Panicum miliaceum, usually creeping on the ground below the stem, takes root at the nodes, with alternate leaves, ovate-lanceolate, and dark blue flowers. Can be used as feed and medicine. Also known as spinach. Use green leaves and tender stems as food. Originated in tropical areas of China, widely distributed in Southeast Asia. Now it is widely cultivated in South China, Central China, East China, Southwest China and other places, and it is an important vegetable in summer and autumn. The fibrous roots of water spinach are shaped, shallow and strong in regeneration. The xerophytic stem has short nodes, flat or nearly round stems, hollow, dark green to light green. Aquatic internodes are long, and adventitious roots are easy to grow on them, which is suitable for cutting propagation. Child leaves are opposite, horseshoe-shaped, true leaves alternate, rectangular, heart-shaped or lanceolate, entire, smooth, dark green, petiolate. Cymes, 1 to several flowers, corolla funnel-shaped, fully flowering, white or light purple. The ovary has two chambers. Capsule, containing 2-4 seeds. The seeds are nearly round, thick-skinned, dark brown, and the 1000-grain weight is 32g-37g. Ipomoea aquatica likes to be warm and moist, light-resistant and fat-resistant. Strong growth potential, the biggest feature is waterlogging resistance and high temperature resistance. It can grow at 15℃-40℃ and resist continuous cropping. The requirements for soil are not strict, and the adaptability is wide, and both dry paddy fields and ditches can be planted. It can still grow in hot and high temperature in summer, but it is not cold-resistant, and its stems and leaves will die in case of frost. In areas without high temperature, it can be cultivated all year round. Ipomoea aquatica is a kind of high-temperature and short-day crop, which can be cultivated and sown in Jianghuai Valley. Rattan salamanders, on the other hand, have strict requirements on short sunshine, so they can't blossom and seed in the Jianghuai valley, and can only reproduce asexually. The varieties of water spinach can be divided into two categories: Zizania latifolia and Zizania latifolia. Insect pests include Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua, including translocation, brown spot and white rust. Viral diseases are called rattan vegetables in Chengdu and Jiangsu, and steel pipes or steamed vegetables in Sichuan. Hubei is called bamboo leaf vegetable, Guizhou is called tube vegetable, Hunan is also called pig vegetable or ear vegetable, Longchang is called river vegetable, Guangdong is called Cai Tong, and Shanghai, Changzhou and Fujian are called water spinach. Other places are also called rattan, urn, unintentional, air traffic control and water spinach. It is called water spinach grown in paddy fields and ponds, and it is also called kangkong in Singapore English. The newly introduced areas in Guangxi and northern provinces are all called water spinach. After emergence, transplanting or cuttage survival, combined with intertillage weeding, 1500 ~ 2000 kg of adult animal manure was applied to 666.7 square meters for 2 ~ 3 times, and then every 3 ~ 5 days. The temperature at seedling stage is low, so greenhouse and small arch shed should be used as far as possible to cover cultivation and improve the ground temperature. After the rain stops, topdressing 40 ~ 50% manure in time to avoid nutrient loss and yellowing of leaves. At the peak of growth, depending on the wet and dry conditions of the soil, water 1 ~ 20% manure or 0.5% urea to promote tender stems and leaves. After each harvest, 3 ~ 40% fertilizer should be applied again. The general principles of fertilizer and water management of early water spinach are: diligent, light, uniform, thorough and cool, and keep the soil moist at all times. It is not suitable to use coal ash when sowing water spinach in summer and autumn (which is not conducive to moisture conservation). After sowing, loosen the topsoil with a rake to make the seeds fall into the soil, then cover it with a layer of pig manure residue with a concentration of 40 ~ 50%, and then cover it with a sunshade net to keep moisture. Now, after the soil surface is dry, rehydrate it 1 ~ 2 times. After the emergence of seedlings, light manure should be poured frequently to keep the seedbed soil moist. After planting Ipomoea aquatica in paddy field, the early temperature is still low, so shallow water of about 3.3 cm (1 inch) should be kept to increase the soil temperature and accelerate the growth. During the vigorous growth period, the temperature rises, the vines grow rapidly, the leaves are dense, the transpiration is vigorous, and the water consumption is large. It is advisable to maintain deep water of about 10 cm (3 inches) to meet the water demand of water spinach and reduce the excessive soil temperature. Fertilization is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and decomposed manure or 0.5% urea is applied every harvest. Water spinach grows rapidly, and its yield and quality will be affected if it is not topdressing or fertilizing in time after harvest. Topdressing should be light first and then concentrated, with the maximum concentration of 40-50%. After dry planting, 2 ~ 30% decomposed light manure water is poured every 2 ~ 3 days to keep the soil moist and promote the germination of new roots and seedlings. When the new seedlings grow to 20-30cm, stop the newly-grown rattan stems with decomposed compost, leaving only 5- 10cm of the stem tips exposed from the soil, and pouring the decomposed manure with a concentration of 20-30% once. After covering the soil for 2 ~ 3 times, the vines can be covered and the seedlings can be cut in stages and batches. After each harvest, topdressing 50-60% fertilizer. During the harvest and marketing period, the soil can be covered 1 ~ 2 times according to the actual situation to keep the rattan seedlings strong and fat. Wait until the cold dew can be harvested. It is not convenient to cultivate water spinach after ridge closure, so weeds in the field should be pulled out in time. The general management principles of obtaining high yield and high quality are: sowing early, fertilizing more water and picking frequently. Soil preparation and fertilization Water spinach grows fast, has strong branching ability, needs more fertilizer and water, and it is appropriate to apply sufficient base fertilizer. Generally, 65,438+0,500-2,000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 65,438+0,000 kg of plant ash are applied per mu, which are fully mixed with the soil to form a plot with a height of 20 cm and a width of 65,438+0,338+0,500 cm. Water spinach with basal fertilizer has a long growth period and requires a large amount of fertilizer, so it is necessary to apply sufficient basal fertilizer. Generally, 3500-4000 kilograms of decomposed ring fertilizer or 4000-4500 kilograms of compost are used every 667 square meters. Spread it out in an all-round way, mix it evenly with the soil, and apply it in the whole border several days in advance to prevent the manure from fermenting and burning seedlings caused by plastic film mulching. When topdressing is applied at the height of 3 cm, the supply of fertilizer and water should be strengthened, and 5 kg of ammonium sulfate can be applied every 667 square meters. When the seedling height is 33 cm, the first harvest should be carried out, and topdressing should be carried out in time after harvest, and 5 kg of ammonium sulfate should be applied every 667 square meters. After the first harvest of hydra, due to the tender leaves, the amount of topdressing should be less and lighter. Urea 1 kg can be applied every 667 square meters, and the leaves can be washed with water after spreading fertilizer. In the future, with the increase of rattan growth, the amount of topdressing will also increase. At the early harvest, 5 kg of urea or 5 kg of ammonium sulfate 10 kg can be applied every 667 square meters, which can be applied at the same time. Hydra can be mixed with sand and scattered in the field, splashing water on the leaves to avoid burning the leaves, and the fertilization amount is the same as that of early clams. In order to increase yield and ensure quality, topdressing should be done in time after each picking. The seed coat of water spinach soaked in seeds to accelerate germination is thick and hard. If you sow directly, it will germinate slowly due to low temperature, and if you stay in low temperature and rainy weather for a long time, it will lead to seed rot. So it is appropriate to accelerate germination. Soak the seeds in warm water at about 30℃ 18-20 hours, then wrap them with emery cloth and put them in a germination box at 30℃ to accelerate germination. When the seeds are 50%-60% white, it can be carried out. Sowing water spinach can be spread or drilled, and the amount of seeds used per mu is 1.5-2.0 kg. After sowing, cover with fine soil about 1 cm thick. After drilling, a shallow trench with a depth of 2-3 cm can be cut transversely on the boundary of 15 cm. Then evenly spread seeds in the ditch, cover with fine soil and cover with sunshade net. Accelerated germination and sowing of water spinach. If each greenhouse is 300 square meters, it needs about 2.5 kilograms of seeds. Soak the seeds with11000 tobrazine for 30 minutes, then wash them several times, and then soak the seeds with clear water for 22 hours. Pick it, wash it, wrap it in gauze, put it in an incubator at 30℃ to accelerate germination, and sow it when the seeds are broken and white. Before sowing, put rice pebbles in 2/3 of the planting cup, and put them into the seedling raising tank, about 2000 cups, and put clear water in the tank to 1/3 of the planting cup. Sow 3 seeds in each planting cup, with the root tip facing down. After sowing, cover the seeds with a layer of pebbles. Cover the tank surface with foam board, keep the humidity in the tank, and water it frequently when drying. Water spinach under the management of fertilizer and water is a kind of crop that has been harvested many times. Therefore, in addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, top dressing must be carried out in stages to obtain high yield. At seedling stage, 10%- 15% diluted human excrement and urine can be sprayed, and the dosage per mu is1000-1500kg. When the seedlings have 3-4 true leaves, compound fertilizer should be used. Using the prepared nutrient solution to cultivate Ipomoea aquatica (Ipomoea aquatica) in greenhouse has high yield and good quality, and can be produced all year round. Compared with the traditional planting method, the income can be increased by 1500 yuan per 300m2. Make nutrient solution. Raw material ratio (g/ton nutrient solution): calcium nitrate 950, potassium nitrate 8 10, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 150, magnesium sulfate 500, boric acid 2.9, manganese sulfate 2. 1, zinc sulfate 0.22, copper sulfate 0.05, sodium molybdate 0.025, and chelated iron 20. Water spinach is planted and moistened. The seedling stage is about 20 ~ 30 days, and the seedlings will be sown when they grow to 5 ~ 7 cm high. For a greenhouse with an area of 300 square meters, each shed needs 156 planting foam boards with specifications of 1 m× 1.5 m, and 60 planting cups are placed on each board. The optimum growth temperature of water spinach is 25℃, and it will stop growing below 10℃. When the temperature drops below 20℃, cover the greenhouse with plastic film and close the door. On rainy days, the temperature in the shed is 2 ~ 5℃ higher than that outside. When the temperature in the shed rises above 35℃, it is necessary to open the film to cool down. Generally, 35-45 days after sowing, water spinach plants should be harvested in time when they grow to a height of 35 cm. Harvest at the right time. It takes about 30 days from planting to harvesting. When the plant height is 30 ~ 40 cm, the first harvest should be carried out. When harvesting in the first and second seasons, 2 ~ 3 knots should be reserved at the base to promote more lateral vines to germinate and increase yield, and 1 ~ 2 knots should be reserved in the later harvest. If there are too many branches. If it is too dense or too thin, it should be thinned. Harvest 1 time every 7 ~ 10 days in the early harvest period and late growth period, and harvest 1 time in the peak growth period of 5 ~ 7 days.