Glass materials mainly consist of three parts: basic raw materials, fluxes and colorants, as well as decolorizers, clarifiers and emulsifiers.

*Basic raw material for glass production

Silica is the most important raw material for glass production. The reserves of silica on the earth are huge. Silica is the main raw material of stone and the most important raw material for making glass. Different stones have different silicon content. These materials are the most common in our lives.

*Flux

The melting point of silica is very high, and it is very limited to achieve this award. The ancients tried to find ways to add other substances to lower its melting temperature. In addition, silica melts very abruptly, and there is no filtration transition stage of gradually softening during the heating process. After being blended with some other substances, the glass can enter various states of glory at different temperatures, with powerful shaping operations and effective shaping. . This substance is a flux.

Fluxing agents are usually raw materials containing sodium oxide, potassium oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, etc., such as limestone, feldspar, soda ash, boric acid, lead compounds, and barium compounds. (Sodium oxide can reduce the viscosity in the formation of glass, making the glass easy to melt, and plays a good fluxing role; barium oxide plays a basic role with sodium oxide in the formation of glass; tin oxide can increase the chemical stability of the glass and mechanical strength; lead oxide can increase density, improve snaking, and have a special luster; lead can make the glass have a large refractive index of light and a small scattering rate, making the glass more shiny and stable.

* Clarifier.

Some bubbles will appear during the glass making process, and the clarifiers used to reduce these bubbles are arsenic oxide, antimony oxide and nitrate salts.

*Emulsion. Etchants

In glass production, the artist makes the glass opaque according to the requirements of the work. What makes the glass opaque is the emulsion, which can make the glass produce crystallized or unfixed colloidal particles. The difference in refractive index between these particles and the glass itself will produce an opaque effect. Commonly used emulsions include tin oxide, antimony oxide and phosphate. It is mainly used to eliminate the undesirable color caused by impurities in the raw materials to make the glass colorless and transparent. There are mainly two types of chemical decolorants and physical decolorizers. Chemical decolorants are usually eliminated through oxidation. Color, mainly sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, physical decolorizers make glass colorless by producing complementary colors, mainly manganese dioxide, selenium, cobalt oxide, bromine oxide