Pot planting method of okra: requirements for planting environment
1, temperature Okra likes warmth, is afraid of cold, and has strong heat resistance. When the air temperature 13℃ and the ground temperature 15℃, the seeds can germinate. However, the optimum temperature of seed germination and growth period is 25 ~ 30℃. The average monthly temperature is lower than 17℃, which affects flowering and fruiting; When the night temperature is lower than 14℃, the growth will be slow, the plants will be short, the leaves will be narrow, the flowers will bloom less and the flowers will drop more. At 26 ~ 28℃, there are many flowers, high fruit setting rate, fast fruit development, high yield and good quality.
2. Moisture Okra is drought-resistant and moisture-resistant, but not waterlogged. Excessive soil moisture during germination is easy to induce seedling blight. Drought in the fruiting period, poor plant growth and poor quality should always keep the soil moist.
3. Illumination Okra is particularly sensitive to light conditions, requiring long illumination time and sufficient illumination. Xiangyang plot should be selected, ventilation should be strengthened, and reasonable close planting should be paid attention to so as to avoid shading each other and affecting ventilation and light transmission.
4. Soil Nutrition Abelmoschus esculentus has a wide adaptability to the soil and does not choose soil fertility, but loam or sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage is more suitable. Nitrogen is the main fertilizer in the early stage of growth, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are needed in the middle and late stage. However, if there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, the plant will grow in vain, the flowering and fruiting will be delayed, and the fruit-setting node will increase. Insufficient nitrogen fertilizer and poor plant growth affect flowering and fruit setting.
Breeding step
1, seedling raising
(1) okra seeds are soaked for 12 hours, and then placed at 25 ~ 30℃ to accelerate germination. After about 24 hours, the seeds begin to sprout, and can be planted when 60% ~ 70% of the seeds "break their mouths". It is suitable to plant in holes, with 3 plants per hole and a hole depth of 2 ~ 3 cm.
Germination: it takes about10 ~15 days from sowing to flattening of two leaves. Sowing at 25 ~ 30℃ for 4 ~ 5 days can germinate and be unearthed. Usually, it takes about 7 days for direct seeding seedlings to be unearthed in the open field, and the seedlings can emerge 2 ~ 4 days in advance with plastic film mulching.
Seedling stage: it takes about 40 ~ 45 days from the flattening of two leaves to the opening of the first flower. Generally, after cotyledons are fully unfolded, the first true leaf unfolds after15 ~ 25 days. After that, a true leaf occurs every 2 ~ 4 days, and the first one or two true leaves are round. Growth is slow in seedling stage, especially when the ground temperature is too low.
(2) Seedling transplanting method: the seedling temperature is 25℃, and it will germinate in 4 ~ 5 days. Seedling age is 30 ~ 40 days, and the seedlings are planted when they have 2 ~ 3 true leaves.
2, flowering and fruiting
It takes about 85 ~120 days from the beginning of flowering to the end of harvesting. It takes 50 ~ 55 days after emergence, and the first flower will open. The second flower takes a little longer from flowering to harvest. Later, with the increase of temperature, the harvest time is shortened. Usually, the first harvest is about 70 days after sowing. It can be harvested 4 days after flowering at the daytime temperature of 28 ~ 32℃ and the night temperature18 ~ 20℃. After flowering and fruiting, okra grows faster and stronger, especially at high temperature. In July, a real leaf is unfolded every three days, and in September, it takes 4 to 5 days to unfold a real leaf.
3. Harvest
It takes about 60 days for okra from sowing to the formation of the first tender fruit. After that, the whole harvesting period will last for 60 ~ 70 days, and the standard of okra picking is that the fruit is 8 ~10 cm long, the fruit is bright green on the outside and the seeds in the fruit are not aged. If the harvest is not timely, the meat quality will age and the fiber will increase, and the edible value of the commodity will be greatly reduced. Generally, after the first fruit is harvested, it is harvested every 2 ~ 4 days in the early stage, and the harvesting interval is shortened with the increase of temperature. Harvest once a day or every other day during the full fruit season in August. After September, the temperature drops, and it is harvested once every 3 ~ 4 days. Scissors should be used when harvesting, and gloves should be put on to prevent bristles or prickles on stems, leaves and fruits from stabbing the skin, and the itching is unbearable. At this time, washing with soap or lightly roasting on the fire can reduce the degree of itching. Usually, the tender fruit is harvested 4 days after the flower withers, and the quality is the best.
Planting method of okra 1, soil preparation and fertilization
In the plot where okra is to be planted, after the previous harvest, deep ploughing should be carried out in autumn and winter in time, with a depth of 30 cm, so as to deepen the mature soil layer, further loosen the soil, and enhance the soil's water storage and fertilizer conservation capacity. Before planting, make the soil fine, flat, loose and soft, and the upper part is empty and the lower part is solid.
2. Sow at the right time
Direct seeding is often used, and seedlings can also be transplanted. Generally, seeds are sown in mid-May, planted in mid-June, and harvested in large quantities in August.
3. Fine sowing
The seed coat of okra is hard, so it should be soaked for 12 hours before sowing, and then placed at 25℃ to accelerate germination. Broken mouth? Sow in time. It is suitable to sow on demand, the width of the border is 85 cm, the width of the furrow is 30 cm, each border is 1 row, the hole distance is 30 ~ 35 cm, and each hole is sown with 2 ~ 4 seeds, and the hole depth is 2 ~ 3 cm. Water first, then sow, and then cover the soil with a thickness of about 2 cm. Nursery seedlings are often raised in nutrient pots and plug trays, with 2 seeds sown in each hole and 2 ~ 3 real leaves to be planted.
4. Intercropping and intertillage
After the emergence of okra, the seedlings should be thinned in time. When there are 2 ~ 3 real leaves, the diseased, weak and small seedlings should be removed, and 2 plants should be left in each hole. After the seedlings are unearthed, intertillage weeding should be done in time, every 10 days or so 1 time. Before the first flower opens, we should strengthen intertillage and squat seedlings properly to promote root system development. After flowering and fruiting, the plant grows faster, and should be cultivated in the middle after each topdressing and watering. Tillage and cultivate the soil before closing the ridge to prevent the plants from lodging. When the rainy season is hot in July and August, weeds grow quickly, so weeds should be pulled out in time to prevent grass shortage.
5, fertilizer and water management and protection
Okra is drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant, and requires high air and soil humidity during its growth, especially in the flowering and fruiting period. The growth and harvest period of okra is long, and the whole growth period is about 100 days. On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, appropriate topdressing is carried out, and the first topdressing is carried out after emergence, and 6-7 kg of urea is applied per mu; Applying seedling fertilizer for the second time, ditching and applying compound fertilizer15 ~ 20kg after seedling fixing; Apply 1 time heavy fertilizer at flowering and fruiting stage, and apply 25 ~ 30 kg compound fertilizer. After entering the fruit picking period, according to the growth, apply less topdressing several times as appropriate to prevent lodging or premature aging. Summer is in the peak harvest period of okra, with large water demand and high surface temperature, so watering should be done before 9 am or after sunset in the afternoon to avoid damaging the roots by watering at high temperature. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season to prevent seedling death.
6. Set up a frame to pick leaves
In summer, a support should be set up to prevent lodging, and bamboo poles or branches with a length of 1 m can be inserted beside the roots of plants to support the plants. In the early stage of growth, it is necessary to prevent excessive growth of nutrients from causing excessive growth. In the middle and late stage, all the old leaves below the harvested tender fruits should be removed in time, which can not only improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions, reduce nutrient consumption, but also reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. Those reserved for seed fruit should be plucked in time, which can promote the seed fruit to mature, so as to facilitate the fullness of seeds and improve the quality of seeds.
7. Control pests and diseases
Okra has fewer diseases and more pests. There are mainly aphids, thrips, viral diseases, etc., and 10% Furui pine granule1000 ~1500mg can be used per mu, and the basal fertilizer should be applied in the planting ditch. If pests occur in the later growth period, they can be controlled by spraying 50% phoxim EC, avermectin, mirex, methomyl, etc. every 5 ~ 7 days 1 time.
Key points of planting okra 1, planting time: okra is cultivated in the open field, with sowing in April-June and harvesting in July 7- 10/October. Sowing in North China is generally from mid-late April to May. Solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses are often used to raise seedlings in cold areas in the north, and then they are planted in the field after the early spring and late frost.
2. Soil preparation and fertilization: After the previous harvest, the plots to be planted with okra should be deeply ploughed in autumn and winter by 30 cm to deepen the mature soil layer, further loosen the soil and enhance the soil's water storage and fertilizer conservation capacity. Before planting, make the land fine, flat, loose and soft, and the upper part is empty and the lower part is solid. Okra needs more fertilizer, and 5000 kilograms of decomposed manure and 20 kilograms of compound fertilizer are applied per mu. Before soil preparation, they are spread on the ground, then deeply ploughed into the soil, finely raked and mixed to mix the soil and fertilizer, and then furrowed for border cultivation.
3. Intercropping and intertillating: After the emergence of okra, the seedlings should be interplanted in time. When there are 2 ~ 3 real leaves, the diseased, weak and small seedlings should be removed, and 2 plants should be left in each hole. After the seedlings are unearthed, intertillage weeding should be done in time, every 10 days or so 1 time. Before the first flower opens, we should strengthen intertillage and squat seedlings properly to promote root system development. Tillage and cultivate the soil before closing the ridge to prevent the plants from lodging.
4. Fertilizer and water management: Abelmoschus esculentus is drought-resistant and moisture-resistant, which requires high air and soil humidity during its growth period, especially in the flowering and fruiting period. The growth and harvest period of okra is long, and the whole growth period is about 100 days. On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, appropriate topdressing is carried out, and the first topdressing is carried out after emergence, and 6 ~ 7 kg of urea is applied per mu.
5. Set up a frame to pick leaves: in summer, a frame should be set up to prevent lodging, and bamboo poles or branches with a length of 1 m can be inserted next to the roots of the plants to support the plants. In the early stage of growth, it is necessary to prevent excessive vegetative growth from causing excessive growth, and in the middle and late stage, all the old leaves below the harvested tender fruits should be removed in time. Those reserved for seed fruit should be plucked in time, which can promote the seed fruit to mature, so as to facilitate the fullness of seeds and improve the quality of seeds.
6. Timely harvesting: Okra blooms and pods when the plant height is about 30cm and the true leaves are 7-9. It takes about 60 days to form the first tender fruit. In the future, the whole harvest period will be as long as 60- 100 days, and the whole growth period will be about 120 days, or even longer.
7, seed storage: Okra seed collection technology is relatively simple. When it enters the growth period, vegetative growth and reproductive growth go hand in hand. In order to avoid inhibiting the growth and reducing the yield, the lower fruit of early fruiting should not be reserved for seed, and the pod at the top of the plant is difficult to fully mature. Even if it is fully mature, the seeds are not full and the quality is poor, so it is not suitable to reserve seeds. Therefore, it is advisable to select and keep mature fruit pods with full seeds in the middle of robust plants that meet the characteristics of this variety (the fruit shell turns yellow and brown, and cracks appear), and then store them in cloth bags for later use after drying, threshing and cleaning.
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