1. Common sense of seeking help: Setting off fireworks: Setting off fireworks is the most common method of seeking help.

Using cigarettes during the day, that is, placing some rubber sheets, raw leaves, moss, ferns, etc. on the fire can generate smoke to notify the outside world.

Fire should be used at night on open ground, with three open fires lit in the direction of possible residential areas, and the firelight used to convey a distress signal (three fires spaced apart from each other are better than one fire, because this is generally considered a dangerous distress signal.

It will not be mistaken for a hunter keeping warm).

Light signal: Use mirrors to use sunlight during the day to reflect intermittent light signals to possible residential areas or rescue aircraft in the air. The light signals can be transmitted up to 16 kilometers away.

The method is to aim one finger at the place that should be conveyed, and hold the reflector with the other hand to adjust the reflected sunlight, and gradually direct the reflected light to the aiming direction.

Use a flashlight to send out a distress signal at night.

International mountaineering distress signal: emits a flash, flashes 6 times per minute, pauses for 1 minute, and then sends the signal repeatedly.

The propagation distance of sound signals is very limited, but it is not affected by vision. It is especially effective at short distances such as lost groups. Generally, whistles or other sound-producing instruments can be used.

The internationally recognized distress signal is to blow 6 times per minute, then stop for one minute and then blow again.

Modern rescue methods: With the development of the times, various modern rescue equipment have gradually become popular, such as beacons, radio communication machines, satellite phones and other equipment. If conditions permit, these modern equipment can be gradually equipped.

The internationally accepted distress signal is SOS, that is, three long and three short, in a continuous cycle.

2. Common sense for seeking first aid 1. Fever: If the oral temperature exceeds 37.3℃, the armpit temperature exceeds 37℃, the rectal temperature exceeds 37.6℃, or the body temperature fluctuates above 1℃ day and night, it can be considered as fever.

Fever is generally divided into ultra-high fever (body temperature above 41°C), high fever (above 38°C) and low fever (body temperature around 37-38°C).

Fever that lasts for 2-4 weeks is called chronic fever.

2. Rubber tourniquets and cloth tourniquets are mainly used in on-site first aid.

The rubber tourniquet is a special rubber tube that can be replaced by rubber strips, bicycle inner tubes, etc. on site.

When using, the tourniquet should be placed on the appropriate part of the limbs, for example, the upper limb should be placed on the middle and upper 1/3 of the upper arm; the lower limb should be placed on the middle and lower 1/3 of the thigh.

First put a layer of soft cloth, such as a towel, mask, etc., on the tourniquet area to protect the skin.

The rescuer holds the head end of the tourniquet with the thumb, index finger and middle finger of his left hand, tightens the rubber tube around the limb with his right hand and presses the head end, then wraps the rubber tube around the limb again and puts the tail end of the tourniquet held by the right hand between the index finger and middle finger of the left hand.

During this period, hold the tail end between your index and middle fingers and pull out half of the tourniquet from under the two circles to make it a slip knot.

If you need to loosen the tourniquet, just pull out the tail end.

A cloth tourniquet is a tourniquet made from bandages or strips of cloth.

During on-site first aid, towels and clothing can be torn into strips instead of bandages.

Wrap the cloth band around the limb and tie it into a knot. Insert a small wooden stick into the circle and twist it tightly. Check the bleeding situation while twisting. The tightness is appropriate as soon as the arterial bleeding stops.

Then secure the small wooden stick with cloth strips.

The method of using a tourniquet is relatively simple, but the principles of use are more complicated.

Only by accurately grasping these principles and using them properly can we save lives and limbs, otherwise it will lead to amputation and disability.

1. Before applying a tourniquet, the injured limb should be elevated to encourage venous blood to flow back into the body, thereby reducing blood loss.

2. The location of the tourniquet should be as close to the bleeding site as possible while effectively stopping bleeding.

However, it is forbidden to use a tourniquet in the middle of the upper arm because the radial nerve passes through the surface of the humerus there. The compression of the tourniquet can cause damage to the radial nerve, making it difficult to recover the functions below the forearm in the future.

3. The tourniquet cannot be tied directly to the limb. The area where the tourniquet is to be applied should first be covered with a layer of dressing, towel and other soft cloth pads to protect the skin.

4. When using cloth tourniquets made on site such as towels and bandanas, they should first be folded into a long strip, about 5 cm wide, so that the force can be evenly distributed.

It is strictly prohibited to use wires, iron wires, strings and other thin and inelastic items as tourniquets, because these items not only have unsatisfactory hemostatic effect but also damage the skin, causing trouble for future treatment and recovery.

5. When tying the tourniquet, its tightness should be enough to just suppress the arterial bleeding.

The upper band that is too tight can easily cause damage to the skin, nerves, blood vessels and muscles at the tourniquet, and even cause necrosis of the distal limb, which is not conducive to the functional recovery of the injured limb in the future; the upper band that is too loose only compresses the veins but not the arteries.

If the blood only flows out but not in, it will not only fail to stop the bleeding but will aggravate the bleeding.

The criteria for successful banding are that the distal arterial bleeding stops, the arterial pulse disappears, and the extremities turn white.

6. The injured person who has a tourniquet applied must have a clear sign, and the time of applying the tourniquet must be clearly written near the tourniquet or on the skin.

In order to prevent ischemic necrosis of the injured limb, loosen the tourniquet for 1 to 2 minutes every 40 to 60 minutes. When loosening the tourniquet, the movement should be slow. At the same time, finger pressure on the wound is required to reduce bleeding.

If the casualty's general condition is poor, the wound is large, and the amount of bleeding is large, the time interval for loosening the tourniquet can be appropriately extended.

However, the total time of tourniquet use cannot exceed 5 hours, otherwise the distal limb will not survive.