1 Genetic factors Many parents also have this situation, which will affect their children more or less.
2 Dietary factors Children are picky eaters, anorexia, irregular diet, too single nutrition, more meat and less plant fiber, which will affect children's digestion and gastrointestinal peristalsis. In addition, children do not like drinking water, and often drink carbonated drinks, which will also increase the burden on the stomach and affect defecation.
3 living habits The child's living habits are irregular, and there is no habit of regular defecation, and there is no conditioned reflex of defecation.
4 mental factors The child's stool can't be discharged, and his heart is in a hurry. Parents are always urging, which is easy to cause children's psychological tension, which is not conducive to children's defecation, and it is easy for children to get angry.
5 children's own factors The children's own stomach and intestines are delicate, and their digestive function is not good, which will also cause dry stools and is not easy to discharge.
To find out the reason, our parents should adjust their children's diet and comfort their psychology according to the specific situation.
The first is to let children develop the good habit of drinking water. Water here refers to white water, not all kinds of liquid drinks. There is nothing wrong with the sentence "Water is the source of life". Water can not only replenish the water that the body lacks, but also lubricate the intestine, improve the intestinal environment, increase the peristalsis of the stomach and improve the dry stool. Prepare a small water cup for your child, try to be a thermos cup. Because children are young, it is not appropriate to drink raw cold water, and warm water is suitable for children to drink at any season.
The second is to adjust the child's diet. Help children get rid of the habit of picky eaters and anorexia, and give them more coarse fiber foods, such as celery, vegetables, carrots, fungus and coarse grains, which will help children increase intestinal peristalsis and relieve dry stools. At the same time, increase the consumption of fruits for children: bananas, apples, pears and other fruits are very common and children like to eat, which can help children enhance digestion and improve their physique while supplementing their physical nutrition. You can also give your child a proper amount of yogurt to help improve the intestinal flora, increase intestinal peristalsis and help digestion.
While adjusting the diet, parents can massage their children's abdomen. Massage gently clockwise or counterclockwise with your palm around your child's belly button for five to ten minutes every day, which can effectively help your child's gastrointestinal peristalsis and help your child defecate.
Increasing children's outdoor activities and letting them exercise more can not only help children digest excess energy, enhance their physique, but also help children improve their defecation.
My little Bao used to have a bad stomach and often had a stomachache, so I massaged his abdomen for ten minutes every night before going to bed for a year. Now Xiaobao is in good health and has a good appetite.
I hope the above suggestions are helpful to the subject.
Baby's stool is dry
The reasons for dry baby's stool are insufficient breast milk, high protein content in breast milk, and baby's stomach discomfort. When the baby's stool is dry, it is generally manifested as the frequency of the baby's stool is reduced than usual, the stool is hard or hard, the color is black, and there is blood in the stool. It can be relieved by letting the baby drink more boiled water, eat a balanced diet and eat more fruits every day. The mother can also help the baby to do baby exercises, so that the baby can develop a good habit of regular defecation.
Causes of dry stool of baby.
1, insufficient breast milk. If the mother's milk is insufficient, the baby is always in a state of semi-starvation, and may defecate once every two or three days. In addition to less frequent defecation, there are also manifestations of insufficient breast milk: breastfeeding for more than 20 minutes, no satisfaction after eating, slow weight gain, unreliable sleep and so on.
2. The protein content in breast milk is too high. Mother's diet directly affects the quality of breast milk. If mother drinks protein-rich soups such as pig's trotters soup and chicken soup every meal, there will be too much protein in the milk. After the baby eats it, the stool will be alkaline, which is hard and dry and difficult to discharge.
3, milk powder is not easy to digest. The raw material of milk powder is milk, which contains more casein and higher calcium salt. It is easy to lump under the action of gastric acid and difficult to digest.
4, the baby's stomach is not suitable. Formula milk powder is made from milk, which contains various nutrients. Some babies' stomachs and intestines are not adapted to a certain milk powder, so that they will not come out after drinking a certain brand of milk powder. This is generally related to the baby's stomach, and each baby's physique is different.
5, the baby eats less. Some babies eat too little, and after the food is digested and absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, there is less food residue left, which does not produce much pressure in the colon, so there will be no defecation.
6, the baby is partial eclipse. Some babies eat too much meat and too little vegetables and fruits, so the food contains more protein and less cellulose. Protein has many ingredients, and the stool is alkaline and easy to dry; The content of plant cellulose is too small, the contents of colon are too small, and the intestine lacks stimulation, so it is not easy to produce defecation. Some children like to eat dry food, drink too little water, have insufficient intestinal stimulation, and are prone to constipation.
7, did not develop good bowel habits. If you get into the habit of defecating regularly every day, you want to defecate as soon as the time comes, so that the fecal matter stays in the colon for a short time, and the stool will not be too dry and easy to be discharged. Some babies feel pain because of dry stool, which causes anal fissure when defecating. Children dare not defecate for fear of pain. The longer the interval, the more serious constipation will be.
How to judge the baby's dry stool
1, the frequency of baby's defecation is less than usual, especially for more than 3 days, and it is very uncomfortable when defecating;
2, the stool becomes a hard ball or a hard block, and the color is black, which is difficult to pull out. In this case, no matter how many times you defecate, it may be constipation;
3, blood in the stool;
4, crying when defecating, may be caused by defecation pain;
5, the number of stools is small and accompanied by poor appetite.
What if the baby's stool is dry?
What should my baby do if his stool is dry? You can give your baby more boiled water, eat more fruits, and maintain a balanced nutrition, as shown in the following:
1, drink plenty of boiled water every day. Drinking water can clean the intestine and promote intestinal peristalsis.
2, a balanced diet, increase dietary fiber. Eat more vegetables. Eating vegetables requires a certain amount.
3. Eat more fruits. One-year-old babies eat whole fruit instead of drinking juice. This can not only exercise the baby's chewing ability, but also increase the cellulose in the fruit, which is beneficial to promoting defecation.
4. Exercise properly. Exercise accelerates the metabolism of the whole body and is also helpful for intestinal peristalsis.
5, try not to use kaisailu or other drugs to promote defecation, which is easy to form dependence. If you don't defecate for two or three days, you can consider using a kaisai dew to eliminate stool.
6. If you encounter abnormal symptoms, you should take your baby to the hospital for timely treatment.
How to prevent baby's dry stool?
1, babies who are artificially fed or mixed fed for more than 4 months can drink some fruit juice or vegetable juice. Such as radish, carrot and celery, and orange, apple and watermelon are juiced. If the baby is too young, you should drink1-2 spoonfuls first, and then gradually increase the amount if there is no abnormality.
When the baby is 5 months old, you can gradually increase the complementary food. It is best to chop up spinach, cabbage, vegetables and shepherd's purse, put them in rice porridge or cereal and cook them together to make various delicious vegetable porridge for the baby. A large amount of cellulose contained in vegetables can promote intestinal peristalsis and achieve the purpose of relaxing bowels. You can also feed some fruit purees such as bananas and apples, which is conducive to promoting intestinal peristalsis. For babies who are exclusively breastfed, it is best to breastfeed until they are 6 months old before adding complementary food.
2, moderate exercise, do baby exercises. Insufficient exercise will also slow down intestinal peristalsis, leading to poor defecation. Mothers can often help their babies do baby gymnastics; For older babies, you can encourage them to practice turning over and crawling themselves, or give them a ball to play with.
3, properly massage the baby's abdomen: massage the left lower abdomen, if you touch the cord, gently massage from top to bottom to promote the downward discharge of stool.
4. Massage the baby's anus properly can also cause physiological reflex and promote defecation.
5. If constipation is serious, under the guidance of a doctor, you can give your baby Chinese medicine for clearing away heat and toxic materials and relaxing bowels.
6, for the baby who has formed anal fissure, mild symptoms can be bathed in warm water to keep local cleanliness; Serious illness must be treated by a doctor.
Due to the season or the baby's own physical problems, some children are prone to dry stools. Nowadays, it is autumn and winter, and children are more prone to symptoms such as dry nasal cavity, itchy throat, dry stool and constipation.
There are many foods to change children's dry stools, such as bananas, which are well known. But in autumn and winter, the weather itself is very cold. As a cool food, bananas are not easy to give children too much. Moreover, what children eat, adults think that it can change the dryness of stool, and children don't necessarily like to eat, so what they do for children should be good-looking and effective.
I often cook the following kinds of food myself, which are simple and convenient, delicious, loved by children and laxative.
1. Banana sesame porridge Raw materials: bananas, sesame seeds and glutinous rice.
Production method:
1. Stir-fry sesame seeds and wash glutinous rice.
2. Peel and cut bananas.
3. Add water to bananas, sesame seeds and glutinous rice and cook them in a pot.
4. According to the taste, you can add some honey.
Features: sweet and delicious, smooth and not greasy.
Nutritional efficacy: Runchang laxative can prevent constipation in children.
2. Milk-flavored potato balls Raw materials: sweet potato, fresh milk and yogurt.
Production method:
1. Peel, slice and steam sweet potato.
2. Crush the steamed sweet potato, and add a proper amount of fresh milk to make it muddy.
3. Knead the mashed sweet potatoes into sweet potato balls and pour yogurt on them.
Features: sweet and sour, full of color and flavor.
Nutritional efficacy: Sweet potato is coarse grain, which is beneficial to digestion, with high starch content and sufficient calories. Yogurt moistens intestines to help digestion.
Three-color duck raw materials: duck breast, or radish, green beans, potatoes, eggs, soy sauce, onion Jiang Shui, yellow wine and salt.
Production method:
1. Peel and chop duck breast, add onion, Jiang Shui, salt, egg white, yellow wine and soy sauce, stir well, steam in a dish and cut into granules.
2. Peel and dice potatoes and carrots and cook them with green beans.
3. Take the oil pan. When the oil is cooked, first add potatoes, carrots and green beans, then add the duck meat to stir fry quickly, add some water or fresh soup, and thicken the pan.
Features: bright colors, fresh and refreshing.
Nutritional efficacy: duck meat nourishes yin and moistens dryness, with high fat and carbohydrate content and more vitamins and minerals; Potatoes are rich in dietary fiber, which can relieve constipation and reduce blood fat; Green beans and carrots are rich in vitamins and minerals.
4. Spinach, soybean and radish soup Ingredients: white radish, spinach, soybeans, salt and chicken essence.
Production method:
1. Sorting, cleaning and chopping spinach.
2. Wash and dice the radish.
3. Soak the soybeans for 30 minutes.
4. Braise the soybeans, add the radishes, cook them until they are crisp and rotten, then add the chopped spinach. When they are boiled, add salt and a little chicken essence to taste.
Features: The soup is clear and slightly salty.
Nutritional efficacy: Spinach moistens intestines, radish ventilates, and soybean laxatives. It is a classic nutritional soup for autumn and winter.
The first paragraph of the above four paragraphs can be used as staple food, the second paragraph as dessert, the third paragraph as main course and the fourth paragraph as soup. In addition, sometimes the baby's dry stool may be due to any physical condition, which also requires parents to pay more attention.
Dry stool is essentially a normal water absorption function of the large intestine but poor peristalsis. The causes of dry stool can be divided into organic and functional. The organic causes need to be treated and symptoms relieved according to the causes, while the main causes of functional dry stool are:
④ The beneficial flora in the intestine is destroyed, resulting in indigestion and constipation;
ü The food is too fine, the diet lacks dietary fiber, and the food calories are too high;
ü Insufficient drinking water, less water on weekdays, and dry intestines make it difficult to discharge intestinal contents;
ü sedentary, lack of physical exercise, intestinal muscles become slack, functional degradation, peristalsis weakened;
ü School-age children have heavy academic tasks, and excessive pressure to enter higher schools will inhibit intestinal peristalsis and digestive juice secretion.
In view of the above reasons, children with dry stool symptoms should often eat more vegetables and fruits, especially foods rich in dietary fiber such as celery, leeks and spinach, and eat more coarse grains to ensure a diversified diet and stimulate and promote intestinal peristalsis. The Dietary Guidelines for School-age Children in China (20 16) suggests that children aged 7- 10 should eat 300g of vegetables every day, and the number should be increased to 400-450g at the age of1-13, and 7-/kloc-0. While adjusting the diet, behavior correction should be carried out to create a relaxed and pleasant growth atmosphere for children, so that children can develop the good habit of regular defecation, and at the same time strengthen physical exercise and promote intestinal peristalsis, which is beneficial to relieve the symptoms of dry stool.
Children should drink plenty of water every day. The Dietary Guide for School-age Children in China (20 16) suggests that 6-year-old children should drink 800 ml of water every day. Children aged 7- 10 drink water every day 1000 ml; 11-1300 ml for boys and10/00 ml for girls; 1 1- 13-year-old boys drink 1400 ml every day, and girls drink 1200 ml every day. When the weather is hot and sweaty, the amount of drinking water should be increased appropriately. Drinking water should be small and many times, and you should not drink it after you are thirsty.
Master student of Dr. Ma Health Group He Hairong
Children's stomachs are delicate and vulnerable, resulting in food accumulation, constipation and diarrhea.
There are two main types of children's dry stools. One is constipation due to intestinal dryness, which belongs to empirical evidence. Children have redness and bad breath. The other is the virtual secret, the child's feces are in the shape of sheep excrement, and his face is white.
First of all, children should be fed enough water to prevent dry feces.
Secondly, in diet, don't let children be picky eaters, control the amount of big fish and big meat, and eat more fruits and vegetables. Increase the amount of fruits and vegetables rich in dietary fiber. Give children less stimulating drinks such as cola, and eat less stimulating foods such as peppers and onions. There are also immature fruits and chocolates containing a lot of tannic acid, so eat less.
Finally, let the child increase the amount of exercise and don't deliberately detain him.
If it is a secret, it is necessary to supplement the child with nutrition, but the possibility of a secret is very small. Children are mostly hot, so we must pay attention to feeding enough water.
The baby's dry stool is mostly related to the improper collocation in the recent diet, such as insufficient drinking water and excessive internal heat. It is suggested that it can be improved through reasonable dietary structure adjustment.
Babies can be advised to take probiotics for conditioning.
Baby can properly supplement probiotics, promote intestinal peristalsis, and relieve constipation to some extent. But probiotics can't be taken for a long time, so as not to destroy the original balance of the intestine.
What does the baby eat when his stool is dry? /kloc-these fruits are recommended for babies under 0/year old.
Apple banana puree
Younger babies can eat some banana apple puree, and after steaming in the pot, the apples will be beaten into paste with a blender; Bananas can be directly mashed into mud with a little heating, and they can be changed for the baby to eat.
red pitaya
Red pitaya can relieve baby constipation. Red pitaya is rich in water-soluble dietary fiber, and the "black sesame" in the pulp can also stimulate intestinal peristalsis and relieve dry stool.
Ximei mud
This is also the method recommended by many mothers I have seen in the parenting group. Prunes are rich in cellulose and have a very good laxative effect. For babies under 1 year old, prunes can be steamed in a pot, peeled and mashed, and older babies with teeth can be cut into small pieces to eat. For babies under 1 year old, it is enough to eat 1~2 pieces a day. Sweet and sour. But prunes are seasonal fruits, which are generally difficult to buy.
Drink plenty of water
The baby's dry stool is often related to the lack of water in the body, because the small intestine should absorb water. If the water is insufficient, the stool will definitely dry up! Therefore, drinking plenty of water is an important way to relieve constipation. After steaming, peel it and mash it. Older babies can cut it into small pieces to eat when they have teeth.
Adjust the diet structure
Eat more fruits and vegetables, and make use of miscellaneous grains rich in dietary fiber, such as millet porridge, black rice and red beans, or cook porridge to eat. You can cut some vegetables, such as spinach and green leaves, and put them in porridge and cook them together. Vegetables are rich in cellulose, which can promote intestinal peristalsis and achieve the purpose of relaxing bowels.
Fiber is one of the main nutrients in food. If the fiber intake is small, the stool will be easy to dry. We should all get into the habit of getting enough fiber diet and water in our daily diet. The same is true for a baby. His plate should be filled with fresh fruits and vegetables, high-fiber grains and whole wheat bread.
It may be difficult at first, but the long-term benefits far outweigh the slight discomfort you or your child may feel. Here I will list some foods rich in fiber, which parents can use in their baby's diet to prevent their baby from dry stool or constipation.
1. prune: It is rich in vitamin A and potassium, which is good for treating constipation. Prunes also contain sorbitol, which has a natural laxative effect in the body. It is also a disease-resistant antioxidant and contains both insoluble and soluble fibers.
2. Pear: It is the best natural laxative, which can promote the movement of feces through the intestine. A pear contains about 5.5 grams of fiber, which is not only a rich source of fiber, but also an excellent source of vitamin C. You can provide your baby with a juicy, ripe and sweet pear instead of feeding him a high-calorie dessert.
3. broccoli: broccoli is also rich in fiber, which helps defecation. Broccoli belongs to the family of cruciferous vegetables and has strong anti-cancer properties. It is best to eat raw vegetables, because cooking them will reduce the fiber content. However, if you like to eat cooked vegetables, the healthiest cooking method is steaming and boiling. A small bowl of boiled broccoli contains about 5. 1 g of fiber. Provide children with this high-fiber food as much as possible.
4. Flaxseed: These seeds are rich in omega -3 fatty acids and cellulose, and can be eaten on an empty stomach. If you choose flaxseed as a remedy for constipation, you should remember that flaxseed oil is different from flaxseed and flaxseed oil is not a remedy for constipation.
5. Carrots: Raw carrots as healthy dietary fiber can improve your intestinal movement because they are full of fiber energy. Remember to eat it raw; Juicing or cooking them will not work because their fiber content will be lost.
6. Beans: Beans not only contain dietary fiber, but also are rich in iron and protein, which can promote the healthy growth and development of children. Beans also contain high levels of iron and plant protein. Beans can be added to salads or vegetable soups.
Children will be constipated if they don't defecate for two or three days, or if their stools are hard or even can't be discharged. The main reason for constipation of newborn babies is the high protein content in breast milk or indigestion of formula milk. If they are older children, there are many reasons for constipation, but it can be solved through diet and correct nursing.
First of all, we must first understand what causes constipation in children. If your baby is a newborn who eats breast milk, it is because the mother has taken in too many foods containing protein in her usual diet, such as pig's foot soup and chicken soup every day. There is a lot of milk, but the mother gets angry, and the result is passed on to the baby through breast milk, so the baby will naturally get better after improving her mother's diet.
If your baby is a newborn who eats formula milk, it may be because the formula milk has not been completely digested by the baby and accumulated into pieces, which affects the baby's defecation. Another possibility is that the baby's stomach and intestines are not suitable after eating this milk powder, which leads to constipation.
If you are already a child after eating complementary food, there are many reasons for constipation. For example, children have irregular lives and never defecate on time. Some children like to "hold back" for two or three days without stinking, and as a result, the stinky smell is particularly easy to dry.
For example, children's diet is unreasonable, foods containing cellulose are eaten too little, and protein foods are eaten too much, or they have a poor diet for a long time, which leads to the lack of strength to pull out the intestinal muscles, which is easy to form constipation.
From these causes, it is not difficult to see that the main cause of constipation for both newborn babies and children is diet, so if you want to solve constipation, you must first solve the unreasonable diet, and a balanced diet can effectively avoid constipation. Second, ensure enough activity every day, and at the same time add enough water. Some children can't eat all day, which is not only easy to accumulate food and constipation, but also leads to obesity. Ensuring enough exercise every day can promote gastrointestinal motility and facilitate defecation. You must drink enough water every day, and enough water can prevent constipation.
Third, massage your stomach every day to promote intestinal peristalsis. Let the children lie on their backs on the bed. Parents rub their hands and press them clockwise around the navel of the children for 3 minutes.
Recommend three small dishes to prevent constipation and promote defecation.
The first course: Taro sweet potato porridge. Ingredients: one taro, one sweet potato and a small amount of rice. Practice: Taro and sweet potato are peeled, washed and diced. Add water to the pot, add taro, sweet potato and washed rice, boil over medium heat and turn to low heat until porridge is formed. Suitable for babies over 6 months old.
The second way: apple bee honey juice. Ingredients: one apple, one teaspoon of honey. Practice: Wash the apples, remove the core and dice them, add appropriate amount of water, pour them into the cooking machine and beat them evenly, then add honey and stir. Suitable for 1 baby over half a year old.
The third way: Amorphophallus konjac fragrant fruit. Ingredients: Amorphophallus konjac, apple, pineapple and orange are all small, and starch is moderate. Practice: Wash konjac, apples, pineapples and oranges and cut them into small pieces. First, put konjac in a pot, add water and boil it for 20 minutes, then put other materials together and cook it for 15 minutes. Finally, add some water starch and stir it evenly. Suitable for/kloc-babies over 0/year old.
First of all, we should find out the causes of constipation in children. Common constipation is mainly functional, accounting for 90%-95% of constipation in children. The so-called functional constipation refers to constipation caused by removing external intestinal tract or systemic organic diseases and drug factors.
Step 1 do the previous work: medical history and physical examination, and rule out anorectal diseases or congenital muscle weakness.
Dr. Pei, a pediatric surgeon, once mentioned a case: "Yesterday, I saw another child with rectal stenosis in the clinic. The external orifice of the anus was normal, but the finger was blocked when it went in, and even the little fingertip could not pass. It is difficult to defecate after adding complementary food, and sometimes only a little dilute water leaks out. I have seen it in many hospitals, some are constipation, some are diarrhea, and probiotics and montmorillonite have eaten a lot. Finally, I went to a Chinese medicine hospital, and the doctor did an anal examination to find out. Constipated babies should really have an anal examination. "
For constipation caused by this reason, we should first find it through physical examination, rather than taking medicine casually.
Step2 diet adjustment is the most effective method, focusing on dietary fiber intake.
Dietary fiber has two characteristics: one is to promote intestinal peristalsis; Second, water absorption and swelling can increase the volume of feces. In life, the baby's food is generally too fine, lack of dietary fiber, slow intestinal peristalsis, small feces volume, constipation will naturally occur.
When the baby is constipated, fresh juice rich in sorbitol such as plum juice, pear juice and apple juice can be added.
When the baby is constipated in weaning period, supplementary food can be increased as soon as possible. In addition to eggs, lean meat, liver and fish with high nutrition, vegetables, fruits and porridge with more cellulose should be added, such as spinach, rape, Chinese cabbage and celery.
When older children are constipated, they can add some whole grains, such as brown rice, potatoes, corn and barley.
Reminder: Whole grain food is not refined, so it takes a long time to cook. Compared with ordinary rice, it needs more water to cook it soft and rotten. Especially for younger children, their chewing ability has not been fully developed, and parents should cook whole grains soft and rotten, so as to prevent their babies from fully chewing.
Step3 Drink plenty of water and exercise properly.
Babies who drink milk can basically meet the water demand. Babies who have added complementary food can get water from soup, porridge, fruit juice, fruit paste, etc. If the stool is dry, they need to add boiled water.
Increase exercise. Many babies go out with a car to push, get off and get hugged, and they are too lazy to walk. Parents also think it is too tired to bend over to help their children walk, so they simply hold them, which invisibly deprives their children of the opportunity to exercise. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage your baby to exercise more, whether crawling or walking, which will accelerate the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract and be conducive to defecation.
Step4 toilet training
In normal times, we should also pay attention to the habit of cultivating the baby's regular defecation. Parents can let the baby sit on the bedpan for at least 10 minutes, and encourage or send some signs related to defecation, such as "smelly" and "lesbian", to induce him to defecate. Over time, the baby will fall in love with the feeling of defecation, thus eventually forming the habit of regular defecation.
Step5 drug therapy
To take medication, you should take your child to consult a doctor and follow the doctor's advice.
How to eat to avoid constipation and dry stool? It should be considered from the following aspects. First, food should contain a certain amount of cellulose, that is, it should contain some prebiotics. These dietary fibers can be decomposed and fermented into water to produce some gases under the action of intestinal flora, and some nutrients, such as some B vitamins, can also be produced. It is very important that cellulose can moisten children's stools and provide nutrients in the intestine. Cellulose can promote children's gastrointestinal peristalsis and reduce constipation.
In the second aspect, there should be a certain amount of fat in food. If it is too light and the oil content is too small, it will also make children easily constipated.
In addition, from the amount of food. When children eat too little, the amount is too small, which is also the cause of constipation in children. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the time interval of children's daily meals when providing them with food. Meal arrangement should be suitable for children's digestion.
In terms of dietary arrangements, children's constipation and dry stools can be alleviated.
There is another important aspect, that is, let children move, maintain an appropriate amount of exercise, promote children's defecation and promote children's gastrointestinal peristalsis. When the child is constipated, you can also massage the child in an appropriate way. Under normal circumstances, you can massage the child clockwise with gentle force. Massage should have a certain rhythm and frequency. It can also help children do pedaling, and can also promote the defecation of children and infants.