent a warship to Sanctuary. Philippe sent a warship to St. Helena to retrieve Napoleon's bones.
On December 15, 1840, the people of Paris held a grand reception with great enthusiasm. Endless crowds braved the cold and snow to escort the coffin to the Invalides on the Seine. From then on, Napoleon's last wish has been realized, he rests in peace on the banks of the Seine as a veteran, resting in his love of the French people.