1. Cartilaginous fishes of the order Chondrichthyes The present family is one of the lowest existing groups of fishes, with more than 200 species worldwide. Chondrichthyes is the lowest class of existing fishes, there are more than 200 kinds of fishes in the world and more than 140 kinds of fishes in China, most of them live in the sea.
The main features are
① No hard bone throughout life, the endoskeleton is composed of cartilage.
② Most of the body surface is covered with tatty scales.
③ Developed gill intervals and no gill covers.
④ Crooked caudal fin. The lineage *** is divided into two subclasses, namely, the subclass Platygastropoda and the subclass Holopoda.
(1) Plate gill subclass Elasmobranchii the gill spacing between the two gill flaps is particularly developed, and even connected with the body surface, forming a broad plate, so called plate gill class, gill slits 5 to 7 pairs, no gill cover. The mouth is located in the ventral surface of the head kiss, wide and transverse cleft, also known as transverse mouth fish, most of the eyes have a water jet behind the hole. The skin fins are horny fins, crooked caudal, and do not have a swim bladder. The anterior end of the oviduct opens into the body cavity. With cloaca, internal fertilization, oviparous or ovoviviparous. The extant fishes of this order are sharks and rays.
1) Squa1ifomes sharks, also known as sharks or sharks, is the collective name of this order. For a group of relatively ferocious large carnivorous cartilaginous fish, *** sub-family 14, there are about 250 to 300 species, there are about 130 kinds of China's waters, the largest whale shark weighs up to 5000kg or so, the length of up to 20 m. Most sharks body was long fusiform, gill slits 5 pairs (a very small number of 6 to 7 pairs), openings on both sides of the head, also known as the side of the class of the pore. Shark liver is one of the main raw materials for cod liver oil, shark fins are called shark fins, which are sea food with high economic value. Some of the shark's gall bladder, eggs, liver, meat, fish fetus, etc. can be used for medicinal purposes. The seven families with medicinal value are introduced as follows:
a. Whisker sharks Orectolobidae: head shape is slightly pointed, eyes without transient membrane. There is an oro-nasal groove. Gill slits 5 pairs. Dorsal fins 2, without spines, 1st dorsal fin located above or behind the ventral fin, 2nd dorsal fin often located in front of the anal fin. Vertebrae contain calcareous lamellae that radiate around the vertebrae. Mostly inhabiting the offshore seabed, feeding on fish, mollusks or crustaceans. There are five genera within the territory of China's waters, the common leopard shark genus Steg0stoma, bearded shark genus OrectOloous and bamboo shark genus Chiloscyllium, a few of which can be used as medicine, such as striped bamboo shark (also known as the dog shark, great shark) Chiloscylliumplagiosum (Bennett).
b. Wrinkle-lipped sharks Triakidae: Common fish head-shaped, eyes with transient membrane. Teeth tiny, arranged in bands or paving stones. Water spouts are conspicuous. Gill slits 5 pairs, the last gill slits are located above the base of the pectoral fins, 2 dorsal fins, no spines, the first dorsal fin is located in front of the ventral fins, the caudal fin crooked caudal, the upper lobe is far longer than the lower lobe, the caudal peduncle has no lateral ribs. It inhabits offshore and is found along the coast of China. Main food shrimp, crab and other benthic invertebrates. There are three genera in China, namely, the star shark Mustelus, Li shark Ca11iscyllium and wrinkle-lipped shark Triakis. for medicinal purposes, there are gray star shark Mustelusgriseus (Pietschmann), white-spotted star shark M. ManzoBleeker and so on.
c. Mako sharks Carcharh inidae: head slightly pointed, eyes with transient membrane. Teeth laterally flattened and large; use 1 to 3 rows. Spray holes tiny or absent. Gill slits 5 pairs, the last gill slit located above the base of the pectoral fin. Dorsal fins 2, spineless, 1st dorsal fin located anterior to ventral fin. Crooked caudal fin, caudal peduncle without lateral ribs. It often lives in warm-water waters and is widely distributed in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. China's East China Sea, the South China Sea is produced. This family is divided into 11 genera. Those with medicinal value include the blacktip basal tooth shark (bright shark) HypoprionatripinnisOhu, the broad-mouthed true shark Carcharhinuslatisto musFangetWang, the blackprinted true shark C.menisorrah (MulleretHenle), the side-striped true shark C.pleurotaenia (Blkr), and the blackfin true shark C.pellucidum (MulleretHenle). Blkr), the crow-winged true shark C. melanopterus (QuoyetGaimard), the salad true shark C. sorrah (MulleeetHenle), and others.
d. Catsharks Scyliorhinidae: head shape slightly pointed, eyes without transient membrane. No oro-nasal grooves. Gill slits 5 pairs. Dorsal fins 2, without spines, 1st dorsal fin located above or behind the ventral fin, 2nd dorsal fin often located behind the anal fin. Vertebrae with calcareous lamellae within, radiating around vertebrae. Six genera are domestically produced. For medicinal use are the plum shark Halaurusburgeri (MulleretHenle).
e. Multi-gill sharks Hexanchidae: The main feature of this family is a single dorsal fin, gill slits 6 to 7 pairs. Such as the flathead Hanna shark (also known as flathead seven-gill shark) Heptranchi asplat ycealus (Tenore), for the Yellow Sea, the main economic fish, meat for food, leather, liver can be extracted from the cod liver oil, shark tires can be used as medicine to nourish the blood and regulate menstruation.
f. hammerhead sharks Sphyrnidae: head was d-shaped, like a double bun and named. The eyes are located at the end of the bun, with transient membrane. Gill slits 5 pairs, the last pair is located above the base of the pectoral fin. Two dorsal fins, no spines, the first dorsal fin is located in front of the ventral fin, the caudal fin is crooked, the upper lobe is longer than the lower lobe. Such as hammerhead hammerhead shark Sphyrnazygaena (Linnaeus), is an economically important fish in China.
g. Whale Sharks Rh incodontidae: Larger in size. The nostrils are located on both sides of the upper lip and appear in the mouth. Teeth are numerous and small, arranged in multiple rows. Gill slits 5 pairs, gill slit base is large, almost reaching the dorsal and ventral margins of the body, the last pair of gill slits is located in front of the base of the pectoral fin. Dorsal fins 2, without spines, the first dorsal fin is located in front of the ventral fin, with an anal fin. The caudal peduncle is laterally ribbed and the caudal fin is crescent-shaped, with the lower lobe shorter than the upper lobe. Such as the whale shark RhincodontypusSmith. which is used medicinally and can be up to 20m long.
2) Rajiformes (rays) Rajiformes This order of fish has a flattened, rhombic or disc-shaped body. Pectoral fins are extremely dilated, along the side of the body straight to the head, and with the head and trunk depression mutual healing, so that the body of the fish constitute a rhombic or disc-shaped. The mouth and nostrils are located on the ventral surface, and there are five pairs of gill slits, which open on the ventral surface of the head, so they are also called hypoconchians. Eyes and spouting holes are on the back, and the carapace and tail are reduced to a fine whip. It is a class of cartilaginous fish that lives on the bottom of the sea, with little swimming ability, and feeds on shells or other benthic animals. This order is divided into nine families, with medicinal value of the following three families.
a. Stingray Dasyatidae: The body is flattened rhombic or flattened disk-shaped. The head is fused with the trunk. The anterior pectoral fins do not differentiate into an anastomosing or cephalic fin, and the dorsal fin is single or absent. Tail slender, whip-like, often with long serrated spines. The venomous apparatus consists of the caudal spines, the outer envelope and the venomous glands in the dermis, and is capable of stabbing people. Battalion seabed habitat. Our country has five genera, coastal distribution. For medicinal purposes, there are Dasyatisuarnak (Forskal), D. akajei (MulleretHenle), Dasyatisuarnak (Forskal), and D. akajei (MulleretHenle).
b. Sawfish Pristidae: Shark-like in shape, not with a disk. The name is derived from the long and serrated muzzle. Dorsal fin 2. The tail is shorter, and there is no long saw-like spine on the tail. Only one genus in this family. China's South China Sea and the East China Sea produced sharp-toothed sawfish PristiscuspiatusLatham can be used as medicine.
(2) Holothuroid subclass Holocephali head is large and laterally compressed, with 4 pairs of gill slits on both sides, covered by a gill-cover-like dermal membrane, and only 1 pair of gill holes are seen outside. The body is smooth and scaleless, with well-developed lateral lines. The tail is elongated into a whip-like, crooked tail. This subclass is named holothurians because the maxillae and cranium are fused to each other, and it is a primitive and one of the few deep-sea fish groups. ***Subdivided into two orders, the soft eel order Chondrenchelyiformes (fossilized) and the burgundy shark order Chimaeriformes.The blackline burgundy sharks from China's coasts, Japan, and North Korea, Chimaeraphantasma JordanetSnyder, belong to the family of Burgundy Sharks, whose dorsal and pectoral fins are the famous "shark fins", and whose dorsal and pectoral fins are the famous "fins". "shark fin".