2 English reference European hop
Hop
Hops is a species of Humulus L., a perennial vine herb. Also known as hops, hops, hops, hops, yeast flowers, hops, the cloth flower and so on. Chromosome number 2n20.
Hops contain many ingredients. Aromatic oil, bitterness and polyphenols are the main factors that contribute to beer brewing.
The origin of hops hops originated in Europe, America and Asia. There is wild distribution in northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. There is also a related species of hops called "Huahubu", which is wild in Qinling area and is a substitute for hops.
The earliest cultivation in Europe, as far back as 736 AD, recorded hops. But as a raw material for the beer industry, it began in Germany. China was introduced from the former Soviet Union and Japan and planted in Shangzhi County of Heilongjiang Province in the early 1920s. /kloc-only a small amount of cultivation was carried out before 0/949, and now it has spread all over northwest, north, northeast and east China.
There are more than 20 countries in the world that produce commercial hops. Mainly produced in the United States, Germany, former Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Britain, Yugoslavia and other countries, accounting for about 80% of the world's total output. The quality is most famous in Germany and Czechoslovakia. China mainly produces Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Shandong and other places.
4 Botanical morphology of hops The stem length is more than 6m. Stems, branches and petioles are densely hairy and barbed. Leaves papery, opposite, ovate or palmate, base heart-shaped, flowers unisexual, dioecious. Male flowers are arranged in panicles, with 5 perianth segments and 5 stamens each. The female flower is a spike, consisting of 3060 pale yellow bracts, arranged in imbricate shape, oblong or pinecone-shaped, with dense yellow powder particles at the base of the bracts, commonly known as yellow powder. Bitterness, aromatic oil and tannin secreted by hops when they are ripe are important components needed in beer brewing.
The cultivation of hops likes cold, cool and dry climate, and it is cold-resistant and heat-resistant. The optimum temperature for growth and development is 1425℃. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 1822℃, and the frost-free period is about 120 days. Long-day crops like sunshine, and the sunshine hours throughout the year are preferably between 17002600 hours. The requirements for soil are not strict, but loam or sandy loam with deep (2m) soil layer, fertility, looseness and good ventilation is suitable. PH neutral or slightly acidic alkaline soil. Slightly resistant to drought, but not resistant to water accumulation. The appropriate precipitation is 400500mm.
The cultivation techniques should be chosen in a place that is sheltered from the wind and sunny. Deep ploughing was carried out the previous autumn.
Seedlings are usually propagated by cutting roots, and the roots used for cutting require fresh cortex, 23 clusters of buds, no disease, thickness of 0.6 1cm and length of 10 14cm. The plant used for cultivate hops can also be obtained by using shoot tip culture.
In transplanting, the materials previously used for planting are buried in the ground at a certain distance 10cm in spring. The plant spacing is generally 1.5× 1.5m, or 1.4× 1.6m, and about 4,500 plants are planted per hectare. The row spacing of mechanized cultivation plants is 1.5×3m.
Before planting, it is necessary to set up a pillar or shed to tie the branches and vines to grow upwards, or to divide into lateral branches. Generally, the beer flower stand type adopts vertical pole type or high (low) flat frame type. During erection, wooden poles (diameter 1620cm, length 67m) or cement columns are erected in the hops field in advance as the skeleton, steel bars are drawn at the top end longitudinally, and high-level frames (6m) or low-level frames (2m) are formed by pulling wires horizontally, then nylon strings are hung from the top, and the lower ends are fixed in the soil with hooks.
At the seedling stage, in spring, March, April or autumn1010/month, dig up the root soil, expose the rhizome for root trimming and tooth cutting, keep 35 clusters of fresh latent buds, cut off all the rest with a sharp knife, and then cover with 35cm； of loose soil; When most of the new buds are unearthed, the root soil will be torn open, and 35 strong buds will be selected and covered with soil. When the young teeth protrude from the ground by 0.5 1m, the seedlings are fixed, and each plant has branches with the same height 13, and the others are all pulled out; When the seedlings are short, more branches and vines can be left on the neighboring plants to make up the seedlings.
Hop-loving crops should generally be applied with sufficient organic fertilizer, cake fertilizer and calcium superphosphate (2/3 of the annual application) as base fertilizer before planting. Topdressing seedling fertilizer, branch fertilizer and flower fertilizer during the growth period. Nitrogen fertilizer is dominant in the early and middle growth stages, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are dominant in the flowering stage.
6 Harvest and processing of hops When the hops are mature, the flower scales (bracts) are closed and elastic, and they are held by hand with a rustling sound; The hops glands at the base of the scales are golden yellow, emitting unique hops fragrance, and this is the right time for harvesting. The water content of flowers is 70.80%, and they are stored at low temperature (05℃), dry, anoxic and dark places.
7 Latin name flolupuli
8 English name Hops
The alias of hops is Hubu, Snake Twist, Hop and Wild Hop.
10 comes from the female inflorescence of humulus iupulus L., a cannabis plant.
1 1 perennial twining herbs in plant form. Stems and petioles are densely covered with fine hairs, with inverted serrations, densely covered with small bristles, and sparsely covered with yellow oil spots; Petiole is long. Dioecious; Male flowers are small and arranged in panicles, with 5 perianth segments and 5 stamens each; Every two female flowers are born in the axil of a bract, and the bracts are arranged in a nearly round spike. The ear is cone-shaped, 3 ~ 4 cm long, with enlarged persistent bracts, yellow glands and fragrant air. Achenes oblate and brown. The flowering period is from July to August, and the fruiting period is from September to1October.
It is distributed in northern Xinjiang, northeast China, north China and cultivated in Shandong, Gansu and Shaanxi.
12 picking female inflorescences in summer and autumn, and drying them in the sun.
13 The spike is ellipsoid, 2.5 ~ 3 cm long and1.5 ~ 2.5～3cm in diameter. Bracts are imbricate, about to 45, scattered, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with blunt tips, a few acuminate, and overlapping at the base. The surface is brown or brownish red, the veins on the inner surface protrude upward obviously, and the base is wrapped with a fruit, which is spherical, with longitudinal edges on the surface and short tips at the top; Red powder particles are attached to the base of the outer surface.
14 contains humulone, isohumulones A and B, humulone, lupulone, adlupulone, myrcene and humulone.
15 is mild in taste and bitter in taste.
16 function indication