Medicinal Botany Laboratory Instruction
Laboratory I Microscope Use and Plant Cellular observation
I. Experimental objectives:
1. To learn the correct use and maintenance of optical microscope.
2. To learn the method of clinical slide.
3, learn the basic techniques of drawing plant cell diagrams, and be able to draw a plant cell diagram with the names of the parts.
4. Understand the types of microscopes, their construction and briefly how they work.
5. Understand the concept, structure and role of plant cells through experiments.
II. Instrumental supplies and experimental materials:
1. Instrumental supplies: microscope, slides, coverslips, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, dilute iodine solution.
2. Experimental materials: onion
3. Experimental content:
(a) Types of microscope: slightly
(b) Structure of optical microscope:
Optical microscope is composed of two major parts, the optical part and the mechanical part.
1, the optical part: mainly includes the objective lens, eyepiece, reflector and focusing lens four parts.
2, the mechanical part: mainly composed of delicate metal parts, the role is to support the optical part, so that it gives full play to its performance. There are mainly six parts, such as mirror base, mirror arm, mirror tube, carrier table, objective lens converter and focusing device.
(C) the use of microscopes
Each microscope is generally equipped with a low magnification, high magnification, oil mirror three objective lenses, in the observation of the object, the first in the low-magnification observation, because the low-magnification mirror field of view range is large, easy to find the object to be observed, and then converted to observe the high-magnification mirror, if you need to zoom in, and then go to the observation of the oil mirror.
The use of low magnification lens to take the mirror - light - place the slide - focus
The use of high magnification from low - high - low
(D) the use of microscopes, protection of the Precautions
1, the microscope should be placed in a dry place, avoid strong sunlight.
2, take the microscope, you should hold the arm of the mirror with your right hand, and hold the base with your left hand, so that the mirror body is upright, do not shake it from side to side, so as not to bruise or eyepiece sliding out.
3, to keep the microscope clean, wipe the lens with mirror paper, do not wipe the objective lens and eyepieces with your hands or a woolen cloth; use a silk cloth or gauze to wipe the mechanical parts.
4, observation should be from low to high and then to low, never use the high objective first, so as not to damage the slide and affect the observation.
(E) The structure of plant cells
1. Make a clinical slide of the inner epidermis of an onion and record the process of making it. Observe the basic structure of the cell.
(1) Tear off a small amount of inner epidermis, spread it flat on a drop of water on a slide, add a drop of water, and add a coverslip to make a clinical slide. Observe the cell structure under low magnification. The cell wall was transparent, the cytoplasm was uniform in color, the nucleus was flat and spherical, and 1-3 bright nucleoli were visible under close observation. It was then carefully observed under high magnification
(2) Dilute iodine solution was dropped from one side, the cytoplasm was stained light yellow and the nucleus was stained dark yellow.
IV. Homework and Thinking:
1. What are the main parts of an optical microscope?
2. Describe the composition of the sub-microscopic structure of a typical plant cell and the main function of each part?
3. What are the types of plastids? What is the relationship between their structure and function?
V. Experimental report: draw a diagram of the structure of onion inner epidermal cells, labeling the cell wall, vesicles, cytoplasm and nucleus.
Experiment II Plant Cell Posterior Inclusions
I. Experimental Objectives:
1. Identify the types of major cellular posterior inclusions and how to identify them.
2. To learn the method of freehand sectioning and tissue powder mounting.
3.Understand the concept, types and significance of after-containers in the identification of herbs through laboratory tests.
4. Draw the morphology of different types of starch grains and crystals.
Two, instrumentation and experimental materials:
1, instrumentation: microscope, slides, coverslips, Sclerotium, dilute iodine solution, Sudan Ⅲ test solution, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol.
2, experimental materials: potato tubers, cumin powder, almonds, tangerine root or Codonopsis powder, fig leaves, semixia powder, rhubarb powder, cypress powder.
Three, experimental content:
(a) storage material: and starch identification
1, starch grain observation: scrape a little potato tuber tissue, Gass's solution to make a clinical slide, microscopic observation to observe the type of starch grain. Add dilute iodine solution, observe the starch grain color change.
2, paste powder grain observation
Observation of cumin powder, the production of clinical slide. Observe the endosperm cells of the paste powder grain. Add dilute iodine solution and observe the color change of the powdered grain.
3. Oil drop observation
Slice the almonds with bare hands, and make clinical slices. Observe the paste powder particles. Add Sudan III test solution, observe the color change of oil droplets.
4, inulin observation: Platycodon grandiflorum or Codonopsis powder
(ii) crystals
1, take rhubarb powder to make a clinical slide, observe the cluster crystal morphology.
2, take half-summers powder clinical slide, observe the needle crystal form.
3, take the cypress powder to make clinical slide, observe the square crystal form.
4, tearing the fig leaf epidermis, the production of clinical fashion film, observation of the epidermal cells in the stalactites.
Four, homework and thinking:
What are the main types of plant cell after the inclusion (storage)? What are the sites of production and storage? How to identify?
V. Experimental report: draw the morphology of different types of starch granules and crystals.
Experiment 3 Primary Protective Tissues
I. Experimental Objectives:
1. To learn to identify the morphological characteristics of protective tissues, and their distribution sites in the plant body.
2. Identify the various types of stomata and trichomes.
3. Draw a diagram of the various types of stomata and trichomes observed.
2. Instrumentation and laboratory materials:
1. Instrumentation: microscope, slides, coverslips.
2. Experimental materials: groundnut leaves, mint leaves, honeysuckle, mugwort leaves, caraway leaves, marshmallow leaves, etc.
Three, experiments:
(I) Stomata
1. Flat-axial stomata: cissus leaves, sweet potato leaves, cassia leaves.
2. Straight-axis stomata: stonewort leaf, mint leaf, soapwort.
3, unequal stomata: big green leaves, mandarin leaves
4, indefinite stomata: aconite leaves
(ii) Trichomes
1, honeysuckle glandular hairs: there are two kinds: (1) the head is rugby-shaped, slightly flat at the top, made up of 10-30 cells, stalk 2-6 cells, (2) the head is inverted triangle, smaller, made up of 6-10 cells, glandular stalk 2~4 cells. The glandular head cells contain yellowish brown secretion.
2., Mentha piperita: glandular hairs, glandular phosphorus
3. Non-glandular hairs
Augusteum leaves - butternut hairs; caraway leaves - scalelike hairs;
Marshmallow leaves - stellate hairs; nettle leaves -stellate hairs; nettle leaves - stinging hairs
Four, homework and reflection:
1. What types of stomata are found in dicotyledonous plants? What are the characteristics of stomata in monocotyledonous plants (Gramineae)?
2. What types of tissues or cells are found in the primary protective tissue, the epidermis?
3. What are the types of trichomes? What are their functions?
V. Experiment report: draw a diagram of the various stomata and trichome types observed.
Experiment IV Mechanical Organization
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. Learn to identify the morphological and structural features of mechanical organization.
2. Identify types of mechanical organization.
3, Draw various fibers and stone cells.
2. Instrumentation and laboratory materials:
1. Instrumentation: microscope, slides, coverslips, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, dilute iodine solution, hydrochloric acid, resorcinol test solution.
2, experimental materials: mint stems, celery petioles, pears, scutellaria baicalensis powder, atractylodes macrocephala powder.
Three, experimental content:
1, thick angular tissue: take mint stems or celery petioles, the system of freehand transverse section, observation of subepidermal angular thick angular tissue cells.
2, thick-walled tissue: respectively, the following materials, the preparation of clinical slide, m-triol test solution, hydrochloric acid staining.
Take a little pear flesh and observe the stone cells.
Take a little powder of Scutellaria baicalensis and Cangzhu powder, observe the fibers and stone cells.
IV. Assignment and Reflection:
What are the similarities and differences in morphology and structure between thick angular and thick-walled tissues?
V. Lab report: draw a diagram of the various fibers and stone cells observed.
Experiment V Transfusion Tissue
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. To learn to identify the morphological and structural features of the transmission tissue.
2. Identify the types of transport tissues.
3. To be able to diagram various types of conduits.
2. Instrumentation and laboratory materials:
1. Instrumentation: microscope, slides, coverslips, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, dilute iodine solution, hydrochloric acid, resorcinol test solution, distilled water.
2. Experimental materials: pumpkin stems, anemone stems, mandrake stems (petioles), rhubarb powder, licorice powder.
Three, experimental content:
1, catheter type
Circular catheter: longitudinal section of anemone stems
Screwed catheter: longitudinal section of mandarine stems (petiole)
Trapezoidal catheter: powder preparation of evergreen mountain
Reticulated catheter: powder preparation of rhubarb
Pore thread catheter: powder preparation of licorice
2, sieve tube and sieve cell
Take pumpkin stem transverse cut, longitudinal cut permanent preparation, observe the sieve tube cell morphology.
Four, homework and thinking: what are the similarities and differences in the morphology and structure of ducts and sieve tubes?
V. Experimental report: draw a diagram of the various ducts observed.
Experiment VI Secretory Tissues
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. To master the types of secretory tissues and their morphological and structural features.
2. To draw a diagram of the various secretory tissues observed.
II. Instrumental supplies and laboratory materials:
1. Instrumental supplies: microscope, slides, coverslips, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol.
2, experimental materials: fresh ginger, half-summer powder, orange peel, cumin fruit, dandelion
Three, experimental content:
1, secretory cells
(1) take fresh ginger, do a freehand section, observe the thin-walled cells interspersed between the class of rounded oil cells, that is, secretory cells, that is, the oil cells.
(2)Mucus cells: take the powder of Semen Armeniacae, make a clinical slide, add ink coloring. Microscopic observation of colorless transparent block mucus cells, often containing calcium oxalate crystals.
2, secretory cavity: take orange peel to do freehand transverse section, observe the secretory cavity near the epidermis.
3, secretory tract: take cumin fruit transverse cut permanent section, microscopic observation of the number, location and shape of the oil tube.
4, pandanus: lactiferous ducts are formed by the connection of many cells, the cells are branched or unbranched, the wall of the joints are lysed through and become a multinucleated huge duct system for connecting lactiferous ducts.
Four, homework and thinking:
1, how to identify the type of secretory tissue?
2. What is meant by lysogenic and cleavageogenic?
V. Experimental report: draw a diagram of the various secretory tissues observed.
Experiment VII Primary structure of roots
I. Aims of the experiment:
1. Primary structure of roots of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.
2. Distinguish between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant root primordial structure.
3, Draw the diagram of root primordial configuration.
II. Instrumentation and experimental materials:
1. Instrumentation: microscope, slides, coverslips, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, dilute iodine solution, hydrochloric acid, resorcinol test solution.
2. Experimental materials: iris root, young roots of fava bean, and root of fine spice.
Three, experimental content:
(a) dicotyledonous plant root primordial structure:
Take the young roots of fava bean or the root of fine spice to do a freehand section, from the outside to the inside of the observation in turn: the epidermis, the cortex, the vascular column (the mesocarpal sheath, the xylem, the phloem and other structures). Characterized by a layer of cells in the inner cortex, which is thickened with Kay bands; the xylem is 3 to 4 protoplasts. Vascular bundles are radial vascular bundles.
(iii) Root primordial structure of monocotyledonous plants:
Take the root of Iris and make a freehand section, mesoterphenol test solution, hydrochloric acid staining, and observe under the microscope the structure of root periderm, outer and middle cortex, endothelium and horseshoe-shaped thickening, radial vascular bundles, pith, and so on.
IV. Assignment and Reflection:
Compare the primordial structures of roots of dicotyledonous plants and monocotyledonous plants and point out their similarities and differences.
V. Experimental report: draw the primary structure of roots of dicotyledonous plants and monocotyledonous plants.
Experiment VIII Primary structure of roots
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. To master the primary structure of roots of dicotyledonous plants.
2. To understand the heteromorphic structure of roots.
3. To draw the secondary structure of roots and heteromorphic structure of roots.
2. Instrumentation and laboratory materials:
1. Instrumentation: microscope, slides, coverslips, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, dilute iodine solution, hydrochloric acid, resorcinol test solution.
2, experimental materials: licorice root transverse section or farnesil root transverse section, wai hyssop root, wai hyssop root transverse section, he shou wu root transverse section.
Three, experimental content:
(a) Dicotyledonous plant root secondary structure: observation of licorice or farnesil root transverse section, from the outside to the inside can be divided into pericarp, cortex, phloem, formative layer, xylem, rays several parts. It is an infinite outer tough vascular bundle.
(2) Heterogeneous structure of the root
1, concentric circle type: take the root transverse section, observe the root structure of hyssop. Fresh material was taken to make freehand sections, stained with m-phenyltriol solution and hydrochloric acid, and observed under the microscope. From the outside to the inside can be divided into pericarp, cortex, heterogeneous vascular bundles, central normal vascular bundles.
2, non-concentric circle type: take the root transverse section, observe the root structure of He Shouwu tuber. From the outside to the inside can be divided into pericarp, cortex, heterogeneous vascular bundles, central normal vascular bundles.
Four, homework and thinking:
What is the difference between primary and secondary structure of root?
V. Lab report: draw a diagram of the secondary and heterotrophic structures of roots of dicotyledonous plants.
Experiment IX Primary structure of stems
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. To grasp the characteristics of the primary structure of dicotyledonous plant stems and monocotyledonous plant stems.
2, understand the general structure of monocotyledonous plant rhizomes.
3. To draw the diagrams of the primordial structure of dicotyledonous plant stems and monocotyledonous plant stems.
II. Instrumentation and laboratory materials:
1. Instrumentation: microscope, slides, coverslips, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, dilute iodine solution, hydrochloric acid, resorcinol test solution.
2, experimental materials: aristolochia stems, dendrobium stems, robinia rhizome.
Three, experimental content:
(a) dicotyledonous plant stem primordial structure: aristolochia stem:
1, epidermis: a layer of cells, with appendages such as fur.
2, cortex: cortex thin-walled cells multilayered cells, no obvious endothelium, narrower than the root.
3, vascular column: includes vascular bundles, pith, medullary rays, etc.
(ii) monocotyledonous stem: dendrobium stem
epidermis: a layer of cells
basic tissues:
dispersed vascular bundles: finite externally tough vascular bundles
(iii) histological structure of rhizome: observation of transverse section of Zhiwei's rhizome, consisting of root peridium, storage tissues, endothelial layer and Kerchner's band, finite externally tough vascular bundles and other structures.
IV. Assignments and Reflections:
1. What are the similarities and differences in the primordial structure of dicotyledonous stems and roots?
2. Compare the similarities and differences in the construction of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous stems?
V. Experimental report: draw a diagram of the primordial configuration of a dicotyledonous plant stem and a monocotyledonous plant stem.
Experiment X. Secondary structure of stems
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. To master the secondary structure of woody and herbaceous stems of dicotyledonous plants.
2, compare the similarities and differences between the secondary structure of woody stems and herbaceous stems of dicotyledonous plants.
3, Understand the general construction of rhizomes of dicotyledonous plants.
4. Draw a diagram of the secondary structure of woody and herbaceous stems of dicotyledonous plants.
II. Instrumentation and laboratory materials:
1. Instrumentation: microscope, slides, coverslips, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, dilute iodine solution, hydrochloric acid, resorcinol test solution.
2, experimental materials: linden stems or mulberry branches, mint stems.
3, experimental content: dicotyledonous plant stems
(a) xylem stem secondary structure: observation of linden stems or mulberry stems transverse section.
1, pericarp: multilayered cells, including the cork layer, cork-forming layer, cork inner layer.
2, cortex: multi-layered thin-walled cells, cortex with or without depends on the degree of secondary growth.
3, vascular column: including vascular bundles, rays, etc.
(ii) Herbaceous stem secondary structure: observation of transverse section of mint stem,
1, Epidermis: a layer of cells with appendages such as hairs.
2, cortex: a multilayer of thin-walled cells, with thick angular tissue at the corners, and a distinct endodermis
3, vascular column: including vascular bundles, rays, and so on.
Four, homework and thinking:
1, dicotyledonous plants herbaceous stems and woody stems of the secondary structure of the similarities and differences?
2. Compare the similarities and differences in the construction of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous stems?
V. Lab report: draw a diagram of the secondary structure of woody and herbaceous stems of dicotyledonous plants.
Experiment XI Internal Structure of Leaves
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. To familiarize with the internal structure of leaves.
2. Familiarize yourself with the method of slicing leaf materials with bare hands.
3, master the internal structure of dicotyledonous plant leaves, monocotyledonous plant leaves.
4. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences in leaf structure of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.
5. Draw a diagram of the leaf structure of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.
II. Instrumental supplies and experimental materials:
1. Instrumental supplies: microscope, slide, coverslip, chloral hydrate, dilute glycerol, dilute iodine solution, Sudan III test solution.
2. Experimental materials: mint leaves, mint leaves
Three, experimental content:
(a) dicotyledonous plant leaves: mint leaves transverse section, observation of the upper epidermis, fenestrated tissues, spongy tissues, the lower epidermis, the veins vascular bundles of the leaf and other structures.
(ii) monocotyledonous plant leaves: take mint leaves, make freehand sections, observe the upper epidermis and motor cells, fenestrated tissues, spongy tissues, lower epidermis, leaf vein vascular bundles and other structures.
Four, homework and thinking:
What are the similarities and differences in the structure of isoplanar and heteroplanar leaves?
V. Experimental report: draw a sketch of a cross-section of a leaf of a monocotyledonous plant and a leaf of a dicotyledonous plant.
Experiment XII Flower Morphology
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. To be able to recognize the composition and types of flowers.
2. To be able to recognize the types of inflorescences.
3. To be able to write and interpret floral programs.
II. Instrumental supplies and experimental materials:
1. Fresh specimens: flowers of Sophora japonica, forsythia, peach blossom, woad, marshmallow and dandelion flowers.
2, waxy leaf specimens: a variety of.
3, dried specimens: a variety of.
Three, experimental content:
(a) flowers: dissect the following kinds of flowers: jiangnan acacia flowers, forsythia flowers, peach blossoms, woad flowers, sisal flowers, peony flowers, marshmallow flowers, dandelion flowers. Observe describe record the composition of the flower and the type of morphology of each part, type of corolla, type of stamen, type of pistil, position of ovary, type of placenta and write the flower formula.
(ii) Inflorescence: observe the specimen and record 2-3 types of inflorescence.
1. Infinite inflorescences: Raceme - woad, compound raceme - acacia, spike - plantain, catkin - willow, fleshy spike - asparagus, corymb - pear, umbel - ginseng, onion, capitulum - chrysanthemum, cryptogamma - fig.
2. Finite inflorescences: monochasial cymes-iris (scorpion-like), comfrey (spiral), dichasial cymes-stonecrops, polychasial cymes-daisies, whorled cymes-motherwort.
(iii) Flower program: ♂↑K(5)C(5)A4+2G (2:4:1) Labiatae; ♂* K5C5A∞G (5:5:1~2) Rosaceae
Fourth, assignments and reflections:
1. Dissecting the various kinds of flowers, cha describing and recording the composition of the flower and the type of morphology of each part.
2. Describe the flower program in words and then reduce it.
V. Experimental report:
1. Sketch the inflorescence according to the physical specimen.
2. Write the floral program of the observed flower.
Experiment XIII: Subclass I
I. Objectives of the experiment:
1. To grasp the main features of the families of the subclass Iliadaceae and the characteristics of individual genera.
2. To familiarize with the description of plant morphology.
3. To identify common medicinal plants.
4. Learn to consult the family and genus search forms.
II. Instrumental supplies and experimental materials:
(1) Fresh material: peony, peony, Dianthus, Dianthus, Pine Blue, Red Liao, Crocus sativus, Acacia, Sophora, Marshmallow, Bupleurum, Angelica dahuricae, Cat's-eye grass, Citrus aurantium, Lunaris, Hawthorn
(2) Waxed leaf specimens: Buttercups, Staphylinaceae, Cruciferae, Polygonum, Leguminosae, Poppies, Rosa rugosa, Rueidae, Euphorbiaceae, Mallows Family, Wucaceae, Umbelliferae
(3) Instruments: microscope, magnifying glass, dissecting equipment, blotting paper, tweezers, distilled water, Tongzhi
Three, experimental content:
1, Buttercup family: differentiate between peony and paeoniae. Paeoniae: take the flower branch with leaves and observe it to see the phyllotaxy, the division status of the leaves. The sepals and petals of the flower are free; the stamens are numerous; the carpels are 2-5 free outside, focusing on the centrifugal development of the stamens, the heart is leathery and has a disk. Peony P. suffruticosaAndr: shrub. After noting the type of compound leaves, look for the terminal leaflet often 3-lobed, the lateral leaflets unequally 2-lobed and covered with white powder below. Does the disk enclose the carpels? Whether the carpels are 5? The caruncle is densely covered with tawny hairs. The root bark is used medicinally
2. Staphylocarpaceae: Retrieve the family in which the genus Staphylocarpus is found.
3, Cruciferae: Observe pine blue flowering branches and fruits, draw the anatomy of the flower and write the flower program. Woad (Grass Big Green) [satisindigoticaFort. Stem leaves are slightly pruinose, with rounded or arrow-shaped leaf-base pendants. Long-horned fruit rounded or truncated at the tip, margin winged. The root is called Northern Blue Root, the leaves are called Big Green Leaf, and are used medicinally; LepidiumapetalumWilld. The upper stem branches more. Basal leaves narrowly spatulate, pinnately lobed to y lobed, stem leaves striped, sparsely toothed. Flowers small, petals reduced to filiform. Short-horned fruit suborbicular. Seeds (Drabanemerosa hebecarpa Norte) used medicinally.
4. Polygonum: Observe and dissect the red liao flowers and fruits, note the membranous stipular sheaths and write the floral program. Polygonum Polygonum take Herb (or the same genus of the mother of charcoal, He Shouwu -, polygonum, polygonum, etc.) of the plant to observe, pay attention to whether the stem nodes are inflated, the shape and texture of the ocrea sheath. Take a flower observation, note that the perianth is petaloid, the number of constituent perianth, the number of stamens, the ovary is superior, the pistil consists of several carpels (can be judged by the number of stigmas), containing an ovule.
Take an achene and observe it, note that the perianth is persistent, does not increase in size with fruiting, how many ribs?
5, mulberry Take the branch observation, see the leaf shape, pay attention to the following veins between the axils of the tufts of hairs? Then from the female and male plants
inflorescences respectively, take 1 flowerlet each to observe, note the she-flowers: tepals 4, stamens 4, to the petal growth; early flowers: tepals 4, become fleshy in fruit, the ovary superior, stigma 2, no styles or styles are very short.
Monsanto is similar to mulberry, but the leaves are glabrous on both sides, with spines at the end of the teeth, and the style is conspicuous.
Chicken mulberry is sparsely pubescent on the underside of the leaves, without tufts of hairs. Male flowers with sterile stamens, female flowers with 2-lobed stigma as long as the style
6, Rosaceae: Observe the leaves, stipules, receptacle, carpels, ovary, and fruits of the subfamilies Hydrangea, Rosaceae, Liidae and Apple.
(1) Hemp leaf hydrangea (or pearl plum) take the branch observation, see the leaf sequence and leaf shape, with or without stipules? What kind of inflorescence? Take a flower and put it under the magnifying glass to see the number of sepals, petals, stamens and pistils, pay attention to the shape of the flower tube, whether the perianth and stamens are long at the edge of the flower tube, and the free pistil is long at the bottom of the flower tube? Is this a perigynous or hypogynous flower? What type of fruit scales are observed?
(2) peach (or the same genus of plum, apricot, hickory) take a branch to observe, see the leaf shape, stipules, take a flower, see the number of sepals, petals, stamens, the flower longitudinal dissection, pay attention to the shape of the flower tube, the perianth and the stamens are inserted in the margins of the flower tube? 1 pistil, inserted at the bottom of the tube. Observe the fruit, what type is it? '
(3) Golden cherry (or multiflora rose, mountain thorn berry, moonflower of the same genus) Take a branch and observe, what type of thorn? Type of compound leaves? Are the stipules united with the leaf rachis? Take a flower and see the number of sepals, petals, stamens, and the position of insertion. Split the flower longitudinally and note the shape of the tube, the position of the ovary, and the number of pistils. Observe what type of fruit is it?
(4)Sticky Begonia (or sand pear, bean pear, hawthorn, apple) Take the branch to see the leaf sequence, leaf shape, stipules, take a flower to observe, pay attention to the position of the ovary, style characteristics; cut the ovary, pay attention to by how many carpels merged into? What is the placenta? Observe the fruit in cross section, note the pear fruit characteristics.
Based on the observation of the anatomy of the plant characteristics, to determine which subfamily they each belong to
7, Leguminosae: observation of acacia, ligustrum, acacia branches and fruits, drawing the anatomy of the flower, drawing the flower schema, write the flower program.
(1) Acacia (or silver acacia) Woody. After looking at the characteristics of the leaves and the inflorescence, take 1 floret and observe it, noting for the radial pairs
Symmetry, the state of the calyx-corolla conjunction, the number of stamens and carpels. Pods.
(2), cassia After seeing the arrangement of the leaves and the shape of the leaves, take a flower and observe it, distinguish the number of sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, note the pseudo-butterfly corolla that is symmetrical on both sides. What are the characteristics of pod shape?
(3) Sophora (or acacia, lentil, scented cliff bean vine) After seeing the type of compound leaves and their arrangement, observe the flowers, note the butterfly-shaped corolla
what are the characteristics of the stamens 10 into a dichotomous C(9)+1), and the pistil is a marginal placenta. Pods
8, Poppy family: observe and dissect the flowers and fruits of Brachypodium and write the floral program. White flexuole Take flowering plants to observe, after seeing the stem and leaf characteristics, fresh time to break the stem or leaf blade, there is no yellow latex flow? Flower buds with sepals 2, caducous, petals 4, yellow; stamens numerous; ovary superior, transverse to the ovary, consisting of 2 carpels, what placentation? Capsule longitudinally divided, note the distinction from the longhorn fruit what? Whole herb for medicinal use
9, Euphorbiaceae: observe the special cup-shaped cymes of cat's eye grass, draw an anatomical diagram of the flower, write the flower program.
10, Mallow family: observe Marshmallow, draw the anatomy of the flower, write the flower program.
11, Pentacarpaceae: Observe wax leaf specimens.
12, Umbelliferae: observe the inflorescence of Angelica dahurica and Chaihu, draw the anatomical diagram of the flower, draw the floral pattern and write the floral program; note the structure of the leaf sheaths and the double pendant fruits.
Fennel See the number of divisions of the leaf blade, whether the leaf base is enlarged into a sheath? Compound umbel, note inflorescence without involucre and involucre; florets yellow, 5 basal, ovary inferior, 2-loculed visible in transverse section. Take double hanging fruit and observe whether the mericarp is dorsiventrally or bilaterally compressed? Take the fruit to observe the transverse section of permanent film, see 5 main ribs developed, under the ribs each have vascular bundles 1, between the ribs each have vittae 1, the connate surface has vittae 2. Fruit (cumin) medicinal use.
Dahurica dahurica Note whether the leaves are compound or simple? Is the lower part of the petiole expanded into a sac-like leaf sheath? Compound umbels, umbellules with small striped involucral bracts, flowers 5-merous, ovary inferior. Double hanging fruit ellipsoid, pay attention to the shape of the stylopodium, take divided fruit cross-section permanent slide observation, for the dorsal complex compression, distinguish the dorsal ribs, the middle ribs, the lateral ribs, the syncytial surface, the vittae. Root medicinal
13, Rutaceae: rue plants and fruits, the structure of citrus.
14, observation of various wax leaf specimens.
Four, homework and reflection:
1, list the taxonomic status and medicinal parts of the plants observed in Buttercup family, Staphylinidae, Cruciferae, Polygonaceae, Leguminosae, Poppy family, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Mallow family, Pentacarpaceae, Umbelliferae.
2. Briefly describe the similarities and differences between the Pentacarpaceae and the Umbelliferae?
3, briefly describe the characteristics of Buttercup family, Staphylococcaceae, Cruciferae, Polygonaceae, Leguminosae, Poppy family, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Mallow family, Wugakaceae, Umbelliferae.
4. Explain the differences between the subfamilies of Rosaceae?
5. Explain the difference between the subfamilies of Leguminosae?
Experiment XIV Subclass Compositae
I. Aims of the experiment:
1. To know the main features of the subclass Compositae, the subfamily Monocotyledonae and the features of individual genera.
2. To familiarize with the description of plant morphology.
3. Identify common medicinal plants.
II. Instrumental supplies and experimental materials:
1, fresh material: forsythia, motherwort, mint, genistein, kangzhi, mallow, honeysuckle, eustoma, chrysanthemum, safflower, atractylodis, dandelion, golden needles
2, waxy leaf specimens: Mucuna pruriens, Genisteinae, Labiatae, Lauristinaceae, Solanaceae, Lonicera japonica, Lonicera japonica, Chrysanthemums, Orchardia, Syzygium, Aspidistraea japonica, Liliaceae < /p>
3, apparatus: microscope, magnifying glass, dissecting equipment, absorbent paper, tweezers, distilled water, Tongzhi
three, experimental content:
1, Mulleinaceae: the structure of forsythia plant and fruit. Forsythia branches quadrangular, longitudinal dissection of branches to observe the pith is solid or hollow? After seeing the way of leaf attachment, leaf shape, take the flowers and observe, note that the flowers are 4 basal, conjoined; stamens 2; ovary superior, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule woody, 2-valved, indicating how many carpels it consists of? What placenta?
2. Labiatae: Dissect the flower of motherwort, draw the anatomy of the flower, draw the flower schema, write the flower program; observe the mint plant. Motherwort Herb. Stem square. Leaves opposite; note the variation in division of the lower, middle, and upper leaves. Why is it a whorled inflorescence? Take 1 flower and observe it; note that the first two teeth in the 5 lobes of the calyx are longer; the corolla is 2-lipped, the upper lip entire, the lower lip 3-lobed;
What type of stamens? Look carefully to see how the ovary is y 4-lobed and how the style is inserted?What are the characteristics of the 4 nutlets? Whole herb for medicinal use
3. Genisteinaceae: Observe the Genistein flower, draw an anatomical diagram of the flower and write the flower program.
4. Lonicera family: Observe honeysuckle flower, draw the anatomy of the flower and write the flower program.
5. Lobeliaceae: Observe the barberry plant and fruits.
6. Solanaceae: Structure of the kumquat plant and fruit, note whether the calyx falls early. Mandragora (or white-flowered mandragora) after seeing the leaf attachment and leaf shape, take the flowers to observe, the calyx is long tubular, 5-lobed; corolla funnel-shaped, pay attention to the fruit and the relative illumination, whether the flowers from the base of the slightly above the ring fracture and only the basal part of the persistent part of the enlargement? Stamens 5; ovary cross-sectioned, 2-loculed or pseudo-4-loculed due to pseudoseptation? Observe the fruit, what type is it?
7. Eustoma family: Dissect the flowers of Eustoma, draw the anatomy of the flower, draw the flower pattern, write the flower program; observe the Eustoma plant. Eustoma take plants to observe, see the leaf sequence, leaf shape and root characteristics, fresh specimens folded stems and leaves, whether there is milky juice out? Take the flower and observe, flower 5 bases, note the shape of the corolla, ovary semi-inferior, transverse cut ovary, what placenta, how many cells? Capsule apically 5-valved. Roots used medicinally.
8, Syzygium family: observe Syzygium flowers, draw the anatomy of the flower and write the flower program.
9, Asteraceae: Subfamily Tubuliflora: Heads all homomorphic tubuliflora, or with heteromorphic florets (tubuliflora in the center, ligulate at the margins); plant body without latex. Observe chrysanthemums, safflower, atractylodes, etc. . Write the flower program. Subfamily Ligulariaceae: Heads entirely ligular; plants with latex. Observe dandelion, lettuce.
Observing Inflorescences of Undergraduate Plants Undergraduate plants, usually herbs, have involucrate heads. Observe the experimental material and recognize that the head consists of multiple florets clustered on an inflorescence receptacle (the receptacle is a shortened inflorescence axis), which is surrounded by an involucre consisting of one or more rows of bracts. Then we dissected all the tubular flowers in the subfamily of tubular flowers, the ciliate flowers as ligulate flowers, and the disk flowers as tubular flowers, and noted whether they were bisexual or unisexual flowers, or neuter flowers. Or is it a neutral flower? Then observe the dissected ligulate subfamily
of all the ligulate bisexual florets.
Observe the dissection from the outside in, noting that.
1) the presence or absence of calyx, specialization into crown hairs;
2) the morphological structure, number of carpels, and type of ovary of ligulate and tubular flowers;
the characteristics of polyandrous stamens;
4) the characteristics of achenes (observed with the aid of sunflower fruits);
5) which subfamily has milky sap when freshly cut plants of the subfamily of tubular flowers and the subfamily of ligulate flowers are broken off?
10, Liliaceae: golden needle plants, note the calyx, ovary, placenta and fruit.
The yellow essence Note the rhizome going across, the internodes are thick at one end and tapering at the other due to the expansion of the nodules. After seeing the arrangement of the leaves
and leaf shape, take the flowers and observe them, note that the perianth segments are united into a tube, 6-lobed, and the apex of the lobes are papillate when seen with a magnifying glass: 6 stamens; the ovary is superior, cut across, do you see 3 chambers? What placenta? Berry.
11. Asparagaceae: Observe the inflorescence of Asparagus, draw the anatomy of the flower, draw the flower pattern and write the flower program.
IV. Make