Jiangsu xinyi city Kangyuan Edible Fungi Institute Tel: 05 16-88939450
I. Main biological characteristics
(A) morphological characteristics
After long-term breeding, Agaricus bisporus has three varieties: white, brown and milky white. White variety, commonly known as white mushroom, comes from France. It is pure white in color and beautiful in appearance, suitable for fresh food and canned food. It has been cultivated in many countries. Brown and milky white varieties have poor color, and although they have strong resistance to the outside world, their quality is poor and they are rarely cultivated artificially. At present, the main varieties of Agaricus bisporus are As2796, Deng Xin 96, Mushroom 258 and F56.
(2) Nutritional characteristics
Agaricus bisporus is a kind of grass rot fungus, and the carbon nutrition needed for growth and development can be obtained by decomposing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The required nitrogen nutrition can be obtained by decomposing livestock manure. Therefore, all kinds of crop straws and manure can be used as nutrients for cultivating Agaricus bisporus. The optimum ratio of carbon to nitrogen for the differentiation and development of Agaricus bisporus fruiting body is 17∶ 1.
1, carbon source
Agaricus bisporus is a saprophytic fungus, and its growth and development depend entirely on the nutrients in the culture medium. The carbon sources that Agaricus bisporus can use are glucose, sucrose, maltose, starch, vitamins, hemicellulose and lignin, which must be decomposed into simple carbohydrates by other microorganisms and enzymes secreted by Agaricus bisporus mycelium before they can be absorbed and utilized.
2. Nitrogen source
The nitrogen sources that Agaricus bisporus can use are urea, ammonium salt, peptone, amino acids and so on. Therefore, when preparing the culture medium, urea and ammonium sulfate should be added in a certain proportion in addition to the main raw materials such as manure and grass to meet the needs of the growth and development of Agaricus bisporus.
3. Mineral elements
The growth of Agaricus bisporus also needs certain mineral elements such as phosphorus, potassium and calcium and trace elements such as iron and molybdenum. Therefore, a certain proportion of fertilizers such as calcium superphosphate, gypsum and lime should be added to meet the needs of the growth and development of Agaricus bisporus.
(3) Environmental conditions
1, temperature
The temperature range of mycelium growth is 6~32℃, and the optimum temperature is 22~24℃. Above 25℃, although the mycelium grows rapidly, it is slender and fragile and prone to premature aging. Above 32℃, the mycelium turns yellow, lodging and even stops growing. Below 10℃, the mycelium grows slowly. The temperature of fruiting body formation is 6~22℃, and the optimum temperature is 14~ 16℃. The fruiting body grows slowly below 12℃ and quickly above 16℃, but the stalk is slender, the skin is thin, the umbrella is easy to open, the quality is poor and the yield is low.
2. Humidity
In the mycelium growth stage, it is required that the water content of the culture medium is 60%~65% and the relative humidity of the air is about 80%. When the water content of the medium is lower than 50%, the hyphae grow slowly and the villous hyphae are numerous and slender. The water content of the culture medium is required to be 60% ~ 65% in the growth stage of fruiting body; The water content of covering soil is kept at 65438 08% ~ 20%; The relative humidity of the air is 85%~90%, and when it exceeds 95%, all kinds of plaque are easy to appear on the mushroom cover. If it is less than 70%, the surface of mushroom cap will become hard and easy to be hollow and white. If it is less than 50%, the mushroom buds will wither and die.
3. Lighting equipment
The mycelium and fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus do not need light, and can grow under the condition of general scattered light, but cannot be irradiated by strong light. The fruiting body grows white and fat in the dark. If the light is too strong, the surface of the fruiting body will harden, and many deformed mushrooms will appear, which will have poor commodity value.
4. Air
Agaricus bisporus needs good ventilation. Agaricus bisporus belongs to aerobic fungi. Sufficient fresh air is needed in mycelium stage and fruiting body stage. In the fruiting stage, the concentration of CO2 should be controlled below 0. 1%, otherwise the fruiting body has a small cap and a slender handle, which is easy to open.
5.ph value
Agaricus bisporus is alkaline, which is not conducive to the growth of mycelium and fruiting body and is easy to produce miscellaneous bacteria. The pH value of mycelium growth is 5 ~ 8, and the optimum is 7.0 ~ 8.0. Before entering the shed, the pH value of culture materials should be adjusted to 7.5 ~ 8.0, and the pH value of soil particles should be 8 ~ 8.5. Put some lime when spraying water at the end of each mushroom harvest to maintain a high pH value and inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria.
Second, the cultivation management technology
(1) Breeding formula (according to breeding area 100 square meter)
Formula 1: wheat straw 1500kg, dry cow (horse) manure 1500kg, urea 20kg, bean cake 50kg, calcium superphosphate 30kg, gypsum powder 40kg, calcium carbonate 30kg and ammonium sulfate 15kg. The pH value of the material is 8.0.
Formula 2: 2250 kg of wheat straw, 750 kg of dried chicken manure, 75 kg of urea 17.5 kg of cake fertilizer, 25 kg of calcium superphosphate, 40 kg of calcium carbonate and 0/5 kg of ammonium sulfate/kloc-0. The pH value of the material is 8.0.
Formula 3: corn stalk 1500 kg, dry cow dung 1500 kg, urea 25 kg, cottonseed hull 300 kg, phosphate fertilizer 40 kg, gypsum 60 kg and lime 50 kg. The pH value of the material is 8.0.
(2) Cultivation techniques
1, stacking of fermented materials (omitted)
2, putting the culture material into a shed to make a bed
(1) Work before entering the shed
(1) ground bed renovation, sun exposure, leveling the ground bed (arching in the middle), spraying 3%~5% lime water three days in advance (or spraying a layer of lime powder first, then spraying it with clear water to wet it, so as to connect it with the ground); When the ground is wet as mud, spray 0.5% dichlorvos (or trichlorfon) once to prevent diffusion.
(2) Laying corn stalks on the ground (optional): In order to increase the air permeability, accelerate the growth of fungi and reduce the cooling effect of the soil layer, a layer of corn stalks (1~2 thick) can be laid on the ground bed. Don't use moldy corn stalks, remove the leaves, the length is the same as the width of the bed. First soak it in 5% lime water for 24 hours (when soaking, add 0.2% kemeiling), take it out, drain the surface water and dry it slightly. Spread a layer of lime powder on the corn stalks to prevent mildew, or dig trenches vertically and horizontally on the bed surface to increase air permeability.
③ Disinfection of empty shed: 4 kg of sulfur is used for every shed of 65,438+000 square meters, plus 65,438+0-2 kg of dry pine sawdust, mixed evenly, sprinkled with some alcohol, ignited and fumigated. In order to repel insects, you can also add 0.5 kg of dichlorvos for fumigation, seal it for 24 hours and then open the window for ventilation. Disinfection in the empty shed should be one day earlier than that in the shed, and the drugs should be ignited and fumigated in 2-3 places to facilitate the spread in all corners.
(2) putting the culture material into a shed
It is best to enter the shed in the early morning, because the weather is not too hot and the speed is faster. Don't go into the shed when it is windy and rainy.
(2) Laying in the shed: firstly, lay a layer of fermented long wheat straw with a thickness of about 3-5 cm below, and then evenly spread a mixture of wheat straw and manure with a thickness of about 20 cm, with a slightly arched, slightly flat and incompressible middle, and the material thickness should be basically the same.
(3) Solid shed disinfection
After laying, clean the inside and outside of the mushroom shed, move the useless things out of the mushroom shed, close the doors, windows and ventilation holes, and put 4 kg of formaldehyde and 2 kg of potassium permanganate in 3-5 containers for fumigation and disinfection every 100 square meter. From the inside, while pouring formaldehyde, while adding potassium permanganate wrapped in toilet paper, while returning, and finally sealing the shed door and disinfecting it for 24 hours. In terms of operation method, potassium permanganate can also be put first, and then the prepared formaldehyde can be put. Because the chemical reaction of formaldehyde when it meets potassium permanganate is quite fast, it can release formaldehyde immediately, so it should be weighed and measured in advance. After disinfection, open doors and windows and ventilation holes for ventilation until there is no smell of formaldehyde and ammonia in the shed, and sow when the temperature of the material to be measured does not rise and is stable below 28℃ (about 3 days).
Step 3: sow.
(1) sowing time
It is best to avoid hot weather when sowing. If it is cloudy, you can broadcast it all day, don't delay, and finish it as soon as possible. If the weather is sunny and hot, it is best to arrange to start sowing at 4-5 pm and try to finish sowing on the same day.
When sowing, the greenhouse temperature is 22℃-25℃, the feed temperature is 24℃-26℃, and the maximum temperature does not exceed 28℃. After sowing, the feed temperature should be checked every day to prevent high temperature from burning the bacteria. In order to facilitate inspection, a general thermometer can be hung in the space, and it is best to insert a medical thermometer in the material to prevent reading errors.
(2) sowing date
The sowing date in plain area is generally from September10 to September 30th, which should be advanced when the temperature is low, postponed when the temperature is high, advanced when the material layer is thin, and postponed when the material layer is thick. Because it's hard to live in winter without adding heating equipment, it's better for farmers with conditions to add heating equipment in order to grow mushrooms in winter. Practice has proved that early sowing is beneficial to increase production.
(3) Preparation before broadcasting
① Dressing of the material surface: uneven thickness of the material layer and uneven material surface are the primary reasons for different growth degrees of fungi, resulting in different soil-setting speeds and uneven fruiting. Therefore, before sowing, it is necessary to arrange the material layers well to achieve uniform thickness, and it is necessary to prevent the lazy methods of "uneven material" and "leveling the soil".
(2) Check whether there are ammonia and mites in the materials: ammonia sterilization and mites eating bacteria are two major evils that must be removed before sowing. Generally speaking, the extermination of insects and mites starts from the third lap of the pile, so don't remember it before sowing, because it will not only bring trouble to the operation, but also delay the sowing time.
Ammonia gas inspection: use precision test paper with pH5.5-9, and put it into the dug pit at any time, and do not touch the surrounding culture. If the pH value exceeds 8, it means that ammonia exists and can be removed by spraying 2% formaldehyde. If the pH value is greater than 9, it means that ammonia is heavy, which is absolutely unacceptable. Sprinkle 50~80 kilograms of calcium superphosphate fine powder every 100 square meter, and then turn over the material again to make the material surface smooth, so as to eliminate ammonia gas, because too much ammonia gas will harm bacteria and grow ghost umbrella, which must be eliminated.
Inspection of mites: you can spread a film on the surface of the material, and after about 1 hour, check whether mites are attached to the film. If it is found, it can be sprayed with pyrethrin 1000 times or cypermethrin/3000~5000 times, and sealed for 24 hours. In severe cases, aluminum phosphide should be used for fumigation, and the multilayer bedstead shed can be used per square meter 1 piece. Because it is highly toxic, it is forbidden to use it in the mushroom shed at home, and it is forbidden to enter the mushroom shed before it is exhausted. You can't enter the shed until 24 hours later.
③ strain preparation: the outside of the strain bottle was repeatedly scrubbed with 0.2% potassium permanganate solution (or 3% bleaching powder or 0. 1% clotrimazole), then soaked in a cotton plug and pulled out with tweezers. Then break the bottle and carefully remove the glass slag. Remove the upper covering layer first, and then roll the strain. Don't rub it. Don't knead into a single wheat grain, and don't destroy the epidermal hyphae on the wheat grain. Then put it into a sterilized washbasin and take it out gently when using it.
(4) Sowing method
When sowing, the strain quantity is calculated as 0/.5 bottles per square meter/kloc-0, and if sowing in late September, it should be 2-3 bottles. Appropriate increase in sowing amount can make auricularia auricula sprout quickly, without pollution, produce mushrooms early and have high yield. First, two-thirds of the strain is evenly distributed on the surface of the material. Gently shake the culture material with an iron fork or bamboo tip to make the wheat plant fall into the material layer with a thickness of 3-5cm (equivalent to surface mixed sowing). Spread the remaining one-third of the strains on the surface of the material, and pat it gently with a wooden board to make the strains cling to the surface of the material, and don't let the strains hang overhead. Cover the door curtain and vent with newspaper (sprayed with 0.5% formaldehyde in advance) or plastic film to prevent the material from drying. If the material is slightly dry, it can be covered with plastic film for 3~5 days, and then uncovered after germination and colonization.
After sowing, gently compact (the synthetic material should be compacted), so that the strain and the material are in close contact, but also breathable and moist. When the material is wet, it should be lightly pressed. If it is slightly dry, it can be pressed moderately (it is best to spray 0.5% lime water in advance to make it moist). If it is late sowing, it is necessary to press stubble moderately to keep moisture and heat.
The amount of sowing is related to the yield. Generally not more than three bottles, not less than one bottle. If the sowing amount is large, it should be properly sown to the lower layer (mixed sowing is used abroad because standard secondary fermentation is used), and one-half to two-thirds of the material layer is mixed sowing; Never concentrate on the surface to prevent dense mushrooms, cocci and dead mushrooms.
Increasing sowing quantity and combining mixed sowing can improve yield. Because wheat itself is a nutrient source, this is also in line with the principle of supplementing the bacterial layer before covering the soil abroad. In addition, auricularia auricula grows fast, and the fruiting period can be prolonged and the yield can be improved by covering the soil early.
4. Management of Auricularia auricula after sowing
Within 2~3 days after sowing, the mushroom shed (room) should be mainly moisturized, supplemented by a little ventilation, and must not be closed. Doors and windows, ventilation holes, etc. It can be half-opened and half-closed, with less openings and more covers, and the ventilation holes can be hung with grass curtains or blocked to achieve moisture-proof and ventilation. Close doors and windows, airtight, easy to cause high temperature and humidity and induce miscellaneous bacteria. The suitable temperature in the shed is 22℃~24℃, and the material temperature is 24℃~26℃, so that the strains can germinate as soon as possible and the surface of the strains and materials can be prevented from drying.
4~6 days after sowing, hyphae have begun to grow into the culture material. Ventilation should be given priority to, supplemented by small ventilation, and the ventilation volume should be appropriately increased to promote hyphae to grow into the material and prevent the breeding of miscellaneous bacteria. At the same time, it is necessary to check the survival of strains (if some do not survive, they can be replanted) and the situation of miscellaneous bacteria on the bed surface. When Mucor is found, it is necessary to increase ventilation, reduce air humidity and control development; When green mildew spots are found, lime, clay and bleaching powder can be coated on the mildew spots to control their spread and spread. To prevent the growth of miscellaneous bacteria, 0. 1% clotrimazole or 0.5% formaldehyde solution can be sprayed in three days after sowing.
7~ 12 days after sowing is the vigorous growth period of fungi, and small ventilation should be given priority to, supplemented by large ventilation, so as to promote the rapid vertical and horizontal growth of hyphae and make them grow fully and vigorously. If the growth is not fast, the iron fork can be used to pry the material properly to increase the permeability and promote the growth of mycelium.
When the mycelium grows to half of the material layer, it will generally be pried open to accelerate the growth of bacteria.
After sowing, 12~20 days is the late period of fungus growth of culture material. When the mycelium grows to two-thirds of the material layer, it should be covered in time. As the saying goes, "It takes a day to cover the soil, but it takes ten days to produce mushrooms", the mushroom farmer's proverb cannot be ignored. However, we can't rush it. If the mycelium of the material layer is not well developed, we will cover the soil in a hurry. Although the mushrooms came out early, the yield was not high. So it is most important to cover the soil in time.
Step 5 cover the soil
(1) Preparation before soil covering
① Preparation of covering materials: The covering performance is directly related to the yield, the quality of mushrooms and the difficulty of water regulation, so we must not rush into it. Peat soil is widely used abroad to maintain air permeability and strong water holding capacity, which is one of the important technical measures for high yield of mushrooms. According to practical experience, sandy soil, cement soil, riverbank soil, barren soil and saline-alkali soil cannot be used. Wheat field soil in irrigated land with high yield of wheat or farmland soil of other crops should be selected; You can also choose the equivalent mixed soil of rural vegetable soil and general wheat soil; You can also choose to mix black pit soil (pollution-free) with wheat field soil that is not sand and sticky. When taking soil, take semi-active half-life soil below 15~20cm, too deep soil is too barren. Topsoil is not suitable for use, because there are many bacteria and pests and many grass seeds; Saline-alkali soil with salt content exceeding 0.4% is also not suitable for use. 20% ~ 30% peat or 10% fly ash can be added if conditions permit. At present, in order to increase the water retention, air permeability and fertilizer efficiency of soil, about 3% fermented materials (crushed into crumbs) or wheat bran are often added. Clay loam is the best soil quality. Sandy loam is the best coarse grained soil.
After sowing, preparations should be started immediately without delay. Every 100 square meter of culture area should be prepared with 3~4m3. If the soil is covered with 3.5cm, it is necessary to prepare 3.5 m3, and then prepare 0.5 m3 as mushroom holes. According to the preparation of 4 cubic meters, 30 kg of calcium superphosphate, 30 kg of calcium carbonate, 30 kg of gypsum powder 10, 30 kg of lime powder, and 0/50 kg of coarse powder of dry fermented materials can be added (leaving a small part after planting, drying and crushing). The soil should pass through a nine-mesh sieve. The above formula is called mixed soil. Before use, 80kg of 3% formaldehyde and 80kg 1% dichlorvos solution were used for disinfection, insecticidal, flanging and spraying, and then covered with plastic film for disinfection for 24 hours. After removing the plastic film, turn it over once every 1~2 days for * * * 3 times to remove the medicinal flavor, and then sow it at 1 Then spray some dichlorvos around and cover it with film until the soil is covered. When covering the soil, the water content of the mixed soil should reach the degree that it will be dispersed when it is held into a ball by hand, subject to pH7.5.
② rejuvenation of bacterial bed
A, mechanical stimulation rejuvenation: when the mycelium eats half of the material, gently pry open two-thirds of the material layer with a trident fork according to a certain inclination (do not pry or pry again), and at the same time, gently cut the surface layer with a trident fork (or hand). If it is uneven, repair it, then close the doors and windows slightly 1~2 days to restore the vitality of the mycelium, and then ventilate to allow fungi to grow, and adopt a bedstead for cultivation.
B. The mushroom bed should be nourished and rejuvenated: before covering the soil, mushroom growth hormone (50 kg of water and 25 g of growth hormone) can be sprayed once every 65,438+000 square meters, especially when the material is dry, which is helpful to adjust the humidity and increase hyphae. Do not cover the soil immediately after hydrating, and cover the soil after the mycelium grows for 2~3 days.
③ Inspection and prevention of miscellaneous bacteria and pests: If mites and mushroom flies are found, you can spray 0. 1% dichlorvos or 3,000 times of cypermethrin once, and ventilate after one day. If there is green mold or penicillium, spray 0. 1% clotrimazole once: when it becomes green spots, cover it with "three-in-one" sterile soil and take it away. If it is found locally, it should be treated locally.
(2) Covering soil method
Generally, the suitable time for covering soil is the first 15 ~ 20 days after sowing, when the mycelium reaches 2/3. Before covering the soil, gently press the bacterial bed again and level it. When covering the soil, start from one end of the bacterial bed. When laying soil, use small containers, such as small iron dustpan and large shovel, to prevent them from being piled up on the bed and easily crushed into potholes, resulting in local soil being too thick. In order to cover the soil evenly, three rectangular logs with a height of 3.3 cm can be made, one in the middle and one on both sides. After the covering soil is put away, it should be leveled with wooden boards, and the covering soil layer should not be compacted. If the bed is uneven, it should be lowered with the height, and it cannot be leveled with soil. When covering soil, try to put large particles of soil under it, and try to check the forage on the coverage. After covering the soil, adjust it for 2~3 days to make the water in the soil layer round and not stick to the hands, and it is advisable to clamp the hands with cracks.
If the soil is covered twice, cover it with 2.3 cm first, adjust it for 2-3 days, and then transfer it to normal management. When the mycelium grows close to the soil surface, cover it with a layer of soil material with the thickness of 1 cm, then ventilate for 2-3 days, and spray the mushroom-growing water (2-3 kg per square meter) again, then continuously ventilate to reduce the greenhouse temperature and material temperature, so that the mycelium thickens under the soil surface and forms the primordia, and coat a layer with the thickness of about 5-7 days before covering the soil. The edge of the fence is inclined and it is not allowed to be leveled with mud. This method is beneficial to produce bedside mushrooms and keep moisture. In order to prevent the bed from being airtight, you can use a sharp wooden stick on both sides of the bed and insert a hole at an interval of 30 cm to penetrate the feed layer.
(3) Water transfer management after covering soil
Generally, water will not be transferred within one week after covering the soil. However, if the soil layer can't be leveled, rounded and non-sticky by hand, it must be fully hydrated within 2~3 days to reach the above level. If the pH value of soil layer is lower than 7, it can be adjusted by 0. 1 limewater. It must be pointed out that no matter how to transfer water, it is absolutely not allowed to let water penetrate into the underlying material layer. Once the hyphae on the surface of the material layer are submerged, or the water has penetrated into the material surface, or an interlayer has been formed due to long-term carelessness (that is, the hyphae on the material surface retreat and the forage turns dark brown or black), then the soil layer will be greatly delayed, and even mushrooms will appear, so we must not be careless.
6, autumn mushroom shed management
(1) Management of Mushrooms from Soil Germination to Tidal Tide
Mushrooms can only grow when hyphae are developed in the soil layer (this is the law of protobacteria). No matter how well the hyphae grow in the material layer, the soil layer will not produce good mushrooms without hyphae, at least not many mushrooms. It can be seen that the management of fungus growth after covering soil is equally important, even higher than the material layer.
When covering the soil, adjust the water and collect the water traces on the surface of the soil layer. Under the condition that the temperature in the shed is kept at 22℃~25℃ and the relative humidity is about 85%, the doors and windows are mainly ventilated with less ventilation, supplemented by proper ventilation, so that the hyphae in the material can climb out of the soil layer as soon as possible, that is, the hyphae are hoisted into the soil. In general, hyphae can climb into the soil layer after covering the soil for 5 days. After 5 days, the ventilation rate gradually increased, and the ventilation rate depended on the mycelium state. If the mycelium is grayish white, it means that the ventilation is moderate; If the hyphae are thin and white, it means insufficient ventilation, so it is advisable to increase the number and time of ventilation. However, it is necessary to prevent hyphae from falling back due to excessive ventilation and deep mushroom roots in the lower part of the soil layer. At the same time, once the mycelium climbs into the soil layer, it is generally not appropriate to spray water again, because improper spraying water may also arch the mycelium and produce landmine mushrooms; In addition, pay attention to the temperature at night. If the temperature is lower than 20℃ at night and the mycelium has just climbed into the soil layer, don't ventilate. If the soil is too dry for hyphae to string the soil, water should be sprayed properly, lightly and frequently to adjust the soil layer to a suitable humidity; If the mycelium has not climbed into the soil layer after covering the soil for 5 days, a plastic film can be covered on the bacterial bed to facilitate the bacteria to hang into the soil.
The key period of management is15 ~ 20 days after covering soil. When hyphae pass through the soil to 2/3 of the overburden layer and a large number of hyphae appear in the soil layer (hyphae have just emerged in some thin soil layers and white spots have appeared in some places), the ventilation volume should be increased in time, the shed temperature should be adjusted to 16℃~ 18℃, and the material temperature should be reduced to15℃ ~1. Spray once every 2~3 days, then ventilate 1~3 days, and then use small ventilation to promote the formation of primordia and mushroom buds (a certain amount of carbon dioxide concentration is beneficial to the formation of primordia). Mushroom water should be sprayed on the soil particles, not touched by hands, and kneaded into a flat circle. In this way, after about 3~5 days, the fruiting body buds with the size of rice grains to mung beans can be formed at the position of 0.5~ 1.0 cm under the topsoil (about 15~ 17 days after covering the soil). When the sprouts grow to the size of soybeans, spray high-quality water once, about one kilogram per square meter. After about 4~6 days, the mushroom buds of soybean size can grow into first-class mushrooms with a diameter of 2.5~4 cm.
Generally speaking, during the period of fruiting, the soil moisture should be: the soil particles should be pinched flat and rounded, without sticky particles, and the water should not leak into the feed. If the soil moisture reaches the level of rubbing hands, it means that the water is already very large. If the mushroom has been produced in June+10 in 5438, the temperature is Shang Gao, and the soil moisture can reach the degree of rounding and touching hands when the first mushroom is produced. However, in June, 5438+065438+ 10, the soil moisture must not reach the level slightly touched by hands, and it should be gradually reduced to avoid the damage of water to hyphae.
(2) harvesting mushrooms
① harvesting standard: when the cap is 3 ~ 4cm long, it should be harvested in time to meet the export standard. If the harvest is too late and the mushrooms grow too big, the tide will be greatly delayed and the yield will not increase much. When the diameter of the mushroom cap is 3~4 cm, the mushroom quality is good, and the tide turns fast, and the overall yield is not reduced, even exceeding the yield of the big mushroom. Practice has proved that as long as there is a certain amount of mushrooms on the mushroom bed, the small mushroom buds formed by the next wave will not grow rapidly. Therefore, in the case of short suitable temperature period in the northern region, timely harvesting and timely tide turning are conducive to increasing yield.
(2) Harvest period and spraying time.
When harvesting, stainless steel knives and plastic buckets should be equipped. After picking mushrooms, cut off the mushroom roots with mud in time and keep them white, without umbrellas and mud roots. When picking the first and second tide mushrooms, the picking method should be adopted, which is of course a coherent action. Don't drive away small mushrooms and hyphae around mushrooms. If the mushrooms are dense, the method of knife cutting should be adopted to avoid hurting other mushrooms and causing mushroom death. After the third tide, especially the mushrooms in the 5th to 6th tide, the method of pulling up should be adopted, so as to pull out the aging fungus rope (the mushroom has no growth ability).
When the picking of a tidal mushroom is finished or near the end, the rotating tidal mushroom should be sprayed in time to provide water for the production of the next tidal mushroom. In addition, after harvesting, the bed surface should be arranged in time, the mushroom feet and old mushroom roots should be removed, the holes should be filled with fine soil, and the water should be sprayed in time to keep moisture, so as to reverse the decline.
7. Overwintering management of mushroom shed
The northern area can be transferred to overwintering management in the early (middle arch shed) and late (warm winter shed) of June 5438+February until the early March of the following year.
Because of the different management methods of autumn mushrooms, the mushroom production is different in the morning and evening, so the quality of the mushroom bed of autumn mushrooms is naturally different. After some autumn mushrooms are finished, the hyphae in the material layer and soil layer still grow well, with white color and no pests and diseases; Some hyphae in the soil declined, and the hyphae in the material layer near the soil layer turned brown-black, but the hyphae in the lower layer were still white and dense, and some of them were between the above-mentioned good and bad.
In the mushroom shed with good hyphae, when the autumn mushrooms are finished, it is necessary to clean up the yellow roots and dead mushrooms in the soil layer, and then pry them gently from the bottom of the soil surface with a three-toothed rake to increase the air permeability of the material layer, remove the bad gas in the material layer, enter the fresh air, rejuvenate the hyphae, and then replenish new soil, level the soil surface and replenish nutrient water once. It should be pointed out that there is no need to make a fuss when picking out old roots, dead mushrooms and dead buds. Generally, the topsoil of 0.5~ 1.0 cm should be scraped first, and then the dead mushrooms, dead buds and old hyphae (yellow brown) can be observed. After cleaning, topdressing can be carried out once, and new soil can be added to adjust the humidity, but when covering the soil, the humidity is smaller than required, and it should be dried to prevent the first time.
If the mycelium is in a bad state, it should be repaired. Once the autumn mushroom is over and the temperature is not too low, the blackened material layer of miscellaneous bacteria should be removed in time and sprayed with 1 mushroom robust element or other fertilizer solutions. Re-cover with old soil or new soil, and then add water to achieve a slightly drier humidity than when covered with soil. Generally speaking, this kind of mushroom bed rarely produces mushrooms in June+February, 5438, so it is better to repair it early than late, at least not later than the end of June+February, 5438. Its purpose is to use the remaining high air temperature and high ground temperature to restore mycelium growth and climb into the soil layer, so as to facilitate the early fruiting of mushrooms in the spring mushroom period. If it is too late or wait until the next March, it is difficult to recover and cross the soil because of the low temperature and ground temperature, and it can only be done when the temperature is high. At that time, there will be at least 1~2 mushrooms less than the general mushroom shed.
The material layer near the soil layer is not black, but a little brown and not too thick, so this kind of bacterial bed generally does not need to be repaired. Once the water spraying is stopped, the hyphae naturally recover.
During the winter, there is basically no water spray on the bed surface, as long as it does not turn white. At the same time, the vents should not be completely blocked. When the temperature is high around noon, you can open the vent for ventilation at least once every 10 day. In addition, the bed surface can be covered with a layer of dry wheat straw, and the north wall can be provided with a windbreak wall, and a layer of shed film can be covered outside. It is best not to freeze the soil layer. Good insulation of mushroom shed is also beneficial to reduce the formation of condensed water (which often leads to excessive soil covering). The practice of "four doors closed, let's talk about it next year" is bound to bring disadvantages to the production of spring mushrooms.
8, spring mushroom shed management
You can enter the production management of spring mushrooms from late March, but it is best to enter the production management of spring mushrooms in early April, because the greenhouse temperature and material temperature can basically meet the needs of mushroom production in early April. Premature water management of spring mushroom is not conducive to high yield, and even hurts mycelium.
The so-called spring mushroom management from the first half of March mainly refers to the beginning of raising the greenhouse temperature, ventilation, pest control and sterilization, and hanging screens on windows (the higher the temperature, the more flying insects). But the key point is to increase the greenhouse temperature, so as to increase the ground temperature and material temperature, because the climate after March is still in the stage of spring cold and low temperature, and the greenhouse temperature can only be increased step by step. By raising the greenhouse temperature, properly scraping the wheat straw and slowly raising the temperature, the wheat straw can be prevented from being scraped hot, because it can not change the climate, but can only cause high temperature with excessive temperature difference in a short time, which will make the mulch layer lose water and cause the hyphae in the soil to suffer high temperature damage. Affected by low temperature at night, the mycelium is hot and cold, and its vitality is reduced.
During the growth period of spring mushrooms, the main conditions are greenhouse temperature and material temperature, and when they exceed 10℃, they can barely produce mushrooms. Generally speaking, the greenhouse temperature is 14℃~ 18℃ and the material temperature is 15℃~ 19℃, so don't just stare at the greenhouse temperature, it will reach its peak in the middle and late April, and sometimes it will be delayed until the beginning of May. Entering the end of May, it will enter the end period, and some years can come out in mid-June.
In the production management of spring mushroom, the temperature increase in the first half of March is generally the main management; From late March to early April, focus on topdressing and water transfer management (adjusting humidity when soil is just covered); From mid-April to early May, we should focus on ventilation and moderate humidity control to reduce diseases and improve yield and value. Once the temperature rises in May, we should focus on cooling, ventilation and increasing water spraying (pay attention to replenishing water to the lower soil); In late May, water should be poured in time. In addition, the humidity on both sides of the ditch should be supplemented in April (the ditch should be irrigated once) to facilitate the production of the ditch-side mushrooms. In May, the cover on the shed can be thickened to reduce the temperature in the shed, and if necessary, the temperature in the shed can be reduced by spraying water on the roof (the time is about noon 12, and generally it can be reduced by 2~4℃). Doors and windows can be closed during the day and fully opened at night. In addition, for the mushroom shed with double film, remove the upper film and cover it with chicken net to prevent the wheat straw from being blown away. Every single-layer film shed must be covered with chicken nets to prevent wheat straw from being scraped off, and attention should be paid to fire prevention as soon as it enters the windy season.
With regard to the prevention and control of pests and diseases, prevention should be given priority, and prevention is more important than treatment. The occurrence of pests and diseases can only be prevented after covering the soil, fermenting and disinfecting. But the mushroom shed is not "vacuum"; Other pests and diseases may still be introduced, so we should not take them lightly. -Once in the spring mushroom management, spray 0.5% dichlorvos once; Spraying 1 ~ 5% lime water on the walkway; The bamboo spatula in the shed should be disinfected with sodium pentachlorophenol or copper sulfate before use, and the mold should be removed as soon as possible, and 0. 1% clotrimazole or 0.3% bleaching powder can be sprayed. In the production process of spring mushroom, rust spot is easy to occur. Large ventilation should be carried out during and after water spraying, and ventilation should be strengthened to prevent diseases caused by evaporation of water in mushroom area, which is also the inducement of bacterial spot disease. The lower soil layer is dry and easy to produce empty-rooted Pleurotus ostreatus, while the soil layer is too wet and easy to produce red-rooted Pleurotus ostreatus, and the air humidity is low, which makes Pleurotus ostreatus yellow; High temperature, high humidity and airtight, easy to produce thin-skinned mushrooms.
Water spraying tool-generally use back sprayer, but it is only suitable for air humidification. If it is suitable to spray water on the bed surface, it is necessary to increase the nozzle, so that the sprayed water can reduce physical strength like Mao Mao rain. If the sprayed water is mostly foggy and only wets the surface layer, the lower covering soil can not be replenished with water, which will inevitably kill mushrooms or produce white-headed mushrooms. In addition, it will also cause diseases caused by excessive air humidity.
Filling soil is very important in the management of spring mushrooms. After mid-April, the temperature is getting higher and higher, and the mycelium is getting closer to the soil surface, which leads to the longer and higher mushrooms, which leads to the thinning of mushrooms and the early opening of umbrellas. In the process of spring mushroom production, a new layer of soil should be added in time after each mushroom harvest tide to reduce the mushroom position, improve the quality and increase the yield.