Zhang Zeduan, with the character Zhengdao, was a native of Dongwu (present-day Zhucheng, Shandong Province). He studied painting in Bianjing in his early years and worked at the Hanlin Painting and Drawing Academy during the reign of Emperor Zhao Ji of the Song Dynasty (1101-1124). He specialized in the Chinese painting technique of drawing lines with a boundary brush and a straight ruler, which was used to represent subjects such as palaces, buildings, platforms, houses, etc. He was especially good at painting boats and carts, marketplaces, bridges, streets, and citadels. His paintings are unique and distinctive. Most of Zhang Zeduan's paintings have been dispersed, but only the scroll "Qingming Shanghe Tu" has been preserved intact. The painting is 25 and a half centimeters high and 525 centimeters long. This painting depicts the prosperous scene of Bianjing during the Qingming Festival, which is the witness of Bianjing's prosperity in that year, and also a reflection of the economic situation of the city in the Northern Song Dynasty. Through this painting, we understand the urban landscape of the Northern Song Dynasty and the life of people of all classes at that time. In short, "Qingming Riverside Drawing" has a very high historical value.
Bianjing was very prosperous during the Northern Song Dynasty, with four rivers running through the city and four land routes, which was the center of land and water transportation in the country, and the commercial development was the first in the country, with a population of more than one million at that time. There were many lively markets in Bianjing with various stores and even night markets. During the New Year festivals, the capital was even more lively. In order to show the prosperity of the capital, Zhang Zeduan chose the scene of Qingming, which is an important festival, for 59 expression. The Qingming Riverside Painting focuses on the busy scene of land and water transportation and the market in the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The center of the painting consists of a rainbow-shaped bridge and the street of Qiaotou Avenue. At a cursory glance, there is a clutter of people; at a closer look, these are people of different trades engaged in a variety of activities. On the west side of the bridge there are some vendors and many tourists. There are knives, scissors and groceries on the stalls. There are tea sellers and fortune tellers. Many tourists were leaning against the railings on the side of the bridge, either pointing or watching the boats going in and out of the river. Bridge in the middle of the sidewalk, is a bustling flow of people; there are sedan chair, horseback riding, there are picking the burden, there are driving donkeys to carry goods, there are pushing the unicycle ...... bridge south and the street is connected. On both sides of the street are teahouses, taverns, pawnshops, workshops. Street on both sides of the open space and many open umbrella vendors. The street stretches to the east and west, all the way to the quieter suburbs outside the city, but the street is still full of pedestrians: there are picking burdens on the road, there are driving oxcarts to deliver goods, there are driving donkeys pulling trucks, and there are stopping to enjoy the scenery of Bianhe River.
There are a lot of boats coming and going on the Bianhe River, which can be described as a thousand sails and a hundred boats competing for the flow. Some of them are moored near the wharf and some are traveling in the river. Some of the big boat due to the load is too heavy, the owner hired a lot of slender man in pulling the boat traveling. A large ship carrying cargo had already sailed under the bridge and was soon to cross the bridge. At this time, the boatmen on this big boat looked very busy. Some stood on the top of the canopy, drop the sail; some on the side of the boat to vigorously support Penny; some with the Penny against the roof of the bridge hole, so that the boat safely through the water. This tense scene, attracted the attention of the bridge tourists and neighboring boatmen, who stood aside shouting and cheering. The Qingming Riverside Drawing depicts the busy and tense transportation scene on the Bianhe River, which adds to the life atmosphere of the painting.
Zhang Zeduan has a high degree of artistic generalization, which makes "Qingming Riverside" reach a high artistic standard. The richness of the Qingming Riverside Scroll, its many figures, and its grand scale are all unprecedented. The picture of "Qingming Shanghe Tu" is sparse and organized, drawing from the quiet suburbs all the way to the bustling markets of the city, which is fascinating at every turn.
Before the Northern Song Dynasty, China's figure paintings were mainly about religion and aristocratic life. Although Zhang Zeduan served in the Hanlin Painting Academy and created works called "courtyard paintings" or "courtyard paintings," he extended his brush to the lives of people from all walks of life and created social customs paintings depicting urban and rural life. In Qingming Shanghe Tu, a large number of figures of various kinds are depicted. Moreover, Zhang Zeduan's movements and expressions of each character are very realistic and vivid. This fully demonstrates that Zhang Zeduan's accumulation of life is very rich, and his creative skills are very skillful.
The ancient masterpiece "Qingming Shanghe Tu"
Liaoning Provincial Museum, located in the southeast corner of the City Hall Square, will be opened in mid-November. At that time, was in Shenyang "life" for six years of the national treasure "Qingming on the river", will return to Shenyang "province". Qingming Riverside" came out nearly 900 years ago, experienced ups and downs of the upheaval, leaving a lot of confusing mystery to the descendants. September 13, the reporter inquired about the "Qingming Riverside" life, as well as lesser-known experience ---
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The author of "Qingming Riverside Drawing" Zhang Zeduan, a painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, the word Zhengdao, Dongwu (today's Shandong Zhucheng) people. He traveled to Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province) in his early years and later studied painting. During the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhang Zeduan worked at the Hanlin Painting and Drawing Academy, specializing in boundary painting of palaces, and particularly good at painting boats and carts, marketplaces, bridges, streets, and citadels. Later, Zhang Zeduan "lost his position and sold paintings to make a living, writing the West Lake Scramble and the Riverside at Qingming."
The Qingming Riverside Scroll was once collected by the Xuanhe Inner House of the Northern Song Dynasty, and is a serigraph, light color, 24.8 centimeters high, 528.7 centimeters long, and the original is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Qingming Riverside Drawing" is the best illustration of "Tokyo Dreaming Records", "Shengji Fugue", "Biandu Fugue" and other writings, which is of great historical value. It inherits and develops ancient Chinese custom paintings which have been lost for a long time, and it inherits the fine tradition of historical custom paintings of the pre-Beijing period, recording the natural scenery of the suburbs of the capital city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the banks of Bianhe River at the Qingming time during the period of Emperor Huizong in the end of Bei Song Dynasty, with the exquisite brushstrokes, the architecture and prosperity of people's livelihoods in the city and the natural scenery of the city on both sides of the Bianhe River during the Qingming time. The city's architecture and the prosperity of people's livelihood.
According to the statistics of Qiteng Qian's "Humble Hall of Literature - Volume 8", "Qingming Riverside Drawing" *** has 1643 people of various characters and 208 animals, much more than the 1,191 people in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", 975 people in "Dream of the Red Mansions", and 787 people in "The Water Margin", which is a national treasure of immense value. Upheaval of the Qingming Riverside Drawing
After the Qingming Riverside Drawing was passed down to the later generations, it received the attention of the later generations for its unique artistic value and historical value. The last emperor of the Qing dynasty Aixinjueluo Puyi, in the 11 years after the abdication of the throne, by the "qing room preferential conditions" shelter, still in the forbidden city of Beijing in the widowhood of the orphans, and supervise the theft, take the opportunity to steal the palace treasures for many years of rare cultural relics, the number of the number, there are more than 1,000 pieces of the huge. Under the pretext of reward theft of national treasures
Puyi 12 years old, under the instigation of Zhang Xun, regained the throne of the Palace of Supreme Harmony, but it did not take long to once again abdicate the throne, in the "small court" in the midst of stormy times. At this moment, Puyi master the next step: study abroad.
Their first step to study abroad is to prepare the funds. So, he will be the palace of the most valuable paintings and calligraphy and ancient books out of the palace, exist in the British Concession house in Tianjin. Shipped out of the calligraphy and painting, ancient books are outstanding treasures, there are about 1,000 pieces of hand-rolled calligraphy and painting, more than 200 kinds of hanging scrolls, albums, about 200 kinds of Song dynasty board books. Among them, there is "Qingming Shanghe Tu" by Zhang Zeduan of the Song Dynasty.
Despite the "Qing dynasty preferential conditions" as a backing, but Puyi still dare not openly steal the palace treasures. He then rewarded his brother in the name of the theft of cultural relics. 1922 around the time of the Beijing situation, his father in Tianjin, the British Concession No. 13 Road, on behalf of Puyi bought a building. From 1922 onwards, they secretly the palace collection of antique books, paintings and calligraphy of celebrities of past dynasties and other cultural relics, in the name of reward, in batches of stolen out of the palace.
Puyi formally "reward" younger brothers, from 1922, the so-called "Xuantong fourteen years on July 13" began. Puyi use two younger brother every morning "into the palace" accompanied by Puyi reading opportunity, the precious cultural relics wrapped in a package, by his younger brothers every day after school when transported out of the Forbidden City. From the beginning of the "reward" in more than two months, sometimes day by day "reward", such as August 14, 1922 to 26, there is no day interruption. These Palace of cultural relics accumulated to seventy or eighty large wooden boxes, they were transported to the British Concession in Tianjin building storage. Carrying national treasures cast other countries
Until November 5, 1924, the then commander-in-chief of the Beijing garrison Lu Zhonglin, police superintendent Zhang Bi, led 20 short-gunner suddenly broke into the Forbidden City, whisked away Puyi, dismantled the "small court", Puyi's plan to steal all the cultural relics of the palace was therefore interrupted.
November 5, 1924, Puyi returned to his father's "Prince alcohol House"; November 29, Puyi fled to the Japanese barracks, asked for "refuge", openly moved to the Japanese Embassy to live in Japan, under the wing of Japanese militarism to restore the "small court". "On February 23, 1925, under the escort of Japanese police, Puyi absconded to Tianjin, and settled down in Zhang Biao's private residence "Zhang Yuan" in the Japanese concession. However, at that time, the economic sources far from meet his vast expenses, so he played the idea of selling national treasures in the palace. National treasures in the pseudo-palace
Through the Japanese agent Kenji Tohibara's conspiracy planning, the close cooperation of the Japanese army in Tianjin, Puyi disguised as a Japanese soldier, on the first day of the tenth lunar month of 1931, by a small steamer smuggled across the Baihe River, by the mouth of the Taku River, boarded the Japanese merchant ship "Temaru Maru", sneak to Yingkou, to Anshan Tanggangzi stay, and then go to the mouth of Lushun, into the Japanese commercial ship "Temaru Maru", sneaked to Yingkou, to the Anshan Tanggangzi stay, and then go to the mouth of Lushun. Then go to Lushunkou, into the Japanese colony. 1932 April, Puyi into the Changchun pseudo-emperor's palace, mounted the pseudo-Manchukuo emperor.
Puyi's escape from Tianjin, must pass through the National Army garrison area, so he could only light travel, a large number of national treasures in the palace, is still stored in Tianjin.
1932 to 1934, by the Japanese Kwantung Army Command Lieutenant General Staff Yoshioka straight, will be stored in tianjin static garden of the calligraphy and paintings, song and yuan good books, jewels and jade cui about 70 boxes, transported to changchun pseudo-palace, will be fitted with paintings and drawings of the wooden box, stored in the pseudo-palace east courtyard library building downstairs east room, that is, "small white house "; will be equipped with antiques and jewelry vault, stored in the "inner court" Xiexi building living room. Escaped with national treasures captured
In 1945, on the eve of the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, the pseudo-Manchukuo traitors were scared to death, each running for their lives. At that time, has been by the Japanese Kwantung Army as a guard of the Changchun pseudo imperial palace, changed to the pseudo-manchurian army guard. Puppet Emperor Puyi see the momentum has gone, fearful. He was most worried, it is impossible to store in the pseudo imperial palace of all national treasures away, and can only selectively will Jin, Tang, Song, Yuan of the calligraphy and painting a large number of escape with. In order to be able to bring more national treasures, he threw away the protection of the French calligraphy and painting of the nanmu box, flower damask wrapping skin, etc., these national treasures hard into a large wooden box.
August 10, 1945, Japan's Kwantung Army Commander Oda Etsuo announced: the pseudo-manchu capital from Changchun moved to Tonghua. On August 13 of the same year, Puyi fled from Changchun to Tonghua big chestnut ditch; August 17, Puyi took a small military aircraft attempted to escape to Japan. When the plane through Shenyang, Puyi was captured by the Chinese people's liberation army and the Soviet red army. Puyi escaped with the French books and paintings and a number of jewels and jades, was seized by the Chinese people's liberation army, surrendered to the northeast people's bank for preservation. Experts reveal the Qingming Shanghe Tu
July 7, 1949, the Northeast Museum (now the Liaoning Provincial Museum) was established and opened in Shenyang, became the first open museum in new China. Most of the exhibits of the Northeast Museum for the Northeast People's Bank, the People's Liberation Army seized from Puyi's valuable paintings and calligraphy, jewelry and jade ornaments. A unique eye to identify the treasure
People's connoisseur Mr. Yang Renkai, in Puyi escaped with a large number of calligraphy and paintings, a unique eye found the "Qingming Shanghe Tu".
Historically, the name of Zhang Zeduan circulated "on the river at night" a lot, Mr. Yang Renkai over the purpose of more than 10 pieces. 1950 autumn, from the northeastern people's bank allocated to a number of "anonymous" painting and calligraphy has not yet been sorted out, the good and bad mixed stock, jade and stone are not divided. At that time, Mr. Yang Renkai in the northeastern museum of temporary storage room to sort out the calligraphy and painting works found that there are three pieces of the same name for the "Qingming Shanghe Tu" works. Mr. Yang Renkai thought that these were common in the past, "Suzhou paintings" kind of thing, did not think that there would be a miracle in this.
However, what Mr. Yang Renkai was surprised to find was that the real painting of "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" by Zhang Zeduan of the Song Dynasty, which had been buried in the rumors for hundreds of years, was accidentally discovered at this chance time and place! Mr. Yang Renkai at once "eyes are bright, surprise, to see the true face of Mount Lushan, this kind of mood of excitement, unspeakable." The real book to solve the century-old mystery
Yang Renkai Mr. Yang's excitement at the time is based on: because before this, experts and scholars on Zhang Zeduan's "Qingming Riverside Drawing" in the end is a what appearance, know nothing. They can only be often contacted from the many Suzhou paintings, deduced that "Qingming Riverside Drawing" and its similar, thought "Qingming Riverside Drawing" is the original work of the original Suzhou paintings of the original. The original face of "Qingming Shanghe Tu" has been a mystery for centuries. No wonder Mr. Yang Renkai saw the Song dynasty Zhang Zeduan "on the river at dawn" after the real book, "the eye is bright, surprise".
To this point, Mr. Yang Renkai really understand that the author of the Suzhou painting did not see the original "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival", but only with reference to the written records of the composition of the layout and become. For example, the rainbow bridge in front of the east water gate of "Qingming Riverside Drawing" is a wooden structure, while the Suzhou film is a stone building; characters dressed, houses, stores, etc., are also very different from the Suzhou film, especially the boat realistic depiction skills vivid and natural, has reached the realm of the gods. Zhang Zeduan can be the Northern Song Dynasty capital city of Kaifeng complex and complicated scene painted into the picture, than Meng Yuan Lao's "Tokyo Dreaming Records" recounted more generalized, more graphic, no wonder the "Qingming Riverside Drawing" has been popular over the generations, enduring. Qiu Ying Lin Ben to identify the authenticity
Three pieces of "Qingming Shanghe Tu" since the authenticity has been found, the remaining two pieces of nature is a forgery. However, another miracle appeared in front of Mr. Yang Renkai: one of the two pieces was Qiu Ying's heavy-color brushwork painting of "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" with a signature. The work refers to the composition of Zhang Zeduan's "Riverside at Qingming", but depicts the reality of social life in Suzhou. From then on, unveiled the "Suzhou painting" mystery: the Ming dynasty Suzhou workshop painted by the "Riverside at Qingming", originally from Qiu Ying this map. Because of the "Qingming on the river" forgeries, are to Qiu Ying "Qingming on the river" pro this background, so, Qiu Ying pro this has become a measure of the authenticity of the "Qingming on the river" a condition.
July 7, 1949, the Northeast Museum (now the Liaoning Provincial Museum) opened, Zhang Zeduan "on the river during the Qingming dynasty" will always be treasured in Shenyang; in 1955, by the relevant state departments allocated to the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing. Snapping fingers 49 years in the past, "on the river at Qingming" to Shenyang "province", really exciting. We look forward to "Qingming on the river" as soon as possible to return to "home" to see