Seedling raising, transplanting, direct seeding and cutting propagation methods of andrographis paniculata seeds. Seedling raising and transplanting methods are used in both the south and the north. The direct seeding in early spring has low temperature, late emergence and low yield, which is not conducive to growth. However, in the north, the hotbed method is used to raise sweet potato seedlings. There are many methods for seed treatment before sowing in March-April, such as sand grinding, warm water soaking and seed drying.
Seed dressing with sand, gently rubbing with bricks on the cement floor until the seed coat loses its luster and the waxy layer is partially worn, which is too easy to hurt the seeds. Soak the seeds in cold water or warm water for 12 hours, and the time should not be too long, otherwise it will be easy to plant seeds randomly. Sun the seeds for 3-4 days, and then directly sow or sun them before soaking them. The key to seed emergence is proper temperature and humidity. The nursery requires deep ploughing and weathering after the autumn harvest, and decomposed manure is applied as base fertilizer two weeks before the nursery, and the soil is turned and mixed evenly, raked and leveled, and the width of the border is about 150 cm. Choose a sunny day before sowing, and irrigate the seedbed deeply. After the water permeates, sprinkle a layer of sieved fine soil, sow the seeds, and cover the seeds with a thin layer of fine soil. Cover it with a layer of sawdust or crushed leaves, keep the soil moist, prevent hardening, cover it with a film, cover it with a straw curtain or a mat at night and keep warm.
Seedbed management
Control the temperature and humidity, keep the seedbed moist before emergence, and the topsoil can't be dry and white, because the seeds are on the surface of the seedbed, and if they are dry, the new buds can't get water and are easy to dry up. If the topsoil is dry, at 9- 10 am, uncover the film and sprinkle water on the border with a watering can. Generally, the seedlings will emerge after 3-4 times of watering. After the seedlings are in full bloom, the number of sprinkling water is reduced to prevent the disease of sudden fall. Keep the temperature of the seedbed at 25 ~ 30 degrees. If the temperature is too high, uncover the film and cover the bed with reed mats at noon. Pay attention to ventilation, first uncover the small cracks, and gradually increase them. When the temperature reaches17 ~ 20℃ and 50% ~ 70% of seedlings emerge, uncover the mulch, exercise the seedlings, properly control the moisture, spray thin decomposed manure every five days, remove the manure residue, and gradually increase the concentration, so as to promote the growth of seedlings and make the roots develop well to adapt to the bad environment in the transplanted field.
transplant
When the seedling is about 6 cm long, transplant it when 3 ~ 4 real leaves grow, and water the seedbed one day before planting to facilitate the seedling with soil and high survival rate. Choose cloudy day or evening, plant 7000 ~1300 plants per115 hectare according to the row spacing of 24 ~ 30cm *15. The row spacing of seed fields is 45 ~ 60 cm, and the spacing between plants is 30 ~ 45 cm. All the seeds should be watered immediately after planting. Water twice a day after planting in the south, twice in the north, and then loosen the soil shallowly. If the seedlings are not well delayed, water them again. The soil must be moist and loose during seedling delay.
Intercropping
Andrographis paniculata can be interplanted with many plants, and can be planted under the cucumber frame in June. Mustard and radish can be planted on the ridge of andrographis paniculata, and diced rice can also be interplanted between rows. The interplanting method is to cut andrographis paniculata into medicine alternately in early September and interplant Herba Violae. Plant another crop of radish, Chinese cabbage, rape or pea before transplanting Andrographis paniculata.
Biological characteristics like high temperature and humid climate. I like sunny and fat. The optimum temperature for seed germination and seedling growth is 25-30℃, and the growth is slow when the temperature drops to 15-20℃. When the gas level drops to about 8℃, the growth stops; In case of low temperature or frost around 0℃, all plants will wither. It is suitable to cultivate in fertile, loose and well-drained acidic and neutral sandy loam, pH8. 0 can still grow normally. Seed propagation: seedling transplanting method or direct seeding method, and seedling transplanting method is the main method. When the fruits in September 9- 10/October are * * * the same brown, pick them in batches before the dew is dry in the morning, put them in the shade and ripen for a few days, and cover them with a cover to avoid the loss of seeds. After all the pods are cracked, screen off the peel to obtain seeds. The seeds of Andrographis paniculata are small, with a 1000-grain weight of 0.93-1.52g. The seed coat is hard and covered with a layer of cockroach, which requires high sowing technology. The seedbed soil should be fertile and loose, and the rake should be flat and fine. Before sowing, the seeds should be ground with fine sandpaper or sand to remove the wax from the seed coat, then soaked in warm water, then put in a 30℃ incubator to accelerate germination, and then sown in Guangdong, Fujian and other places in the spring from late February to early March; Sow in the high bed in July in autumn. In Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan, hotbed seedlings were raised in the middle and late March, and cold bed seedlings were raised in April. The greenhouse in North China and Northwest China should be planted in the first or middle of March, the hotbed in the first half of April, the sunny border in the middle of April, and the plastic greenhouse in April 15-20. Seedbed management is mainly to control the proper temperature and humidity. Before emergence, the seedbed should be kept moist, and the relative humidity in the border should be kept at 70%-80%. Soil moisture should be controlled to prevent the occurrence of damping-off. The seedlings are 6-7cm high and can be transplanted when there are 3-4 pairs of true leaves. The live broadcast in Jiangsu and Zhejiang should not be earlier than the middle or late April, Sichuan from the middle of April to the early May, and Beijing should be in the middle of May. It is best to divide the cultivation into Taneda (for seed collection) and commercial fields (for harvesting whole grass for medicinal purposes). Taneda should be transplanted from May to early June, with row spacing of 50-65cm and plant spacing of 30-35cm. Commercial fields can be planted from late May to early June, with row spacing of 25-33cm, plant spacing of 16-20cm and planting of 105000- 195000 plants per hm2.
field management
It is mainly to water in time to facilitate the seedlings to take new roots. After that, it should be cultivated and weeded every 15-20d, and topdressing 1 time. The topdressing is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, which can flow human and animal manure, urea, etc., especially in June, July and August, field management is very important, so it is necessary to apply more nitrogen fertilizer and water frequently. When the plant height is 30-40cm, the soil can be cultivated to prevent wind damage.
extermination of disease and insect pest
The diseases include damping off, and 1-2 occurs at the true leaf stage, which can reduce the soil moisture, treat the soil with 50% carbendazim, or irrigate the disease area with 1000 times solution. When there are 2-3 pairs of true leaves, it is necessary to control the temperature, pay attention to ventilation and strengthen the management of seedbed. Black stem disease occurs in the adult stage, which can strengthen field management, eliminate stagnant water in time and avoid continuous cropping. During the onset period, 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution was sprayed or watered in the ward. There are also epidemic diseases, diseases with 50% carbendazim 1000 times liquid spray or shallow irrigation areas. There are also epidemics and viral diseases. Insect pests include cotton bollworm and mole cricket. The harvesting time and efficacy of Andrographis paniculata are closely related, and the effective components are high when harvested in time.
It is the best time to harvest the lotus plants when they are budding. Furthermore, from 75 to 90 days after cultivation, it is most appropriate to cut the whole grass from the place where 2-3 nodes are branched from the stem base. After cutting, it is necessary to strengthen the management of water and fertilizer and prepare for the second cutting. In some areas, the leaves of Andrographis paniculata are collected from the plant height of 20 ~ 25cm, and the dark green and thick old leaves at the base of the stem are picked and collected1~ 2 times, not too much each time, otherwise the plant growth will be affected. Don't pick the tender leaves to avoid affecting the yield. When the top tip begins to sharpen, cut them all off, and then remove the leaves. Don't be frosted, otherwise the leaves will turn red and purple, which will affect the quality of the medicine.
The climate in different parts of the country is different, and the harvesting time is different. It takes 3.5 ~ 4 months to harvest in Fujian, Guangdong Province, the first harvest in August, the second harvest in 1 1 month, and the planting in Hainan, Guangdong Province for 2-3 years. Andrographis paniculata was cut in the middle and late September in North China and in August in Shanghai. Sun-dried after harvest, if it is not sun-dried, it should be spread out in rainy days and cannot be piled up, otherwise it will heat up and deteriorate.
Cultivate excellent varieties:
Andrographis paniculata can bloom in the south, but in the north, the methods of temperature control, humidity control and early seedling raising must be adopted. The method of temperature control can adopt protected agricultural greenhouse, fire pit hotbed, electric lamp or electric heating wire to prolong the growth period. Emerge early, choose high and dry land for border seedling, and plant two pairs of true leaves with1~ 2 in the border, which should be planted thinly, with the row spacing of 45cm, two rows per border, and about 2,200 plants per115 hectare, when the plant length is 4. Strengthen early management, water and topdressing, topdressing before flowering, applying less nitrogen fertilizer and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer after flowering. Topping in late August, or spraying 10* 10 to the-6 power to increase yield for 2 ~ 3 times in budding stage. In mid-September, when the temperature drops, it can form an arched plastic shed, and the seeds can receive 1 1 month. When the seeds turn from green to yellow and the part is purple, the seeds reach moderate maturity and are harvested in stages in time to avoid the seeds from cracking and losing. The collected seeds are dried immediately, and after the seeds pop out of the shell, the seeds are dried, cleaned, put into a cloth bag and hung in a ventilated place indoors.