western Europe. In a narrow sense, Western Europe refers to the Atlantic Ocean and nearby islands in western Europe, including Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Monaco. It covers an area of 5 million square kilometers. The population is about 141 million (1958). The terrain is mainly plain, followed by plateau; The mountainous area is small, mainly distributed in northwest England and southeast France. There are the busiest sea lanes in the world, the English Channel and the Dover Strait, as well as rivers such as the Rhine, Seine, Loire and Thames. Most areas belong to temperate maritime climate, located in the westerly belt, with mild and humid climate and abundant and even precipitation. It is an area with the earliest development of modern science and technology and one of the most developed areas in the world economy, with developed industry, agriculture and foreign trade. There are coal, oil, natural gas, iron, potassium salt and other minerals. Important seaports include London, Liverpool (England), Marseille (France), Brussels (Belgium), Rotterdam, Amsterdam (Netherlands) and so on. There are famous cities such as London, Paris, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels and Marseille. Except Monaco, the other six countries are members of the European Economic Community. Western Europe in a broad sense refers to all capitalist countries in Europe. Located in western, central and northern Europe. It covers an area of about 5 million square kilometers and has a population of more than 5 million (1988). The highest Alps in Europe extend across the south, with its trunk extending eastward to Carpathian, southeast to Narrowak Alps, south to Apennines and southwest to Pyrenees. Scandinavia has Scandinavian mountains in the north. The central part is mainly distributed in plains. There are many volcanic earthquakes in the south and Iceland. The Mediterranean coast has a subtropical dry summer and wet winter climate, while most other areas have a temperate humid climate. There are coal, iron, oil and other mineral deposits. Most countries are developed capitalist countries, with developed industries, agriculture, foreign trade and transportation, forming an economic system centered on the European economy. The member countries of the European Economic Community are France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Greece, Spain, Portugal and Denmark.

[ Edit this paragraph] Agriculture and topography in western Europe

Most of the plain topography in western Europe is low, flat and open. At the same time, due to the fragmented coastline, few mountains and east-west trend, the climate and maritime characteristics are obvious.

the plain terrain is suitable for developing animal husbandry and planting. Because the temperate maritime climate is warm and humid, western Europe is suitable for the growth of juicy grass, so the dairy industry is developed. In most places, mixed agriculture is developed, and the dairy industry is developed at the same time of planting wheat, which complements each other. France is a country with developed agriculture in western Europe.

Europeans mainly eat wheat and dairy products, which is also related to the agricultural structure. This sentence can answer the question on page 61 of the geography book in the second volume of grade seven

1. The position of western Europe in the world

is in the northwest of the old hemisphere and the west of Eurasia. It borders the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea in the south.

2. Latitude: located between 4 degrees north latitude and the Arctic Circle, mainly located in the temperate zone

3. This area is located in the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, accounting for about half of Europe. Including northern Europe, southern Europe, western Europe and central Europe.

4. Multi-peninsulas, islands, seas and bays in western Europe

Peninsula: 1. Scandinavian Peninsula 2. Iberian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula

Islands: 1. Great Britain, 2. Ireland 3. Iceland

Inland Sea: 1. Baltic Sea 2. Mediterranean Sea 3. Black Sea < Apennines; 3 Pyrenees

Main rivers: 1. Danube 2. Rhine

Lakes: mostly distributed in the northwest and the north and south sides of the Alps

5. Western Europe is densely populated with many countries, most of which are developed countries.

6. The European Union is the most integrated political and economic organization in the world today. It is a regional organization with 27 member countries. (Exercise topic on page 58 of the textbook)

7. Role of the EU: The EU has established a customs union, realized policies on foreign trade, agriculture and fisheries, established the European monetary system and established a general budget system. The free circulation of goods, people, capital and services has basically been realized.

8. The economic status of the European Union in the world: The world today presents a trend of multipolarity. The United States is a super economic power and Japan is an economic power. The European Union is in a tripartite confrontation with the United States and Japan with the advantage of alliance. In the foreign trade of western Europe, exports are greater than imports, and both export volume and imports are greater than those of the United States, which plays an important role in the world economy.

9. Manufacturing-oriented industries

Industrial status: Western Europe is the birthplace of the industrial revolution and is currently one of the industrially developed regions in the world. The products produced here are exported to all parts of the world.

industrial characteristics: manufacturing is the main industry in western Europe. (manufacturing refers to the department that processes raw materials into various products)

Industrial distribution characteristics: There are many industrial centers in this area, which are densely distributed. From Britain to Poland, from southern Scandinavia to Italy, a world-famous "+"-shaped industrial intensive zone has been formed.

main industrial zone: Paris basin industrial zone; Ruhr-gebiet, Germany; Central England industrial zone; London area industrial zone.

1. climate: most of western Europe is located in the north temperate zone, which is dominated by temperate maritime climate. from west to east, the maritime nature is weakened and the continental nature is enhanced.

11. Terrain: The terrain is mainly plain and mountainous. Deeply influenced by glaciers: undulating hills, fjords, glacial lakes, moraine lakes and moraine plains.

12. Animal husbandry is developed, and people call pasture' green gold'. British animal husbandry accounts for 7% of all agricultural output value. In the agricultural output value of France and Germany, the proportion of animal husbandry is also slightly higher than that of planting. The Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are world-famous dairy countries. Among them, Danish Ruchu products account for more than 3% of the total export, and ham, bacon, sausage and cheese are the main export products.

13. Prosperous tourism: There are various natural conditions in western Europe. Countries along the southern Mediterranean Sea have sunny summers and beautiful beaches. There are winding and deep fjords in the north, which are fascinating; The towering Alps in the middle are good places for people to climb mountains and ski. Historically, European people have created splendid cultures. There are many ancient architectural sites, cultural and artistic cities and museums in this area, and the unique local customs and customs provide good conditions for the development of tourism. At present, tourism revenue in many countries has become one of the main sources of national income.

14. Tips:

1) There are more than 3 countries in western Europe. There are many countries, but their areas are not large. Among them, the Vatican, the smallest country in the world, has an area less than .5 square kilometers. There are also some small countries, such as San Marino, Liechtenstein, Andorra and Monaco, which are called "pocket countries". These countries are small in territory and difficult to develop farming, but they pay attention to the development of tourism and the production of high-tech, sophisticated and sophisticated products and handicrafts to increase national income. The per capita income of these countries is among the highest in the world. Liechtenstein and San Marino, apart from tourism, are both civilized in the world with stamp industry.

2) The residents in western Europe are mainly white, which is the main distribution area of white people in the world. With a population of more than 5 million, it is one of the densely populated areas in the world. It is also the lowest natural population growth rate in the world, and some countries, such as Hungary, have also experienced negative growth.

countries

France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Monaco, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Vatican, Switzerland, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria, Malta, Iceland, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden

The western end of the land and sea crisscross Europe

is surrounded by the sea on three sides, with a long coastline, which is deeply influenced by the ocean.

Offshore sheds are rich in natural resources: fishing grounds, oil and natural gas.

Warm and humid maritime climate

1) Located at 43 N. It belongs to the westerly belt.

(2) It is cool in summer and warm in winter.

A. Ocean regulation. B. The influence of warm current.

It is the most significant "positive deviation" area of winter temperature in the world.

(3) It rains all the year round: the westerly wind blows.

A. The rainfall in autumn and winter is mainly caused by the warm and humid marine air mass along the coast of Western Europe. Leeward.

Relatively flat terrain

Range: from the east of England in the west, the northwest of France, the Benelux lowlands to the north of Germany.

Topographic features of each district

Distribution

Main landforms

Remarks

Low-humidity swamps and barren clay areas in the north of the plain

are not conducive to agricultural development

. Highland

B. Ice erosion valley, fjord

rich coal mine, important industrial and mining belt in Europe

hills in the south of plain belt, rich coal mine in high area

, Alps in the southeast of important industrial and mining belt in Europe

A. Mountain glacier

B.U-shaped valley, tind, Caohu

A.U-shaped valley is the place where traffic tunnels and settlements are formed

B. Important sightseeing belt

4. Water system extending in all directions

(1) River

Originating area: rainy southeast mountainous area.

North-south direction, flowing into the sea, Atlantic Ocean

Important river: Thames River. Seagoing vessels can go up the river.

East and west are connected to the canal.

Please find out the important ports of major rivers in Western Europe. (Lianliankan)

River ports

Antwerp on the Thames

Rotterdam on the Elbe

London on the Rhine

Hamburg on the Schulde River

Paris on the Seine

(4 Important cities.

(5) The integration of inland water transport and ocean routes has expanded the market and professional division of labor in Western Europe, and Western Europe has become a "world factory".

The development of Atlantic civilization

The innovation of agricultural technology

The comparison between light plows and heavy plows

Tools

Distribution areas

Farming methods

Climate

Soil

Animal power

Light plows

. Farming

wet

sticky soil

4 ~ 8 cows

The emergence and spread of heavy plows in the fifth century, The fertile plains of western Europe began to be cultivated rapidly.

The use system of heavy plows has the characteristics of

open field system:

strip-shaped fields.

*** field system with the same management.

Two-year rotation tillage (mainly draught animals) and three-year rotation tillage (mainly draught animals).

cultivated land

one

two

three

planting rye or winter wheat in autumn in the first year

planting oats or peas in spring

planting oats or peas in spring in the second year

planting rye or winter wheat in autumn

. It has become an important tradition in Western Europe.

The expansion of cultivated land and complex mixed agriculture have more food surplus in this area, which provides support for towns with non-agricultural population.

The development of maritime activities in Western Europe

The reason why the maritime activities in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea are slower than those in the Mediterranean Sea is that the walruses in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea are varied.

The navigation technology of Vikings in the 199s and 11th centuries can compete with the ancient technology in the Mediterranean Sea.

At the end of the 15th century, due to ships, Coupled with the emergence of heavy plows, Western Europe has gradually gained a leading position in Europe.

At the end of the 15th century, the development geography of maritime activities made a great discovery. India, Egypt, West Asia, the New World and other places were incorporated into the cultural map of Western Europe, accumulating a large amount of funds.

The introduction of new crops changed the daily life of ordinary people.

Corn, potatoes, Introduction of tobacco:

improve people's diet.

Marginal land can be developed and utilized.

Introduction of sucrose and cocoa:

Chocolate and cakes have become popular.

Drinking tea and coffee have become a new dietary habit of Europeans.

Freight is reduced, the supply of cheap goods is increased, and the quality of life in this area is improved.

And choose more competitive crops and livestock and crops.

Instead of fallow, fallow crops such as turnips and alfalfa will be planted as winter feed for livestock.

The fields planted with wheat will be transformed into enclosed fields for raising sheep. Reason: it is impossible to compete with cheap wheat in North America.

The low-lying land in Benelux will be transformed into highly intensive agriculture such as dairy farmers and grazing. To meet the increasing demand of urban population.

The biggest problem facing modern agriculture in Western Europe

The scale of operation is small and the cost is high.

The core of modern civilization

Britain, the pioneer of industrial revolution

In the 17th century, after actively developing overseas trade and colonization, plus the profit of the government, Became the country with the strongest economic power in Europe.

The industrial revolution

started with coal mines.

In the early days, the development location of the wood industry was mainly limited by the forest distribution area. For example, the iron and steel industry tended to be near the forest. The reason: the charcoal was heavy and inconvenient to transport. This location was the factor.

Britain was rich in coal mines, and the fuel problem was solved.

Since the 19th century, the invention was powered by coal. Used in the textile industry

coke steelmaking, so that the iron and steel industry is no longer accommodating to the origin of forest timber.

With the improvement of textile and steel industries, the British industry surpassed western European countries for the first time. Become a leading position.

Britain's industrial areas are mainly distributed around Benning Mountain and ports because:

A. It is close to mineral fields.

B. Most raw materials come from overseas colonies.

C. It is beneficial to product export.

Since the late 18th century, canals and railways have been built between ports and coalfields to reduce transportation costs.

The reason why industrial development lost its previous advantages is that. Overseas colonies became independent.

B. It became the main energy source in the 2th century.

Starting again

In the 2th century, oil and natural gas were discovered in the sea area, which became a new rich source of Britain.

At the end of the 2th century, after the opening of the Anglo-French Cross-Harbour Tunnel, Britain was fully integrated into the European economic circle, expanding the economic scale and market vitality of Britain and the European Union.

France, a rich cultural country

Diversified local culture.