maize harvesting machine
Corn harvester is a kind of agricultural machinery that uses machinery to pick ears, pile up and return straw to the field at one time when corn is mature. Technological process: In the growing state of corn, the ear is picked by a corn harvester (called vertical stalk ear picking), and the ear stalk is broken under the action of the ear picking roller and the ear picking plate. Due to the height difference between the inner and outer ear picking rollers, the ear falls into the ear box, and the ear is unpacked and piled when it is full. The high-speed rotating cutter cuts the straw from the root and then enters the crushing mechanism to be chopped into pieces 3-5 cm long, and the chopped straw naturally falls to the ground. Then the ear is transported to the ground, peeled with a peeler, dried and threshed.
maize harvesting machine
Corn harvester is an operating machine that cuts, picks ears, peels, threshs, treats straws and rotates the land after harvesting according to the planting mode and agronomic requirements when the corn is ripe.
In most areas of our country, the moisture content of corn seeds at harvest is generally 25% ~ 35%, or even higher, so it can not be threshed directly at harvest, and the method of subsection harvest is generally adopted. The first stage of harvesting refers to the direct collection of corn ears and stalks with bracts or peels after ear picking; The second stage refers to the threshing of corn ears after cooling and drying on the ground or in the field.
1, combined harvest
Using corn combine harvester, ear picking, peeling and ear gathering (or ear picking, peeling and threshing, but the grain humidity should be below 23% at this time) are completed at one time, and at the same time, stem treatment (cutting silage or crushing and returning to the field) is carried out, then the braceless ear is transported to the field, dried and threshed.
The technological process includes three continuous links: ear picking, peeling and straw treatment.
2. Semi-mechanization
Cut the corn with a cutting dryer, spread it flat, dry it for a few days, and the humidity of the corn will drop to 20% ~ 22%, then pick and peel the corn mechanically or manually, and then transport it to the field for drying and threshing; Straw treatment (cutting silage or crushing and returning to the field).
In the growing state of corn, the ear is picked by ear picker (called vertical stalk ear picking), then the ear is transported to the field, peeled by peeler, dried and threshed; Straw treatment (cutting silage or crushing and returning to the field).
The technological process is: ear stripping-straw treatment (in three steps).
3. Others
The corn header is replaced by a grain combine harvester, and the operations of ear picking, peeling, (threshing, separating and cleaning) are completed at one time;
Corn is cut by a cutter and dryer and placed in herringbone strips. The grain combine harvester is equipped with a grain picker, which can pick up the grain and thresh it, and can also be used in straw fields.
4.R&D and production
The research and production technology of corn harvester abroad has matured. At present, in the United States, Germany, Ukraine, Russia and other western countries, corn harvesting (including grain and straw silage) has basically achieved all mechanized operations. Because its planting method is mostly one season a year, and the moisture content of corn seeds is very low at harvest, most countries adopt the harvesting method of corn ear picking and direct threshing. For example, corn combine harvesters of John Deere Company, Case Company, Meng Le Company and Deutz Company. In the United States, the corn header is mostly replaced on the wheat combine harvester, and the corn is harvested by adjusting the rotation speed and threshing gap of the threshing drum.
In the past twenty years, China has introduced some foreign models, such as the combine harvester of Case Company in the United States, which can pick and thresh corn in one operation. Because of the corn producing areas in northern China, especially the wheat and corn rotation planting areas, the grain moisture content is as high as 35% or more when corn is harvested, and the grain breakage rate is very serious when it is harvested directly by threshing. According to the measurement of 1980 in 10,000 mu square experimental station in Luancheng County, Hebei Province, the average grain crushing rate of 1440 combine harvester of Case Company in the United States was 65,438 when harvesting corn after replacing the corn header. Moreover, this direct threshing harvesting method is not conducive to the after-ripening of corn, which reduces the yield, and the corn straw can not be crushed and returned to the field or recycled. Therefore, this kind of machinery is not suitable for harvesting high-moisture corn in double cropping areas in China.
Comparatively speaking, KCKY-6 corn harvester manufactured by Cumbain combine harvester company in Hellson, Ukraine can combine ear picking, ear stripping and silage, which is suitable for the agronomic requirements in most parts of China. However, due to the huge model, it has poor adaptability to the field road conditions in rural areas of China. The price is expensive, which is inconsistent with the level of China's economic development.
Main model
Since 1990s, many units in China have developed more than 60 models of corn harvesters and applied for 64 related patents. From the structural form, it can be summarized as follows:
1, single row of corn. Four-wheeled tractors are mounted on the side or vertically, and the representative models are 4YZF- 1, 4Y 1 18, etc. And most of them are ear-picking roller-type ear-picking mechanisms. Generally equipped with straw crushing device, it can complete corn ear picking, box collecting and straw crushing at one time.
2, backpack. Used in conjunction with 36.8 ~ 48kW (50-65hp) tractors, the picking mechanism of the double-row machine is mostly the picking roller type, which has certain peeling function. In the past, the picking mechanism of the three-row machine was mostly the picking plate, which mainly imitated the harvester technology of the Soviet Union, and now it is widely used for picking ears. This machine can complete corn ear picking, ear gathering and straw crushing at one time.
3. Traction type. It can be used for tracked or wheeled tractors. The representative model is Fengshou -2 horizontal traction corn harvester. For tractors with power of 40 ~ 55kW (54 ~ 75hp) and above, the ear-picking mechanism is the ear-picking roller type with peeling function. At present, it is rarely used, because its unit is very long and it needs to be cleared manually before operation, which does not meet the requirements of large-scale operation.
4, multi-line self-walking. Representative models are 4YZ-3, 4YF-3 and 4YZ-4. Most of these models are ear-picking plate-type ear-picking mechanisms, equipped with 58.8 ~ 88 kW (80- 120 HP) motors, which can realize the functions of corn ear-picking, cutting table and straw crushing. For example, Fulu brand 4YZ-3 corn combine harvester is characterized in that its main working parts are manufactured by Hellson Kangbain Company of Ukraine with advanced production technology, complete equipment and mature technology. Although its working performance and quality are the same as those of domestic models, its reliability is high and it has been recognized by users. Jinlang brand 4YJL-3 corn combine harvester is characterized by the combined structure of hob, stem pulling roller and ear picking plate, which avoids the phenomenon of weeds winding sticks, reduces the power consumption of ear picking, and has good machine adaptability and harvesting quality. Because of the design of the fruit box that can be opened and poured immediately, its working efficiency has been improved by 30%.
5. Harvest the ears and stems. There are two representative models: 4YZ-3 and 4YZ-4. 4YZ-4 corn harvester is designed according to the principle of KCKY-6 corn harvester produced by Kamben Manufacturing Company in Kherson, Ukraine. It is a four-row self-propelled machine with the function of corn peeling. Model 4YZ-3 corn harvester is a three-row self-propelled corn combine harvester with fruit box. This machine can meet the needs of rural roads and small and medium-sized plots in China. This machine can harvest green straw in time and achieve the goal of harvesting both ears and stems.
6. no. This patent was developed by Beijing Piedeyi Electromechanical Technology Application Center on 200 1, and it is a new patented technology of off-line corn harvester with three-chain picking monomer (patent number ZLO1274995.8). The picking mechanism consists of a picking roller and two picking chains. The ear conveying chain, the transmission box and the frame form an independent ear picking unit. The mechanism breaks through the limitation that the traditional ear-picking roller can only form double rows of cutting tables, realizes the layout of multi-row cutting tables and meets the agricultural requirements of self-cleaning. The ear-picking roller ear-picking assembly is especially suitable for harvesting green straw corn. It has the advantages of less ear loss, low impurity content in ear, uninterrupted stalk and fast running speed. When harvesting summer corn in the late stage of wax ripening and early stage of yellow ripening in North China, the quality of ear-picking drum mechanism is better than that of ear-picking plate-pulling drum mechanism. The two ear picking chains of the three-chain ear picking monomer are distributed in front of the ear picking roller in a V shape, so that the corn stalks on the front, left and right sides can be picked into the ear picking roller, thus achieving the purpose that the cutting range is not limited by the row spacing. This misaligned corn harvester technology can also be applied to the above various forms of corn harvesters.
design requirements
Therefore, the design requirements of corn harvesting machinery in China are different from those in developed countries such as Europe and America, and the following points should be achieved:
The corn harvester designed by 1. should be very flexible in the process of operation, transportation and grain unloading, and suitable for field use in small plots.
2. In view of the low cultural quality of farmers at present, the corn harvester developed should be as simple and convenient as possible to operate and maintain.
3. The designed corn harvester should be able to harvest in different branches. Otherwise, it will not only affect the harvest quality, but also reduce the production efficiency. It has affected the enthusiasm of farmers to buy corn harvesters.
4. The designed corn harvester must be able to harvest high-moisture corn (the water content of seeds is about 40%), and the crushing rate of ears and seeds shall not exceed the national standard.
In order to prevent mildew, there should not be too many stems and leaves in the harvested corn ear.
6, the unit should have good strength and stiffness, can adapt to the bad road.
7. At the same time, the harvester can return the straw to the field with high quality.
8. The unit has high reliability.
Annotation item
1, technical specifications
In order to ensure the harvest quality of corn fruit and the effect of straw treatment, and reduce the crushing rate of ears and seeds, the qualified rate of straw returning to field, the qualified rate of root stubble and the requirements of straw silage, corn harvest should meet the following requirements:
(1) The harvesting of corn silage with straw should be carried out at the right time, and the harvesting operation should be carried out as far as possible before the corn seeds are just ripe and the straw becomes dry and yellow (at this time, the nutrients and moisture of the straw are beneficial to silage).
(2) The harvesting of corn with straw returning to the field should be carried out at intervals of 3-5 days after the fruits and oranges are ripe as far as possible, so that the corn seeds are fuller and the moisture content of the fruit draft is beneficial to peeling. When the straw becomes Huang Shi, the reduction of moisture is more conducive to crushing the straw, which can relatively reduce the power loss.
(3) Select suitable machines and tools according to the plot size, planting row spacing and operation quality requirements, formulate specific harvesting operation routes before operation, and make preparations for manual cutting according to the characteristics of machines and tools.
2. Preventive measures
① Before harvest 10 ~ 15 days, the lodging degree, planting density and row spacing, ear drooping degree and minimum ear height were investigated in the field. Corn, and should make an operation plan in advance;
(2) Level the furrows and ridges in the field 3-5 days in advance, and set signs for inconspicuous obstacles such as water wells and poles to facilitate safe operation;
(3) Before the operation, try to harvest, adjust the machines and tools, and then put them into formal operation after meeting the agronomic requirements.
(4) Before the operation, properly adjust the gap of the pick-up roller (or pick-up plate) to reduce the grain breakage; When operating, pay attention to the fluency in the process of lifting ears to avoid getting stuck or blocked; Observe the fullness of the ear box at any time, and dump the ear in time to avoid overflowing after the fruit is full or blocking when unloading the grain;
⑤ Correctly adjust the working height of the straw returning machine, ensure that the stubble height is less than 10cm, and avoid digging damage by returning tools;
⑥ When installing stubble-cleaning machine, ensure the depth of stubble-cleaning machine and keep the stubble-cleaning depth consistent, so as to ensure the operation quality.
3. General principles of technical support machines and tools
① Single-row corn combine with 12 ~ 18 horsepower tractor is generally only suitable for corn ear picking, ear lifting, ear gathering, straw returning and other operations;
② The corn combine harvester matched with 50 ~ 60 horsepower tractors can harvest 2 rows (or 3 rows) at a time, and complete the operations such as ear picking, stabilizing, returning straw to the field, etc. When it is matched with a tractor with more than 65 horsepower, it can not only complete the above operations, but also complete the stubble breaking operation;
③ In China, most corn seeders are 2 rows, 3 rows and 6 rows, and corn combine harvesters need to harvest in opposite rows. Therefore, two-row and three-row corn combine harvesters have better adaptability than single-row and four-row corn combine harvesters.
(4) According to the power reserve of the tractor supporting the corn harvester, a straw returning machine with corresponding auxiliary width and a certain number of blades is installed.
4. General requirements
① During transportation, the corn combine harvester and straw returning device should be lifted to the transportation state. When the gradient of the forward direction is greater than 15, it is not allowed to shift gears in the middle to ensure transportation safety;
② Observe the quality of operation at any time during the operation. If there is a problem with the operation quality or the machine has a fault, the engine must be turned off before adjustment and troubleshooting can be carried out;
(3) Corn harvesters should not be used in plots with a ground slope greater than 8;
(4) The turning speed of the corn harvester shall not exceed 3 ~ 4 km/h. ..
Daily cleaning
1. Clean up the dust, chaff, stalks and other attachments adhered inside and outside, and pay special attention to cleaning the attachments at the reel, the auger of the header, the grain feeder, the cutter, the roller, the concave screen, the vibrating plate, the cleaning screen, several engines and the crawler walking device.
2. Clean the clods and straws in the drive belt and chain. Clods will affect the balance of wheels, and straws may catch fire due to friction.
3, clean up the engine cooling water tank radiator, hydraulic oil radiator, air filter and other places of grass clippings, straw and other dirt.
4. Clean the diesel filter and oil filter (or oil filter) regularly as required; Clean or sweep the air filter regularly.
5. Regularly release water and mechanical impurities from the diesel tank and diesel filter.