In 500 BC, Athens and Eretria (located on the island of Evia) held an uprising (Miletus uprising was supported by the city-states of Asia Minor) and provided assistance to the metropolis of Asia Minor against Persian rule, which was the cause of the Sino-Persian war. It was not until 493 BC, after the Polish army suppressed the uprising, that it crossed the Hellegu Strait (now the Daniil Strait) and invaded Greece in the spring of 492 BC under the leadership of the Madoni. When the fleet reached Cape Athos (Aegean Sea), it was hit by a storm, and a large number of ships were killed (as many as 300). The land was also attacked by the Thracians, so the Polish army was forced to stop marching and only occupied Thrace.
In the spring of 490 BC, King Darius I of Persia invaded Greece for the second time. Under the command of Commander-in-Chief Datis and Attafi Nice, Polish troops (1.6-20,000 men) crossed the Aegean Sea in 600 ships, captured Naxos Island and two cities on Chveja Island along the way, namely Caristo and Ehret, and finally landed in Marathon Valley, 40 kilometers away from Athens. In September of the same year, the Battle of Marathon started, and the Athens Army and Plata runner-up (9000- 1 000) defeated the Polish Army under the command of Commander Mi Tailhade and won a great victory. In 480 BC, King Xue Xisi of Persia personally led the Polish army to Greece. The Polish troops participating in this expedition included nearly 654.38+0.5 million infantry, tens of thousands of cavalry and a fleet of more than 654.38+0.000 ships. Two pontoons were erected in the ancient Hellers Strait, and a canal was dug in the isthmus of Athos to facilitate the passage of ships. The first battle took place at the Pillay Pass in Selmo, near the mountain road from Thessaly to central Greece. After the wave army broke through Pillay and Selmo (see the Battle of Hot Spring Pass), it successively occupied Viotia, Attica and Athens. But in the same year, the Persian fleet was defeated near Salamis Island (see the Battle of Salamis). In 479 BC, in the Battle of Plataya, the Greek city-state coalition (about 60,000 men) defeated the Persian army (70,000-80,000 men) (see the Battle of Plataya). Almost at the same time, the Persian fleet lost again in the battle of Cape Micale. Several victories of the Greek navy and army actually decided the outcome of the Greek-Persian war. From 478 BC to 468 BC, most of the city-states occupied by Persian troops were liberated. The Greek army moved the war to the Aegean Sea and Asia Minor.
In the 1970s BC, under the command of Simon, Commander-in-Chief of Athens, the Greek allied forces won a total victory in Lien Chan, and captured the coastal areas of Thrace, several islands in the Aegean Sea and Byzantium (now Istanbul). In 469 BC, the battle at the mouth of the Maidongte River in Ebri was defeated by the Polish army, and the war has been ups and downs since then, which lasted until 449 BC. During this period, the Greek army took advantage of Egypt's anti-Persian uprising to explore Egypt (with 200 ships), but failed. In 449 BC, the Greek army won the battle of Salamis again. After that, the two sides held peace talks and concluded the Carias Peace Treaty (the name of the plenipotentiary of Athens). According to this treaty, Persia lost its territory in the Aegean Sea, the Heiles Strait and the Bosporus Strait, and recognized the political independence of the Greek sovereign state of Asia Minor.
Comments: Persian War is a large-scale and long-term war between Asia and Europe. Greece won the Greek-Persian War because its social and economic development level was higher than that of Persia, and its military organization was better. In addition, more importantly, the war that Greece fought was a war of liberation. After the Greek-Persian War, Greece entered a prosperous period of slave society, and Athens, as the leader of the Luo Ji League in the war, also entered a prosperous period. Military art developed in the Persian War. Strategically (especially the Greek army) is good at correctly choosing the decisive battle field and main attack direction in each war stage, and determining the combat mode (defense or attack) according to the situation and strength comparison. The victory of Greece mostly depends on the close strategic cooperation between the army and the fleet. The Greek-Persian war is of great significance to the development of tactics and the formation of the army. The phalanx created by the Greek army is one of the early famous battle formations. Compared with the chaotic formation of the Bo army, the phalanx has great advantages: keeping pace, strict military discipline and easy command. The earliest tactical formation appeared in the Greek-Persian war, and it was necessary to protect the wing side, the most critical link in the combat formation. The Greek army has a sound system and an education and training system in the field of war, and it has also made its first attempt in summing up combat experience.
Peloponnesian war
The Peloponnesian War was a war between the Tyrol League headed by Athens and the Peloponnesian League headed by Sparta. The war lasted from 43 1 to 404, during which the two sides stopped fighting several times, and finally Sparta won. This war ended the classical era of Athens, the democratic era of Greece and the country of Greece. Almost all Greek city-states took part in this war, and the battlefield involved almost the whole Greek-speaking world at that time. In modern research, some people call this war the ancient world war.
Before the war, Tyrol League was a voluntary alliance established by Greek free cities in the Greek-Persian War. Fifty years after the Greek-Persian War, this alliance has degenerated and become the power and compulsory tool for Athens to maintain and strengthen its hegemony in the Aegean Sea. In addition, Athens also built a stack of "long walls" to connect Athens with its seaport Piraeus, so that this area, which is like the "road of life" for Athens, is not threatened by land enemies. The Peloponnesian League led by Sparta is the rival of Tyrol League hegemony. The conflict between Athens and Sparta began 460 years ago. The trigger event was that Megara withdrew from the Peloponnesian League and took refuge in Athens. The conflict lasted from 460 to 446 years ago. It is called the first Peloponnesian War and is usually regarded as the prelude to the Peloponnesian War. In the first 446 years, the two sides tied, and Megara returned to the Peloponnesian League. When signing the peace treaty, both sides felt that their strength was balanced, so they decided to respect each other's alliance. In case of conflict, a referee decided who was right or wrong. The "neutral" city-state was excluded from this peace treaty, which later proved to be a big mistake. In the 1930s, on the edge of the Greek world, a fuse was lit, and a series of subsequent events eventually led to the outbreak of war.