The locations of bovine internal organs are shown in the figure below, and their relative positions on the body surface are as follows:

Position of bovine internal organs (left side, with the stomach incised)

Position of bovine internal organs (right side)

(1) Lungs: the line joining the posterior corner of the scapula slightly down to the acetabulum is the dorsal margin, the intersection of the 11th rib with the horizontal line of the acetabulum, and the 8th rib with the horizontal line of the acromion intersection of the 11th rib and the horizontal line of the hip joint, the 8th rib and the horizontal line of the shoulder joint, and then extending forward and downward as the posterior margin of the lung.

(2) Heart: slightly to the left, in contact with the left chest wall between the 3rd and 4th ribs. The right side is in contact with the right chest wall only in a small triangle at the lower end of the 4th rib.

(3) Rumen: occupies almost the entire left side of the abdominal cavity.

(4) Spleen: It is deeper and cannot be detected on the surface of the body; its splenic floor is directly above the upper end of the 10th (11th)-12th (13th) ribs on the left side, and the tip of the spleen reaches downward and forward to the lower end of the 7th-8th ribs.

(5) Omental stomach: the lower 1/3 of the 6th to 8th ribs on the right side to the raphe cartilage.

(6) Petrosal stomach: right quarter of the ribs, just below the lower half of the right 7th to 10th ribs, about below the level of the shoulder joint.

(7) Wrinkled stomach: the saber-like cartilaginous portion of the abdominal cavity abutting the right side of the anterior part of the wall of the abdominal floor, just above and below the right costal arch, approximately equivalent to the 6th (7th) to 11th ribs.

(8) Liver: not easily detectable on the body surface. It is located in the right quarter of the ribs, superior and posterior to the last rib (13th rib), forward and downward to the lower part of the 8th intercostal space, with the lower edge reaching the line of attachment of the diaphragm on the 10th rib. The gallbladder is approximately directly inferior to the 10th intercostal space on the right side.

(9) Large and small intestines: located on the right side of the abdominal cavity. The colon occupies the upper half of the right abdominal wall, the jejunum occupies the lower half, and the cecum extends from the 9th lumbar vertebra to the entrance of the pelvis.

(10) Right kidney: the upper part of the last rib to just below the transverse process of the 2nd to 3rd lumbar vertebrae.

(11) Left kidney: located to the right of the rumen, about the 2nd (3rd) to 5th lumbar vertebrae.

(12) Bladder: in the pelvic cavity.285. What are the normal physiologic indicators of a cow?

Knowing the normal physiological indicators of cows is an important basis for judging the metabolic status and health status of cows. The normal body temperature range of cows should be 37.5-39.1℃. The body temperature of cows does not change with age, but the temperature change in the morning and afternoon of a day can sometimes be up to 0.4 ℃. The pulse of adult cows is usually 50-60 beats/minute, but newborn calves can reach 70-80 beats/minute, and then gradually decrease to the number of adult. Pulse counts are slightly higher in lactation and late pregnancy than in adult empty cows. Cattle normal respiration 20 ~ 28 times / minute, the change of the law and the change of the pulse is basically the same.

Changes in blood composition are related to the age of the cow. The redox process within the organism of newborn calves is stronger than that of adult cows, so the main components of the blood are higher than those of adults. As cows age, the white blood cells, red blood cells, and hemoglobin content of the blood decreases. The blood composition of cattle is also affected by sex, feeding conditions, temperature, humidity, light intensity, altitude and other ecological conditions. The main blood indicators of cattle are shown in the table below.

Major blood indicators in cows