According to Records of the Historian, Qin Shihuang ascended the throne at the age of 13. Li Si, the prime minister, began to plan, design and build the cemetery as usual, and General Zhang Han supervised the construction. After Qin Shihuang came of age, it was not until two years after his death that his son Qin Ershi hastily completed the construction, which took 39 years.
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Terracotta Warriors and Horses (English: The Terracotta Warriors and Horses) is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty, also referred to as the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, as a funerary object in ancient tombs, were made into Terracotta Warriors and Horses. ).
The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses was discovered in 1974. The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong District, Xi. [1] is a part of the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. A large number of terracotta warriors and horses have been unearthed in the three pits that have been discovered.
1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was listed in the List of World Cultural Heritage Protection, and more than 200 countries visited it successively, which became a gold-lettered business card of China's splendid ancient civilization. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are one of the greatest discoveries in the world archaeological history.
Step 3 evaluate
On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, 1979, Jimmy Carter, a former American president who made important contributions to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, visited the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum on September 6, 20 14. This is the second time that President Carter visited the Terracotta Warriors. At the end of the visit, President Carter wrote a passage: "This is a very remarkable museum, which has left a deep impression on me since my first visit 33 years ago. Congratulations on your great achievements in the protection of cultural relics. "
Edited on June 26th, 2020
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Historical background of Qin terracotta warriors and horses
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What is the historical background of Qin Terracotta Warriors?
1, Historical Records According to Records of the Historian, Qin Shihuang ascended the throne at the age of 13. Prime Minister Li Siyi began to plan, design and build the cemetery, and General Zhang Han supervised the construction. After Qin Shihuang became an adult, he expanded the scale of construction. It was not until two years after his death that his son Qin Ershi finished it in a hurry, and the construction time reached 39 years. 2. Introduce the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, that is, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, as a funerary object in ancient tombs, were made into Terracotta Warriors and Horses. ). The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses was discovered in 1974. The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong District, Xi. [1] is a part of the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. A large number of terracotta warriors and horses have been unearthed in the three pits that have been discovered. 1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was listed in the List of World Cultural Heritage Protection, and more than 200 countries visited it successively, which became a gold-lettered business card of China's splendid ancient civilization. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are one of the greatest discoveries in the world archaeological history. 3. On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, Jimmy Carter, a former American president who made important contributions to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in 1979, visited the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum on September 6th, 20th14, which was the second time that President Carter visited the Terracotta Warriors. At the end of the visit, President Carter wrote a passage: "This is a very remarkable museum, which has left a deep impression on me since my first visit 33 years ago. Congratulations on your great achievements in the protection of cultural relics. "
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Historical background of terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang
Are the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses made by real people? These cracked terracotta warriors and horses have uncovered the eternal mystery.
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What is the historical background of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang?
The eighth wonder of the world 1974, the discovery of the terracotta warriors and horses pit in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum shocked the world. This underground sculpture group, built in the third century BC, shows people the glory of ancient oriental culture with its magnificent momentum, vigorous and rigorous military array and lifelike pottery figurines. No matter when it was built, its architectural scale and artistic effect are comparable to the seven wonders of the world. Therefore, the reputation of the eighth wonder of the world spread like wildfire. The Terracotta Warriors Museum is synonymous with the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, and it is the largest site museum in China. In addition to the protection exhibition halls of Pit No.1, Pit No.2 and Pit No.3, there are also the cultural relics exhibition rooms unearthed from Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit and the Qinling bronze chariots and horses exhibition room. The most important discovery in the 20th century is that Xiyang Village was once an unknown ordinary village at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain. The villagers in Xiyang Village dug a well beside the persimmon forest in the south of the village, which is located at the front end of the alluvial fan in Lishan Mountain. After the accumulation of mountain torrents and mudslides, the bushes and abandoned wasteland mixed with pebbles in cultivated land are under construction every day. When digging to the depth of 100 meters, it was found that there were sintered braised soil and charcoal ash below. Everyone thought that they had hit the ruins of the old brick kiln and continued to fight. On the west side of the shaft wall more than one meter deep, the quiet face of Wawangye finally appeared in the dark light. The villagers were surprised. It happened that Fang Shumin, a commune cadre, came to check the progress of well drilling. He went down to the bottom of the well to observe carefully. He found that the bricks on the floor were exactly the same as those found near the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. He quickly told everyone to stop drilling wells, and then rushed to the county to report that the eighth wonder of the world, which had been lost for a year in the county cultural center, reappeared in the world. This is a memorable day. The peak of China's sculpture art is primitive and naive. It was not until the Buddhist culture was accepted that the artistic style of China sculpture was formed. Its characteristics are high generalization, simple lines, romantic style, emphasis on decoration and loss of realism. However, the discovery of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Dynasty stunned American art history experts at home and abroad. People have discovered the peak of oriental classical realistic sculpture art 2000 years ago, and found a long-lost page in China art history! It strictly uses realistic creative techniques, and the measurement of physical structure, proportion and texture is based on accurate anatomical structure. From the face of Qin Terracotta Warriors, we can see the exact position of cheekbones, eyebrows and jaws under the skin and muscles, and the size and proportion of the five senses are meticulous. Every protrusion and depression of the body conforms to the anatomical structure of the human body, and even the breed can be judged from the shape of the horse. Not only that, these artists also pay attention to grasping the role tightly. Pursuing change from the facial expressions, inner activities and mental states of characters, we have created many artistic models with different realistic expressions, which are not the same in form or spirit. The first pit of the main lineup of Su Wei Army is the earliest building in the Terracotta Warriors Museum. It was built and opened in three terracotta warriors and horses pits in 1979+00, and was first discovered. The largest pit is an east-west rectangle with an area of14260m2. There are rammed partition walls 10 with a width of 2.5 meters in the pit, forming 9 rooms with a width from north to south. Around the circumference, more than 65,438+0,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 32 chariots and pottery horses and nearly10,000 bronze weapons were excavated in the cloister mode. It is estimated that more than 6,000 terracotta warriors and horses are buried in the No.1 pit. This is a main array with infantry as the mainstay, and chariots and infantry alternate with each other. Equipped with a striker, a main guard and a wing guard, walking and riding alternately, with both horses and chariots. The scale is huge and the layout is tight. At the eastern end, three rows of infantry warriors and horses face the east, each with 68 people. It is the March 8th column behind the vanguard of the army, followed by chariots and infantry. There are 1 columns on the north and south sides and the west end of the main pit of the army array, which are the wing guards and guards of the army array. The pottery figurines here can be divided into four infantry sources: infantry figurines, crossbowmen figurines, chariot figurines and cavalry figurines. The figurines of the crossbowman hold weapons in different postures. They have prepared bows and arrows. Chariot figurines followed the chariot with weapons and stood beside the horse, holding the horse in one hand and holding the weapon in the other. Strict rank hierarchy is an important guarantee for the combat effectiveness of the army. It can be clearly seen from different clothes and weapons that the soldiers with the lowest rank are wearing brown shorts, with no armor on their chests and their legs tied. Besides short brown, high-ranking soldiers with square feet also wear short armor, low-ranking officers wear single-version long crowns at the source, high-ranking officers wear double-version long crowns on the heads of long black armor, and colorful lace breastplates on shirt covers or unique fish scales with straight front and back wear double-rolled-tail long crowns, also known as crane crowns. It is said that cranes are brave and aggressive birds. The general wore a double-decker combat suit to his death. The robe was covered with a strange layer of aluminum armor. Aluminum armor is triangular and consists of fish scales. There are colored ribbons on the shoulders and chest. The general was surrounded by a group of officers, with a dignified face and a beard. Keep your feet apart, hold your left wrist with your right hand and put your hands in front of your abdomen. Another general who once stood on the battlefield with a long beard looked solemn, and his left hand pressed his sword step. It can also be seen from the different weapons he holds. General Yong and senior officers only have swords for command and self-defense. Low-ranking military officers and soldiers each hold offensive weapons, such as Pit No.2, which was discovered in the archaeological exploration of 1976 about 20 meters north of Pit No.1.. The plane is in the shape of a curved ruler, which is long in the east and long in the west, widest in the north and south, with a depth of about meters and an area of about 6000 square meters. The second pit consists of four units: the first unit, that is, the eastern protruding part consists of kneeling crossbows and vertical crossbows; The second unit, that is, the southern half of the figurine pit consists of a chariot; The third unit is the combination of vehicles and disciples in the middle of the pit. The fourth unit of the growth phalanx is a long phalanx composed of many cavalry, which is located in the northern half of the pit. The four phalanxes are a rectangular array composed of units, which can be attacked in advance and defended in retreat, orderly and impeccable, flexible in formation transformation and coordinated from beginning to end. It is not only the antenna of exploratory attack, but also the striker of assault attack. This is the only discovery in the archaeological history of China. It provides a rare intuitive model for understanding the military establishment and combat mode of the Qin Dynasty. According to the density estimation of local trial excavation, the number of terracotta warriors and horses buried in pit 2 is about 2000, among which there will be a large number of bronze weapons. Compared with Pit No.1 and Pit No.3, Pit No.2 is the essence of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. Its shape is complex, its arms are complete, its postures are diverse, and its preservation is more complete than those of Pit No.1 and Pit No.3. Among them, the kneeling posture of pommel horse cavalry figurines is unique to Pit No.2, and the types of chariots are also the characteristics of Pit No.2.. The chariots here can be divided into four types: command vehicle, auxiliary vehicle, general vehicle and general vehicle. The command vehicle is luxuriantly decorated, painted with black paint and exquisite geometric patterns. There is a circular canopy on the roof of the vehicle, and there are generals in the vehicle, who are guarded by Shouyong and Rongyou fighters. Command tools are clocks and drums hung on vehicles, which attack when the drums are played and retreat when the bells are rung. The auxiliary car also has a canopy and a bell and drum, and only Yu Shouyong is in the car. Leave space for statues of generals. When fighting, the auxiliary vehicle will follow the command vehicle to prevent any accident. There is also a canopy on the bus, but there is no bell tower. There are four terracotta figures in the car, one is a royal hand figure, the other is a military official figure, and the other two are samurai figures. Experts believe that this kind of car is used as a front-wheel drive, leading ahead when marching and challenging ahead when fighting. Then the two armies formally confronted each other. Generally speaking, there is an imperial warrior and two warriors on the chariot. Warriors on both sides of the imperial warrior are armed with long weapons, such as spears and other weapons. The vehicle is also equipped with bows and arrows. The exhibition hall of No.2 pit was built in 2000, with grand, solemn and majestic architecture and Qin Dynasty style. It has supporting facilities such as exhibition room, VIP reception room, monitoring room, tea room lounge and cultural relics library. It is a site protection exhibition hall with the largest building area, the most modern functions and the most complete functions in China. Pit No.3 and Pit No.2 were discovered during archaeological exploration in 2006, and the protection exhibition hall was built in 2006. It is located on the north side of the west end of No.1 pit, meters away from No.1 pit and about 120 meters away from No.2 pit in the east. Three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern in the three pits. The No.3 pit is the only pit that has been completely excavated and cleaned, and it is also the smallest concave plane structure with a depth of 5.2-5.4 meters and an area of 524 square meters. A chariot, a pottery horse, a warrior figurine and a bronze weapon were unearthed in the third pit. Except for the four chariot figures matched with the chariot, other warrior figures are arranged in a non-combat formation along the passage, and they are not equipped with actual combat weapons such as crossbows and spears. More of a funeral ceremony and majesty. Experts judge that this is the military curtain of the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, that is, the command system of the whole branch of the guard. Although ancient armies were arranged in many ways, the most basic thing was that the first pit of the left, middle and right armies was Zuo Jun, the second pit was the right army, and the third pit was the headquarters. So, where is the other Zhong Jun? That is to say, it has only been excavated and expanded, and there is no time to build bricks and shed wood, let alone put it in the fourth pit of Terracotta Warriors. Although the area of the No.4 pit is more than square meters, it is rarely mentioned, but it is not dispensable, because these four pits have formed a complete military establishment system, leaving a regrettable historical record: the work of Mount Li was not completed, and Zhang Zhou's million-dollar teacher went to the Qin Dynasty bronze chariots and horses 1978. Archaeological team of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum found a group of burial pits for chariots and horses at a depth of 7.8 meters underground 20 meters west of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. These two bronze chariots and horses were dug out of the pit. They were originally placed in wooden coffins. Due to the age, the coffin rotted and the filler sank, and it was crushed into 1000 pieces. In order to facilitate the restoration, archaeologists initially cleaned the upper soil of the bronze chariots and horses, inserted steel plates into the ground, hoisted the bronze chariots and horses out of the pit and packed them, and then transported them back indoors for cleaning and splicing. After eight years of hard work, they finally recovered their brilliant appearance. From the point of view of artistic appreciation, the bronze chariots and horses are impeccable in shape, rich and plump, with glittering gold and silver ornaments on their bodies, eyes staring at the front, nostrils slightly open, teeth clenched, mane fluttering in the wind, bamboo ears cocked up, as if obeying orders, and he waved his hand, let go of his hooves and flew in front of the No.1 bronze chariots and horses. Lean forward slightly, hold the reins with both hands and look at the front of the car. Concentrate on the imperial officer of No.2 bronze chariots and horses sitting in the front of the car, wearing a cloud-cutting crown and a green sword hanging from his waist, wearing a long Confucianism, holding the reins and holding high the long strategy. The plump and round face shows a satisfied and humble expression, just like the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, the bronze chariots and horses adopt strict realism. Every tendon of the lifelike horse conforms to the physiological anatomical structure, even the wrinkles and teeth on the maxilla of the horse's mouth are cast, and even the two cicada-like black spots and anal sphincter on both sides of the horse's thigh have not ignored the facial eyelashes and fingernails of the royal officials to the point of vividness. In sharp contrast to the strict realism of plastic arts, the highly romantic technique used in copper car painting, the painted dragon and tiger patterns on the hood and the upper part of the car appear together. Like a fog roll in Yun Teng, like a dancing golden snake, it is romantic and unrestrained. As soon as I touched the bottom, the style changed suddenly, the brushwork was exquisite, the charm and elegance were combined with the cast geometric patterns, so that the exquisite sculpture and the gorgeous painted patterns were integrated and complemented each other.
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Historical background of terracotta warriors and horses
1, Historical Records According to Records of the Historian, Qin Shihuang ascended the throne at the age of 13. Prime Minister Li Siyi began to plan, design and build the cemetery, and General Zhang Han supervised the construction. After Qin Shihuang became an adult, he expanded the scale of construction. It was not until two years after his death that his son Qin Ershi finished it in a hurry, and the construction time reached 39 years. 2. Introduce the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, that is, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, as a funerary object in ancient tombs, were made into Terracotta Warriors and Horses. ). The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses was discovered in 1974. The pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong District, Xi. [1] is a part of the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. A large number of terracotta warriors and horses have been unearthed in the three pits that have been discovered. 1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was listed in the List of World Cultural Heritage Protection, and more than 200 countries visited it successively, which became a gold-lettered business card of China's splendid ancient civilization. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang are one of the greatest discoveries in the world archaeological history. 3. On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, Jimmy Carter, a former American president who made important contributions to the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States in 1979, visited the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum on September 6th, 20th14, which was the second time that President Carter visited the Terracotta Warriors. At the end of the visit, President Carter wrote a passage: "This is a very remarkable museum, which has left a deep impression on me since my first visit 33 years ago. Congratulations on your great achievements in the protection of cultural relics. "
22 likes 56 1 browse 20 16-05-07
Check the historical data of terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang
According to historical records, the planning and design of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was started by Prime Minister Lisi in accordance with the usual practice, and the construction time was as long as 39 years. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses and the Qin Mausoleum were built at the same time and buried in the burial pit. In the first year of Zi Ying in the Qin Dynasty (206 BC), the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor suffered the first and possibly the biggest disaster. According to historical records such as Biography of Emperor Gaozu, The First Volume of Hanshu, The Sixth Volume of Hanshu and Biography of Chu Yuan, after Xiang Yu invaded Guanzhong, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was destroyed on a large scale, the ground buildings were destroyed once, and the mausoleum was excavated. Terracotta warriors and horses were also seriously damaged in this catastrophe. Archaeological excavations show that there are black charcoal remains in pits 1 and 2, indicating that the collapse of pits 1 and 2 was caused by fire. 1In March, 974, farmers in Xiyang Village, Lishan Town, Lintong County found several life-size clay figurines made of broken clay when they were drilling a well at Lingdong 1.5 km. After exploration and trial excavation by Shaanxi Archaeological Team, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses once again saw the light of day. 1In July, 974, archaeologists began to dig the pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses located on the east side of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. 1987 65438+In February, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors were included in the World Heritage List. Extended data:
Historical background Martyrdom is a cruel and barbaric funeral system, which germinated with the disintegration of the original public ownership and prevailed until the establishment of slavery [9]. The most prosperous era of human martyrdom was the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and there were also human martyrdom in the tombs of nobles in Shang Dynasty. In Gong Ling area of Yinxu in Anyang, more than 5,000 people have been buried in more than a dozen ancient tombs that have been excavated. The Zhou Dynasty drew lessons from the tyranny of the Shang Dynasty and emphasized "Mingde Bao Min". The birth and implementation of Zhou Li greatly suppressed the phenomenon of martyrdom, but it was not eradicated. During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries competed for hegemony, the situation was turbulent, and people were killed again. During the Warring States period, the vassal states abolished the system of human sacrifice. In the first year of Qin Xiangong (384 BC), Qin officially abolished the system of human sacrifice. The social changes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period prompted the burial custom to change, and human sacrifice appeared, that is, pottery figurines and wooden figurines replaced human sacrifice. The original intention of "figurines" is to be buried. When human sacrifice gradually faded out of people's sight, "figurines" became proper terms for pottery sculptures, stone carvings and portraits in tombs. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Dynasty are the typical representatives and the peak of human martyrdom. The reason why the Terracotta Warriors and Horses reached such a high level in scale and realism is not only the wisdom of craftsmen, but also the will of the first feudal emperor Qin Shihuang in history. Baidu encyclopedia-terracotta warriors and horses
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