China's diet

enjoys a high reputation in the world. Overseas Chinese and Chinese-born foreigners make a living overseas, and the most common industry is catering. Where there are Chinese, there should be China restaurants, and China's diet can be said to be "eaten" by the world. This phenomenon was keenly observed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the forerunner of the revolution, as early as the beginning of this century. Dr. Sun Yat-sen said in his book "The General Plan for the Founding of the People's Republic of China": "After the evolution of modern civilization in China, everything has fallen behind, but the progress of diet has not been as good as that of other countries." Dr. Sun Yat-sen's statement is very correct. In fact, as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said, Chinese civilization has been shattered by western civilization in modern times, and people of insight have to feel the pulse and ask questions. China restaurants, however, are quite different. They can actually land in Europe and America, spread all over the world and are invincible. Up to now, there are Chinese restaurants in almost every corner of the world. This sharp contrast has attracted academic attention, but there is no more convincing explanation. We believe that it is not an isolated and accidental phenomenon that restaurants in China can spread all over the world, and the reasons are inextricably linked with the food culture in China. Therefore, discussing some characteristics of China's food culture will help us to explain this phenomenon.

When it comes to China's food culture, many people will praise China's recipes and the color, fragrance, taste and shape of Chinese food. However, if we want to discuss food culture from a comparative perspective, we can operate by grasping the essence of China food culture. No comparison, no identification. Here, the author thinks that the more feasible way is to discuss China's food culture from the perspective of food lifestyle. In fact, China's food culture actually refers to the food lifestyle of China people. If we want to talk about China's food culture, we must involve China culture, and the relationship between them is extremely close. Therefore, it is necessary for us to explain some characteristics of China culture first.

what kind of culture is China culture? It is necessary to understand the geographical environment of early China culture, because the earlier it is, the greater the environmental constraints on culture. China is located in the southeast of the Asian continent, with vast deserts, grasslands and Gobi in the northwest and vast sea in the southeast. Although the land in the Yellow River Valley, the main hotbed of China culture, is very fertile, other environments are harsh, windy and rainy, and the living conditions are not good. After the emergence of civilization, the culture at that time showed a strong trend of realism, and the color of ethics was very strong. Because this society needs humility and less desire, and when a society needs something, it is often when it lacks something. China culture showed the characteristics of precocity from the beginning. Marx once thought that China civilization was a precocious baby, and her development process had obvious characteristics of being ahead of time. On the other hand, western civilization is quite different. The childhood Greek civilization of western culture is written into the history of civilization with its unique wave-warm atmosphere. Marx once thought that Greek civilization was a normal baby. The living soil of China culture has gradually dried up in the course of its development, and it has gradually become unsuitable for agricultural production. Because the soil and other factors are very unfavorable to agricultural production, the realistic suffering can't produce cultural romance, so China civilization runs through with its strong moral and abstinence characteristics. In the pre-Qin period, hundred schools of thought heckled each other and tried their best to achieve the same goal, with the aim of establishing an ideal world without struggle. But this is just an ideal. At the time of the Warring States Period, the nations disputed, and compared with their strength, Qin finally ruled the country by encouraging military exploits and rewarding farming, which was the aspiration of the people. The world is in dispute, and how people live is also a historical choice. Only by unification will it not be possible for "several people in the world to be kings and several people to be emperors." ? (Cao Cao Yu)

In the pre-Qin period, the Chu State in the south of China also showed romantic thoughts, but it was quickly shrouded and submerged by the realistic thoughts in the north. After Qin Shihuang unified China, the books were in the same language, and the history after that was the history of the unification of the emperor. In order to maintain this unified situation, China's feudal society allowed the king to have supreme authority, but at the same time gave him many feudal etiquette constraints; China has the earliest civil service system in the world-the imperial examination system; In the history of China, an honest official was called, and once it appeared, it was sung and worshipped. Therefore, although China has no religion in a strict sense, some of its characteristics are similar to those of religion, and it also has its own god; If this phenomenon is also regarded as religion, then Chinese-style religion is extreme idealism in the realistic sense. The extreme idealism in China's history also came into being, and it also had gods, but the gods it created were incarnated by real people, and it was impossible for real people to act as ideal gods. Therefore, the movement of creating gods emerged in an endless stream in China's history until today. In other words, the religion of China people is a polytheistic worship, not a monotheistic worship. The God of Wealth, the God of Medicine, the God of Kitchen and Mazu are all regarded as gods and worshipped. China culture also has two other characteristics: one is the absolute pursuit of application, while putting an end to all things that are not practical. From the history of science and technology in China, we can see that in history, all practical technologies, such as agricultural science and technology and medicine, are very developed, but some related non-practical things cannot be developed. Mohist knowledge of optics and geometry in the pre-Qin period failed to develop after Confucianism was the only thing in the Han Dynasty. There are no basic disciplines such as physics, chemistry and biology in China. Of course, alchemy is also very developed in the process of the emperor's pursuit of immortality, which does contain chemical knowledge. China's handicraft industry is very developed, but modern machine industrial production, such as steam engine, was not invented in China. Before the 15th century, most of the world's inventions were produced by China people, but modern science, which needed a series of experimental means after modern times, failed to be produced in China: China culture showed its unique characteristics of kindness. The core of Confucius' thought is "Benevolent people love others". Because of kindness, China people implement the system of multi-child inheritance, so that on the one hand, the property can be separated, on the other hand, it limits the long-distance migration, which is of great significance to China people's resettlement. This inheritance system restricts the development of business, and thus the idea of many children and many blessings comes into being. The idea of many children and many blessings increases the population of the society, and more children and many blessings are derived. The social population pressure always exists. As long as the productive forces of the society can support as many people, how many people will appear.

Many characteristics of China's food culture are embodied in the food culture and directly affect the development of China's food culture. First of all, because of population pressure and other reasons, China people's diet started from the pre-Qin period, that is, grain was the main food, with less meat and more food, supplemented by vegetables. This is a typical meal structure. Among them, rice is the staple food, while vegetables are for the next meal, that is, to help the rice swallow. Why do you want to help you swallow? That's because the staple food is not delicious, and there must be a substance to help people eat it. Of course, the function of vegetables is similar to that of salt, but it is not the same as salt. The primary purpose of this promotion of China's cooking is to decorate the diet and make the unpalatable food exquisite; Secondly, due to the pursuit of unlined upper garment in China culture and the developed handicraft industry in China, the food processing technology in cooking is second to none in the world, which embodies the unlined upper garment characteristics of China culture. All these make China's food culture have the following characteristics. First, China's cooking technology is developed, and many things that westerners think are inedible have become appetizing at first sight through the work of chefs in China. Second, China people have a wide range of recipes, and all those who can eat are eating without any taboos; Thirdly, there are many works on famine relief in China, in order to prepare wild vegetables to satisfy hunger in the year of famine; Fourthly, China people regard the pursuit of food as the greatest pleasure in life, and eating becomes the first requirement. Because China people can't eat as they please, there is a poem to prove it:

It's too late to patrol the sky in the red sun, but you know what's inside.

it's not difficult to live a full life, only when the weather is favorable.

Therefore, it has been difficult to eat and wear for a long time, so eating occupies a special place in China people's lives, and there are countless evidences.

In addition, we can analyze some characteristics of western food culture, which may deepen our understanding of China food culture. In the western diet, animal husbandry was the main food at first, and the proportion of meat in the diet has always been high. In modern times, the proportion of planting has increased, but the proportion of meat in the diet is still higher than that of China people. Because meat is naturally delicious, there is no need for westerners to decorate their diet. The natural delicacy of internal food limits the development of cooking. When Europeans show their wealth, they mostly use food tools to show it, such as the number and luxury of various utensils. In addition, I don't pursue eating this kind of thing that is easy to satisfy in life as the supreme joy of life. Westerners' pursuit of life is exactly the same as a common saying in China, which can be highly summarized, that is, "full of warmth and lust". They pursue love more. Western culture embodies a kind of "love culture", while China culture embodies a kind of "eating culture".

However, we should also point out that many features of China's diet are invisible to ordinary people in their daily lives. Palace diet and store diet can show these characteristics better and more comprehensively. Common people's holiday diets, such as the Spring Festival, may be able to show these characteristics in part, but the Spring Festival is, after all, a short flash in the pan for 365 days in a year.

There are no advantages and disadvantages of culture, and neither are the advantages and disadvantages of food culture. The difference is only the difference in lifestyle or diet under different environmental conditions. But how to understand and analyze this difference is very important. The purpose of this book is to make a little attempt based on this point, and it is not known whether it can be recognized by most readers. In most cases, I belong to the kind of "distant chef" who doesn't know how to cook, and I'm not a gourmet, but I know that "a meal and a porridge are hard to come by". In this sense, I will put some of my views on China's food culture into writing, hoping to get advice from the local authorities. [Edit this paragraph] Beijing's food

-eight bowls in Beijing. No one can live without food, whether China people or foreigners. What to eat and how to eat, every country, every nation, every family and everyone has their own way of eating.

Diet is a kind of culture, while Chinese food enjoys a worldwide reputation. It is an indisputable fact that China's food is delicious and foreigners love it. China's food culture has a long history. For thousands of years, people have formed eight cuisines of Chinese cuisine through continuous summarization, namely, Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Anhui schools.

Beijing is a world-famous ancient capital and historical and cultural city with a history of more than 3,111 years. The emperors of past dynasties built Beijing as their capital, which accumulated profound contents for Beijing's culture. Food culture is one of the contents of various cultures, which is extensive and profound. As the formation and evolution of the eight major Chinese cuisines, it has also gone through a long historical process. Although Beijing cuisine is not among the eight major cuisines, it is one of the main local cuisines in China.

The special political status of Beijing in history has made the people living in Beijing complex and diverse, which is reflected in the diet. People from all walks of life have different tastes, resulting in a variety of diets. There are eight authentic cuisines, local snacks, roast, rinse of Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Korean and other ethnic groups, and foreign fast food imported from other places. The current catering market is unprecedentedly prosperous. There is everything to relieve hunger and hunger.

I've eaten all the food I should eat. What else is delicious? People are wondering what people in old Beijing eat. It can be said that there were not many people who were really rich in old Beijing before liberation. The royalty and dignitaries ate delicacies, while it was good for ordinary people to fill their stomachs. It would be good to eat "eight bowls" in case of weddings, funerals and weddings.

what are the "eight bowls" in old Beijing? People under the age of 61 have never seen it, and some have never heard of it, let alone eaten it. After eating all the "good restaurants" in Beijing, many people in modern times are nostalgic and miss the food in old Beijing.

The "Eight Bowls" in old Beijing is actually an ordinary and affordable dish, that is, eight kinds of carefully cooked chicken, duck and fish are all delicious in color and flavor, and the traditional porcelain bowls are used to hold the delicious food on the table. "Eight bowls", to put it bluntly, are three-yellow chicken, yellow croaker, elbow, meatball, rice flour meat, braised pork, pine meat and ribs.

"Eight Bowls" in old Beijing are indispensable delicacies in the life of old Beijing people. It is indispensable for birthdays, weddings, funerals, and children's full moons. Because there were not so many restaurants and restaurants before liberation, and most of the ordinary people were poor, they always set up greenhouses at home and in the village to entertain relatives and friends. So in those days, the chef who did this kind of food business was called "the one who ran the greenhouse".

Usually, there are "four dry dishes", "four cold dishes", "four hot dishes" and "eight bowls" on the banquet table. Later, the restaurant dishes gradually evolved into "four cold" or "six cold", eight hot dishes, ten hot dishes and twelve hot dishes. For the sake of beauty, the bowl was changed into a dish.

Although the "Eight Bowls" in old Beijing are popular among the people, they were once a delicacy in the imperial palace. According to legend, when Empress Dowager Cixi fled, she met people's families for a happy event and tasted the folk "eight bowls". After returning to Beijing, I asked the imperial kitchen to cook according to the folk practice and entertain the civil servants.

The "Eight Bowls" in old Beijing were once lost, and few people can cook them until now, so it is hard for people to eat. However, I heard that the "Impression of Old Beijing" recently located in the Wanping Theater of Lugouqiao, in order to promote the folk food culture, sought the secret recipe of making the "eight bowls" in many ways, and finally found an elderly chef who could make the "eight bowls" of old Beijing among the people. The old man gave away the recipe for making "eight bowls". That is, according to this oral formula, through repeated trial production, it finally succeeded. After the launch of "Old Beijing Impression", the "Eight Bowls" of old Beijing is said to be full of praise, and the authentic old Beijing flavor dishes have finally come to light. At present, many new varieties of the "Eight Bowls" in the "Impression of Old Beijing" have been developed and innovated on the basis of traditional production. According to the tastes of modern people, eight bowls of seafood, eight bowls of beef and mutton, eight bowls of venison, eight bowls of poultry, eight bowls of imported goods and whole ones have been introduced one after another. When consumers come to "Impression of Old Beijing", they can not only eat the economical "eight bowls" but also watch the wonderful stunt performance of "Old Tianqiao Stunt Art Troupe", which really makes people linger.

[ Edit this paragraph] muslim food

Zhang Baoshen

Beijing is a city inhabited by various ethnic groups in China, among which there are more than 211,111 Muslims of various ethnic groups who believe in Islam. Beijing's long history and culture and the charm of a modern metropolis have attracted more and more people from all walks of life in Islamic countries to visit, visit and travel, and international exchanges have become increasingly frequent. Especially when the Olympic Games are held in Beijing in 2118, more than 41 athletes from Islamic countries will participate, and Muslims from more than 1,111 countries and regions will also come to Beijing for sightseeing and tourism. This undoubtedly provides unprecedented development opportunities and higher requirements for the halal catering industry in Beijing.

muslim food in Beijing has a long history and unique flavor, which is an important part of Beijing's food culture. The origin of muslim food in Beijing is synchronized with the introduction of Islam into Beijing.