Absrtact: Su Shi's cultural character has always been regarded as broad-minded. This paper holds that in fact, his broadmindedness comes from his truthfulness. The core of Su Shi's personality is truth. His truthfulness is innate. Su Shi's career is the result of his honest personality. Su Shi's truthfulness also influenced his literature. Later generations spoke highly of Su Shi's truthfulness.
Keywords: ancient literature; Su Shi; Personality
Su Shi was a famous great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He has been reviled many times in his life, Kan? How difficult it is. However, he did not feel depressed, but went to be broad-minded and open-minded. People praise Su Shi's poems and his personality for their boldness and boldness. But why can Su Shi have such superhuman generosity? Caused by learning? Self-cultivation? Neither is true. In my words: this is the nature, which is the expression of Su Shi's true temperament. The core of Su Shi's personality is his truthfulness. From the external reasons, his repeated condemnations were the product of the party struggle in the Northern Song Dynasty. Judging from his own reasons, it is rather a character tragedy. Su Shi's "truth" makes him have nothing to worry about, and his mind is open-minded. Although he is tired and frustrated, his optimism remains unchanged, so he is broad-minded. Mr Wang Shuizhao has the best understanding of Su Shi's "truthfulness" character. He said: "Maintaining one's true personality and pursuing an unadorned natural personality are the core of Su Shi's outlook on life and literature." (1) can be said to be right. Mr. Wang did not elaborate on Su Shi's truthfulness and his influence on literature. This article tries to elaborate on it.
As early as childhood, Su Shi's father Su Xun noticed the difference in personality between Su Shi and Su Zhe. He explained the reason for naming his two sons in the article "Two Sons": "Wheel, spoke, cover and wheel all have jobs, and they all have cars. However, Shi is the only one who does nothing. Although, if I go to Shi, I don't see it as a complete car. Actually, I'm afraid of your lack of external decoration. The car in the world is unique, but the merits of the car are irrelevant. Although, the car servant died, but the suffering is not as good as the road. If you are in trouble, the good is between misfortune and happiness. Well, I know it's free! " Mr. Zeng Zaozhuang's explanation of this statement is very insightful: "Shi is a crossbar used as a handrail on the car, which is exposed outside, so he said,' I am afraid that you will not be dressed.' Su Shi's personality is uninhibited, sharp-edged, and indeed' no exterior decoration'. As a result, he was repeatedly reprimanded and almost beheaded all his life. A rut is an imprint of a car that has been run over. It has neither the merit of a car nor the disaster of a rollover, and' the good is between good and bad'. Su Zhe's personality is blunt and indifferent, and he is deeply hidden. Therefore, in the fierce party struggle in the future, although he was repeatedly denounced, he was able to avoid disaster and spend his old age leisurely. (2)
In his youth, Su Shi was proud of his spring breeze and high spirits because of Ouyang Xiu's support. However, with the implementation of Wang Anshi's political reform, Su Shi's bad luck followed, and he was repeatedly relegated, further and further. Two months before his death, Su Shi wrote a poem on the portrait made for him by painter Li Gonglin: The heart is like a gray wood, and the body is like a boat that is not tied. Ask you about your career, Danzhou, Huizhou, Huangzhou. It's really painful.
Although Su Shi was in a situation of being excluded and hit in all previous party struggles, Su Shi did not compromise. Wang Anshi's political reform, Su Shi felt that the new law was too radical, harmful to the people and opposed the political reform, so he was rejected by the new party and sentenced to Hangzhou. When he left Beijing, his friend Wen Tong once advised him: "If the northern guests come to ask questions, the West Lake is good, so don't recite poems." (In Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua) But Su Shi didn't listen to his friends' kind advice. During the nine years from Tongguan to Huzhou, he wrote a series of political satires against the abuses of the new law at that time, such as tangcun's Sailing in Salt River in Rain, Five Wonders in Mountain Villages, Wu Zhong Tian Fu Tan and so on. Su Shi was opposed to Wang Anshi's political reform. However, during his tenure as a local official, he saw some advantages of the new law, so he changed his attitude towards the new law and dared to admit his mistakes. In a letter to a friend during Yuan Feng's reign, he said frankly: "At the beginning of our new law, we had to guard against prejudice, and there were even similarities and differences. Although this heart is bitter, it belongs to worrying about the country, but there are few people who are reasonable in what they say. Today, the saints and virtues are becoming more and more popular, and it is beneficial to look back on what they are holding. If you change your mind and keep it easy, in order to make progress, you dare not; If you are embarrassed, you will be more worried. " (The sequel to Dongpo, Volume 4, With Tengda Road) reflected on his extreme attitude towards the new law, but he didn't take advantage of his shortcomings to seek progress. After the dictatorship of the old Party, Su Shi criticized Sima Guang for "focusing on changing the law of Xi Ning, no longer competing interests and taking advantage of his strengths." ("Dongpo Memorial Collection", Volume 3, "Question on the professional strategy of the debate hall?" Son ") and thus excluded by the old party. No matter how hard he was hit, Su Shi always insisted on his moral integrity. Su Zhe's "Dongpo Epitaph" says Su Shi: "We must be right when facing things, and we cannot follow the customs." Even his political opponents have to admire his character. Liu Anshi, a figure of the Shuo Party who is opposite to Su Shi's Shu Party, said: "Dongpo's great festival of establishing the dynasty is extremely impressive, and his talents are high and wide, but he believes in himself. In Yuanfeng, it is not allowed to be in Yuanfeng, and people want to kill it; Jae-won Although I have discussed with the old gentleman, there are also differences. I don't want to go up and down at any time. " (See Ma Yongqing's "Quotations from Yuan City") Su Shi said in "With Yang Element": "The gentleman of the past, but Jing is the teacher; Today's gentleman, but the temperature is with. Depending on the situation, it is the same. Brother and Wen know each other very well, and they are always close, but they don't listen to each other. " (Volume 55 of Su Shi's Collected Works) We can see from "not going up and down at any time" and "not following the ears" that Su Shi always insists on maintaining his personality. Su Shi can't help but vent his dissatisfaction with the blow and oppression imposed on him by the outside world. "If there are flies in the food, spit them out." ("Old News of Qu Yi") His personality is really frank and lovely. "Dongpo Things" records: "Su Zizhan loves the world all over the world, and scholars are unscrupulous and happy. You can accompany the Jade Emperor in words, and you can accompany the beggars in the fields. The son is silent, a little can be done, and he tastes the precepts and chooses to make friends. Zi Zhan said,' There is no bad person in the world before my eyes.' (3) At this point, Su Shi is closer to the true nature of Taoism. Taoism's criticism of Confucianism's "courtesy" and "benevolence" is exactly the same as Su Shi's criticism of Cheng Yi. Zhu Xi, a descendant of Luoxue, said Su Shi: "He is so presumptuous. He is afraid that he will behave himself when he sees a gentleman, so he scorns him." (4) Su Shi didn't mean to denigrate the honest man. Although his political views are different from his, Wang Anshi and Sima Guang, who are superior in knowledge and morality, are very admired. But for those hypocrites, Su Shi showed their true colors without mercy. The biggest difference between Shu School and Luo School is that Su Shi inherited Su Xun's viewpoint and affirmed the existence of human desire. Su Shi opposed the separation of "emotion" and "sex". In Han Yu Lun, he said: "The trouble of Confucian scholars lies in discussing sex, thinking that all emotions are based on feelings, not all sex." (Collected Works of Su Shi, Volume 4) He boldly affirmed his lust. Su Shi said in "With Cai Jingfan": "Love for people, such as sticky glue and greasy, is still contaminated. If you look for it repeatedly, it will be even more entangled. " Su Shi was disgusted with Cheng Yi's hypocrisy, rigidity and stubbornness. "Letters from the Cheng Family in Henan Province" contains 11 volumes: "Duke Wen (Sima Guang) died, and the court ordered Yichuan (Cheng Yi) to preside over his funeral. Is it like this, the ceremony of worshipping the Ming Hall is completed, and the second Su cries for Wen Gong, which means Zhu Gong? , ask. Public? He said,' I cried to Wen Gong, but Mr. Cheng thought it was a different day to celebrate.' Ersu was disappointed and turned back, saying,' My uncle and grandson are in a bad place.' Naturally, I always tease Yichuan. According to Mr. Wang Shuizhao's textual research, the word "bad" of "bad" takes the meaning of "unclean" and says it is "mired in mud", which is messy; "Uncle Sun Tong in a bad place", which means a fake uncle Sun Tong from a dirty place, is full of humorous local color, and it is in sharp contrast with the historical figure Uncle Sun Tong's formulation of court ceremonies and solemn purge of the court, which has achieved a penetrating irony effect and caused Cheng Yi's extreme jealousy. This offended Cheng Yi, and he was constantly excluded and impeached by Cheng Yi and his master in the future. However, as Chen Que, a Ming Dynasty scholar, said: "Dongpo is a gentleman, although he doesn't practice small sections, but he is loyal and straight." Yichuan is interested in the study of saints, but he is stuck. " 6. The meaning of praise and criticism is very clear.
it's not that Su Shi doesn't know the trouble that this honest personality brings to himself. He also tried to hide his personality. Especially during his demotion to Huangzhou after the Wutai Poetry Case, he lived a life of "self-seclusion, boat riding, wandering between mountains and rivers, and mixed with fishing and firewood" (Answer to Uncle Li Duan). Su Shi wants to learn from Ruan Ji's "don't hide the characters": "Don't you see that Ruan Sizong doesn't hide his mouth, don't boast that his tongue is locked in his teeth, but he can drink alcohol. You don't need to study much, you don't need to work on poetry, you get drunk every day at the seaside, and your dreams can't reach Penglai Palace. " ("Send Liu? "Hailing") His friend Teng Dadao often wrote and told him to "keep his affairs secret". Su Shi has a deep understanding of this, thinking that "if you don't say a word all day long, there will be great pleasure in it", and he also called it "the method of strangeness", "it is only corrupt and public, and it can't be widely spread" (Zhou Xinru, a Qing dynasty, collected the 36th letter of Su Shi's letter to Teng Dadao in the eight volumes of Fenxinge Series. He is shrinking his head in Huangzhou. But his efforts didn't seem to have much effect. As soon as he left Huangzhou, his personality was revealed again. "The jejunum is full of wine, and the liver, lungs and teeth are full of bamboo stones. I feel like I can't go back, and I spit on the snow-colored wall of your family." ("Guo Xiangzheng's home, drunken painting on a bamboo cliff") Once there is a complaint, Su Shi still can't help but send it out: "I am not against the world, but the world is different from me." Su Xun was right about his two sons, and he was worried that Su Shi's "no external decoration" would bring him great trouble. Su Shi can't be as secretive as Zi You, so his life has been hit much harder than Su Zhe's. He himself said: "There is a cloud in giving a taste:' Words come from the heart and rush to the mouth, and if you spit, it will be against others, and if you are rude, it will be against you. It is said that it is better to go against others, so I will spit it out. " It coincides with Yuan Ming's poetry, so it is recorded. "("Dongpo Inscription and Postscript ",Volume III," Recording Poems of the Yuan Dynasty ") Today, it is better to offend people than to get it off your chest. He has no bad feelings in his heart, so he doesn't care what others think of him. Qin Guan's Answer to Fu Bin's Old Bamboo Slips, comparing the styles of Su Shi and Su Zhe, said: "The way of Chinese calligraphy, such as the sun, the moon, the stars, the latitude and longitude, the heavens and the earth, and the life, all admire it. Filling a vacancy is not the case. Its Tao, like vitality, walks in confusion, and everything goes by without knowing it. " (Huai Hai Ji, Volume 3) This is actually the reflection of their different personalities in the article.
In his later years, Su Shi highly valued Tao Yuanming. Apart from admiring Yuan Ming's plain and transcendent poetic style, one of the important reasons was that Tao Yuanming was sincere in temperament and feelings. He said: "Tao Yuanming wants to be an official, not to be disrespectful; If you want to be hidden, you will be hidden, not to go to it. If you are hungry, you will buckle your door and beg for food. If you are full, you will be greeted by chickens: ancient and modern sages are precious. " (Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden Conghua" was quoted in Volume 3) "Drinking with Tao Yuanming" said: "Some scholars often drink heavily, and they see the truth when they are hungry and cold"; "Yuanming is a Muslim, and he has talked and laughed in this life." Su Shi said in the article "After the Collection of Poems by Jianfu Li": "Confucius doesn't take the height of micro-children, and Mencius doesn't take Yu Ling's son, so he hates it. Tao Yuanming wants to be an official, not an official; If you want to be hidden, you will be hidden, not to go to it. If you are hungry, you will buckle your door and beg for food. If you are full, you will be greeted by chickens and millet. Ancient and modern sages are precious. " On his deathbed, Tao Qian said, "I am small and poor. Every time I abuse my family, I wander from east to west. Sex is just awkward, and there are many things. " Su Shi's life is also "just clumsy, with too many things." He said: "I really have this disease, but I didn't know it early. I have been an official for half my life, so I am deeply ashamed and want to teach it in the evening." (Su Zhe's "Chasing Tao Yuanming's Poems") In fact, Su Shi has also maintained a true and arrogant character all his life: "Pick up all the cold branches and refuse to live, and lonely sandbar is cold." (Yongmei) Su Shi's With Li Gongze: "Although we are old and poor, our truth is deep in our hearts and our loyalty fills our bones. We really need to laugh and laugh at the moment of death and life. If you see a servant in poverty, you will be in the city, which is a far cry from those who don't learn Tao. " ("Collected Works of Su Shi" Volume 51) Huang Tingjian said to Su Shi's elegiac couplet: "The article is wonderful in the world, and loyalty runs through the sun and the moon." (Huang Tingjian's "Postscript Dongpo Ink") is not a compliment.
Su Shi's truthfulness also influenced his literary works. Su Shi, like his father Su Xun, hated writing biographies and other articles for others all his life. He said: "A certain person has never been alone in writing an inscription, but his descendants want to trace the ancestral exam and the author has not been caught off guard." ("Dongpo sequel" Volume 6 "Answer to Li Fangshu") Whenever people admire his name and ask him to write a composition, he refuses it all, even some disguised commemorative words: "Recently, the scholar-officials have not made an inscription, so they have repeatedly resigned." ("Dongpo sequel" Volume 6 "With Kong Yifu") Su Shi's personality makes it difficult for him to write those false words about the tomb.
Huang tingjian once criticized su Shi, saying, "Dongpo's articles are wonderful in the world, but their shortcomings are easy to scold, so be careful not to attack their tracks." ("Collected Works of Mr. Huang Yu Zhang", Volume 19, "Answering Hong Ju's Father's Letter") In the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Yanxiao said: "Poe is generous and ill, and it is also seen in poetry, and there are ancient satirical styles." (Chen Yanxiao's "Geng Xi Shi Hua") Chen Shidao also said: "Su Shi began to learn from Liu Yuxi, so he complained a lot, so he should not be careless in learning." (Chen Shidao's Poems on the Back Hill) Su Shi is not fond of scolding because of imitating Liu Yuxi, but because of Po Gong's nature. Once you see each other's mistakes, Dongpo can't help but criticize them. The Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty says: "Or,' Shi is a little self-sufficient, and although he is not used by the handle, he should avoid disaster." Although, it is still necessary to be a poet if it is false to make him do what he does. Su Zhe's epitaph on the late brother and son looking forward to the end of Ming Dynasty says Su Shi: "He is known as a good person, but he is afraid of it;" If you don't see it well, you will be afraid of it; Be brave in doing what is right, regardless of its harm. I am trapped in the world with this number, but I don't hate it. " Unfortunately, since ancient times, there are too few people who tell the truth.
In a word, Su Shi, whether a man or a writer, is a natural expression of his honest character. Later generations highly praised Su Shi's "truth". Fang Dongshu's "Zhao Wei Zhan Yan" says: "Dongpo ... meets the world with his true bone face, and freely spits out his genus, which is naturally wonderful." Mr. Wang Shuizhao said: "In Su Shi's mind, advocating the truth and nature and opposing the imprisonment or disguise of human nature is no longer a general ethical principle and moral requirement, but a fundamental pursuit of human ontology." Pet-name ruby can be regarded as the best comment on Su Shi's forthright personality.