breeding technology
First of all, the benefits of feeding goats in the house
1, goats grow and develop rapidly. Due to the decrease of wandering foraging activities, the proportion of forage grass converted into mutton increases, and more mutton can be produced per unit amount of grass, and the feeding cycle can be shortened by half, with fast turnover and high efficiency.
2. Accumulated fat. The average annual fat accumulation of a sheep is 500 kg, while it is 1000 kg in captivity.
3. Fewer diseases and high survival rate of lambing. Grazing goats are prone to get sick because of sleeping in the wind, and it is not easy to find sick sheep in time, so lambs often die prematurely. Goats in captivity can be carefully managed without drinking dirty water, so their mothers are fat and strong, and the survival rate can almost reach 100%.
4. Promoting vegetation restoration and solving the contradiction between forestry and animal husbandry is conducive to the commercialization of forage industry and the intensive and large-scale development of herbivore production.
Second, goat house feeding technology
Feeding in a shed means not grazing. It is a way to feed goats regularly and quantitatively in the feeding trough or fence of the sheephouse, so that they can complete the whole process of growth, development, reproduction and fattening in the shed. The feed for house feeding is artificial pasture, weeds, shrub branches and leaves, and straw. At the same time, we should give enough water, add salt, urea (urine), vitamins, mineral feed or lick bricks.
(1) Build a sheep shed
Sheep shed is a place where goats live for a long time, and its main task is to provide safe environmental conditions for goats. Therefore, the ideal sheephouse should have the functions of rain protection, sun protection, disease prevention and beast prevention. According to the biological characteristics of goats and the natural conditions in mashan county, the construction of sheep houses should meet the following requirements:
1. Sheep shed area. The sheepfold should have enough area so that the goats are not too crowded and can move freely. The average minimum floor space of each goat is: breeder goat 1.2- 1.5 m2, adult female goat 0.8- 1.0 m2, lactating female goat 2.0-2.5 m2, young male female goat 0.5-0.6 m2 and castrated goat 0.6-0.8 m2.
2. There should be a playground outside the sheepfold, and the area of the playground is 2-5 times that of the sheepfold. The height of the playground fence is 1.5m, with 2 meters for young goats, 2.2m for ewes and 2.2m for male goats. Drinking water equipment, straw rack, food trough, etc. Should be erected on the playground.
3. mashan county is a high temperature and humid area, so heatstroke prevention and moisture prevention are more important than cold protection. Therefore, the sheephouse should be built into an open sheephouse with dry interior, air circulation, sufficient light, warm in winter and cool in summer, and the eaves are more than 3 meters. The sheep bed set up in the shed is 1- 1.5 meters away from the ground, and trees should be planted outside the shed to facilitate heatstroke prevention and cooling.
4. The roof should be completely impervious, well drained, fire-resistant and durable, and have a certain slope. Except for flat roofs and dome roofs, if the roofs are made of bark, tiles and forage, they need to have slopes of 15, 35 and 50 degrees respectively to facilitate waterproof and drainage. The climate in mashan county is hot, so the roof of sheephouse should focus on heatstroke prevention, and the cement roof should be provided with heat insulation layer.
5. The ground of the sheephouse should be 20-30 cm higher than the ground outside the shed, and the ground should be dense, solid, smooth and crack-free, with a certain inclination from the inside out, and a dung ditch should be set in the low-lying place outside.
6. Doors, windows and walls should be strong and durable.
7. A cesspool should be built outside the sheepfold.
(2) timely castration
Rams that are not suitable for breeding should be castrated at the age of 7-60 days, except for some rams reserved for testing. Castrated rams are gentle and easy to manage.
(c) Reasonable collocation of green, coarse and fine materials
Sheep are herbivores, and grass and leaves should be the main forage, supplemented by concentrate. In summer and autumn, we should feed more grass, leaves or forage grass (generally 0. 15 mu planting Guimu 1 can produce sheep for one year), Gramineae (such as Guimu 1, elephant grass, corn sample, etc. ) and Leguminosae (such as Leucaena leucocephala, kidney bean tree, sand bark leaf, etc.). ). Forage is scarce in winter and spring, where conditions permit, ryegrass should be planted as a supplement in winter fallow fields, or mixed feed should be fed to solve the problem of forage shortage. Reference formula of the mixture: 54% corn flour, 40% grass flour, 4% soybean or peanut cake, 2% wheat bran, and proper amount of minerals. Each sheep is fed 5 grams of salt every day.
(4) Adequate drinking water
In order to digest coarse grains, goats secrete a lot of digestive juice every day, and the circulation and nutrient transportation in the body are also inseparable from boiling water. Therefore, the consequences of water shortage in goats are often more serious than lack of materials, which easily leads to loss of appetite, indigestion and fat loss. Therefore, we should supply enough clean drinking water and drink warm water in winter.
(5) Careful management
1. Clean the ground of the sheepfold once a day, disinfect the shed and its surroundings regularly, remove the sheep manure in the sheepfold once every half month, and stay away from the sheepfold for accumulation and fermentation. Ewes with fetal weight, lactating ewes and their lambs should be isolated in a small single room (2㎡/ room) to prevent ewes from aborting and crushing lambs due to crowding. The small single room shall be kept dry, clean and sanitary, with sufficient sunshine and fresh air, and the temperature shall be 18-20℃.
2. Goat farming
(1) sexual maturity. Rams are usually 3-4 months old, and their testes can produce sperm and androgen, while ewes are 4-5 months old, and their ovaries can produce eggs and estrogen. This issue can be reproduced.
(2) Estrus performance of ewes. They are uneasy about eating grass, singing and wagging their tails, and some even climb on other sheep. In the initial stage, transparent mucus flows out from the genitals, and finally, the mucus becomes gelatinous and sticky. From the beginning to the end of estrus, it is generally 1-2 days, and the estrus cycle is 18-2 1 day.
(3) The suitable initial mating period for ewes is 8 months old, the first ewe in early April, the second ewe in early September, the second ewe in early June and the following March. At present, goats in mashan county mostly mate naturally. Because artificial insemination requires high equipment and technology, the conditions for popularizing goat artificial insemination technology and embryo transfer technology are not yet mature.
(4) Pregnancy and childbirth. The ewe stopped estrus 20 days after mating, indicating that she might be pregnant. The gestation period of a sheep is five months. After one or two months of pregnancy, the ewe's breasts develop and become rosy. Walking slowly before labor, sunken armpits, drooping abdomen, swelling and mucus in pudendum, restless behavior, singing when lying down or looking back at abdomen. When the vagina exudes transparent mucus, lying on the ground or exerting force is regarded as labor, and preparations should be made for delivery. Experience: white mucus is a live fetus, red mucus with white mucus is a stillbirth; If the fetal water is not broken, it is normal delivery, and if the fetal water is broken first, it is dystocia.
3. Breeding and management of breeding rams
The requirements for breeding rams are strong physique, medium and high fat, strong sexual desire and good semen quality. The quantity and quality of semen depend on the complete price and reasonable management of feed. Feeding rams requires feed with high nutritional value, sufficient protein, easy digestion of vitamin A, vitamin D and inorganic salts, and good palatability. In the ideal feed, fresh hay includes Stylosanthes, Leucaena leucocephala, cajanus cajan, alfalfa and peanut straw. Concentrates include corn and soybean meal, others include Guimu 1, carrots, pumpkins, bran and bone meal. Animal protein is also important for breeding rams, as well as raw eggs and milk. It should be supplemented during the breeding period or when the frequency of sperm collection is high. Breeding rams should be raised in a single circle (or tied), exercise independently and supplement exercise, and should not be placed with ewes except for breeding. During the breeding season, sperm collection is usually performed once a day 1-3 times, and it should be quiet for a period of time after sperm collection. Regular quarantine, vaccination and control of parasites inside and outside the body, and pay attention to observe the daily mental state.