A, farming mode

Every change or progress in the aquaculture industry, are the first to make a change in the mode of farming, tilapia farming is no exception, because the mode of farming is the most easy to change. From the development of tilapia culture in China, the tilapia culture mode has experienced the traditional fish and pig mixed culture, fish and duck mixed culture, to the recent years of intensive breeding, and then to the current large mixed culture of the three major modes, no matter which mode of culture, are farmers according to the market changes in the flexibility to change, is the wisdom of the farmers to choose.

1, intensive mode

Tilapia intensive mode is in the market in the good years of rapid development, intensive farming, that is, pure tilapia farming, mu yield up to 5000 or more, creating a lot of tilapia myth. The representative area of the intensive mode is Hainan Wenchang and Guangxi Nanning around the tropical and subtropical aquaculture areas, seedling density of 2500-4000 tails / mu, the whole feeding, bait coefficient of 1.3-1.5, the breeding cost of 3.5-4 yuan / kg. Ponds need to be equipped with strong oxygenation capacity, good condition ponds even have sewage system.

Hainan utilizes its unique climatic advantages to raise three fish a year; while Nanning relies on its domestic market advantages, fish prices have been relatively firm. Tilapia under the intensive mode of fast growth, high yield, so highly respected by the two farmers. In addition, tilapia market peak in October-December, but also the lowest price, the intensive mode of tilapia can be listed a month earlier, farmers can make a time difference, to avoid the peak of the impact of fish prices.

But in the past two years, intensive tilapia to face the double test of streptococcal disease and weak exports, in 2016 the market is still uncertain, many large tilapia farmers wait-and-see mood is still relatively strong.

2, tilapia - shrimp mixed mode

Tilapia - shrimp mixed mode can be regarded as a more classic farming model, which is also due to the frequent occurrence of shrimp disease and tilapia market downturn in recent years. This mode in Guangdong Taishan, Zhuhai, Zhanjiang and Maoming are distributed.

Tilapia - shrimp mixed farming mode to tilapia-based, shrimp as a complement, the two complement each other to improve the ability to resist risk. Farmers generally in mid to late March began to mark rough tilapia fry and shrimp fry, tilapia casting density of 2,500-3,000 tails / mu, shrimp fry for 20,000-30,000 / mu, mainly second-generation fry. After roughing, tilapia fry specifications reached 50 tails / kg, shrimp fry specifications reached 800 tails / kg, you can tilapia and shrimp over the pond mix. There are also some farmers in the tilapia fry pond directly put shrimp fry, the breeding process and then timely replenishment of seedlings. Pond enough farmers can start preparing for the second crop of standard coarse in the middle of the first crop, in order to achieve the goal of maximizing the breeding efficiency. Tilapia feeding the whole process, South American white shrimp do not feed or less feeding, the use of shrimp omnivorous characteristics, improve feed utilization and pond purification capacity, reduce aquaculture risks and costs.

Shrimp can be harvested in early June, with a ground cage for loading, annual mu output of about 200 pounds, at an average price of 15-20 yuan / kg, shrimp mu output value of 3,000-4,000 yuan, can offset most of the tilapia feed expenditure. Tilapia can be listed in batches in mid-September, bait coefficient of 1.3 or so, with a yield of 2,500-3,000 pounds per mu. Utilizing the high value-added characteristics of shrimp, this model can greatly improve the tilapia farming income.

3, intensive large-size tilapia mode

In recent years, 3-4 pounds of large-size tilapia market has been very stable, the average price of 10 yuan / catty or so, profit margins are not expensive, by some of the farmers of the baton, the breeding area is mainly set in Zhuhai and Foshan, and other high-consumption cities near. This model is generally in March, mu casting 3000-4000 tails (specifications 7-8 dynasty), after 3 months of breeding, farmers can choose to get rid of some commercial fish or ponds and then breeding, in order to speed up the capital turnover and reduce the risk of breeding in the high-temperature season. After keeping tilapia until the end of the year, the specification of tilapia reaches 3-4 pounds, and the farmers can release the fish in batches according to the market conditions. Taking the farmers in Pingsha, Zhuhai as an example, the annual mu output of tilapia under this mode can reach 6,000 pounds, and the profit per mu can be as high as 12-15,000 yuan.

Despite the lucrative profits, the farming model is only suitable for farming areas that are close to wholesale markets or urban consumers, which not only have strong consumption capacity for large-size tilapia, but also allow farmers to dock directly with the market to gain a larger profit margin.

In addition, large-size tilapia must be winterized, because the price of tilapia is the highest when it is green and yellow after the year, and whether it can be winterized has become the most concerned issue for tilapia farmers. Therefore, this mode is only suitable for ponds with winter shelters and sufficient groundwater or geothermal heat. This model has a long breeding cycle and high cost, so farmers should choose according to their own pond environment and market environment, do not blindly follow the trend.

4, three-dimensional culture mode

The three-dimensional culture includes traditional fish and duck mixed culture and fish and pig mixed culture, mainly concentrated in the eastern part of Guangdong and inland large water surface culture area. In the case of fish-duck mixed culture in the eastern part of Guangdong Province, for example, tilapia fry are released at a density of 800-1,000 tilapia/mu (specification 8-9 Chao), together with bighead carp, silver carp and pangasius and other filter-feeding and omnivorous fish. Fry feeding open feed to improve the survival rate, mid-culture without feeding or less feeding, when the fish reaches more than half a catty specifications began to feed tilapia feed to promote fertilization, some farmers in the price of fish will be fed duck feed. The whole bait coefficient is about 0.6-0.8, and the breeding cost is 2-3 yuan/catty.

Industry personnel analysis said, now tilapia finishing cost is generally 3.5 ~ 4 yuan / kg, mixed farming is 3 ~ 3.5 yuan / kg, and three-dimensional farming cost is 2 ~ 3 yuan / kg, in the price downturn in the status quo, the first two modes of farming is a loss-making business. Therefore, for the time being, three-dimensional culture is still the best culture mode for tilapia farmers to avoid market risk.

In the short term, three-dimensional farming mode does not disappear, but with the policy level of the tilt, farming and environmental protection hooks, the government will strengthen the pond aquaculture environment control, individual areas have been prohibited in the pond to build pigsties and duck sheds. In the long run, farmers still need to make timely changes in order to cope with the changes in the environment.

5, large mixed culture mode

Large mixed culture is the tilapia and carp, pangasius, grass carp, bighead carp, silver carp, etc., mixed culture, make full use of the space of the body of water and fish food, so as to improve the efficiency of the whole aquaculture process. For your reference, the following table shows the releases and returns of the large mixed culture model of tilapia farmers in Enping City, Guangdong Province.

Compared with three-dimensional aquaculture, tilapia large mixed culture mode avoids ? drug residues and substrate pollution from animal feces, it has higher operability and still has a lot of space for excavation.

6. There are some other culture modes

such as coastal area culture of seawater tilapia, high level tank intensive culture, freshwater culture to seawater culture, in order to improve the flavor and texture of tilapia and other culture modes.

Two, seedling chapter

"Farming to get rich, seedling to be the first", seedling is the foundation of aquaculture, once the choice, you can not change its innate characteristics. In particular, tilapia belongs to the thin species, the quality of the seedling often determines the success or failure of farming.

1. Selection of seedlings

Try to choose the company seedling, brand seedling, although this year's cold wave on the tilapia seedling industry is not as big as in 2008, but the small seedling farms will still be waiting for the opportunity to seize the market, farmers must not be eager to cast seedlings, wrongly selected poor quality fry misplaced production.

Species selection, Jifu tilapia rely on its fast-growing characteristics of the world, Oni tilapia growth rate is slow but higher than Jifu cold and disease resistance, when the industry has experienced a variety of baptism, farmers should be based on their own breeding habits and plans to rationally select fry varieties, do not want to ignore the quality of the fry in order to pursue fast.

2. Frying

Frying, such as pond clearing, water conditioning and other routine considerations will not be repeated, single from some key points to remind farmers. The water body should not only be concerned about its safety, but also pay attention to its stability, stable water body is more rich in plankton, fish fry are not easy to produce stress; recommended 2 days before the casting of avermectin or ivermectin whole pond insecticides, the water temperature is stable at more than 20 ℃ and then release the seedlings; can choose to use high-protein eel meal, snapper meal feeding of the fry to improve the survival rate of the fry and immunity; casting of seedlings is recommended to be weekly insecticides, low temperature weather must also be regularly disinfected to prevent the fish from being killed, and the fish are also recommended to be fed to the fish. In low-temperature weather, it is also necessary to disinfect regularly to prevent water mold disease; finally, do a good job of preventing natural enemies (water snakes, birds, tadpoles, etc.).