The growth period of vines depends on planting techniques, as well as the use of fertilizers and fruit yield. It also includes measures such as tree species, natural environment and protection. Grapes begin to grow after three years of planting, and then germinate, blossom and bear fruit every year.
2, liana planting management technology:
(1) Fertilization
There are mainly base fertilizer and topdressing, which are used to protect or compensate the nutrients needed for grape growth and also to prevent and control pests and diseases. Fertilizers mainly include phosphorus, potassium, boron, urea and other fertilizers, and organic fertilizers such as river mud can also be used. (It is suggested to use Anokem Meschwald controlled-release BB fertilizer as base fertilizer, 0.3- 1kg/ plant, 0.5-2kg/ plant, and use Mercer water-soluble fertilizer as topdressing in the later stage. )
(2) Pest control
Similar pests only occur for one generation (June-August) in the north, and may only occur for two generations in the south. The main pest species are moth larvae, with green body and yellow antennae, commonly known as bean worms or bean Dan; Grape longicorn larva with purple, gray or dark green stripes.
(3) Pruning
From 1 1 month, the grape leaves began to turn yellow and fall. In winter, grape growers in cold areas must cover their roots with soil to prevent the vines from freezing to death. In order to slow down the aging of grapevines and control the grape yield, it is necessary to prune them from winter to March every year, and lignified grapevines must be pruned into the required shape according to different pruning systems. Vines that die in the middle of the year must also be replanted in winter.
Pruning method:
The most important job of pruning is winter pruning. Because the vines can't be harvested until at least the third year after planting, the pruning work in previous years mainly focused on cutting out the shape of the pruning system, and the pruning of grape production began after the third year. Because of the complexity of pruning, it can only be done manually.
There are hundreds of bracts in the vines before pruning every year, which can be pruned according to the pruning system and the number of bracts retained by each vine to control the yield. Because if some bracts are not removed, not only the quality of the grapes produced is not good, but also the aging speed of the vines will be accelerated.
The essence of grape planting is to balance the growth of grape branches and leaves and the growth of grape fruits. On the one hand, there should be enough leaves for photosynthesis to make nutrients, on the other hand, the leaves should not be too lush to consume the nutrients needed for grape growth.
Pruning and pruning vines is an important way to maintain this balance. In order to match different grape varieties and natural environment, the pruning system has developed many different styles to meet the needs. Each pruning system has its own unique pruning method, branch and vine binding method and various suitable planting techniques.
(4) grafting
Grape grafting technology has two main functions:
On the one hand, the summer growth is vigorous, the flower buds are well differentiated, and the full branchlets can also produce spikes. The leaves are upright, the color is dark green, the photosynthetic efficiency is high, the cultivation management is easy, and the cultivation effect is good. It can be propagated by cutting or grafting. On the other hand, new varieties can be cultivated.
Potted grapes cultivated on balcony:
One: Choose a basin.
The containers that can be used as potted grapes include clay pots, wooden pots, plastic flowerpots and other containers with good air permeability. Generally, containers with a diameter of 1.0 ft ~ 1.2 ft are selected, and larger pots are replaced after 1~2 years.
Second: soil
The soil needs breathable, loose and fertile loam rich in organic matter and calcium. We can use nutrient soil mixed with decomposed horse, cow dung 1/3 and 2/3 of pastoral soil, fill it in a basin, pour it thoroughly, and plant it after the surface is dry and loose.
If there is no cow or horse manure, we can use humus soil, garden soil, coarse sand, bone meal, coarse sand (or residue) and puffed chicken manure, then seal it with plastic film, fumigate it for one day and one night, remove the film, dry it for 3-4 days, and put it into the pot for use.
Soil is very important, so loosen it regularly. But be careful not to hurt your roots. If you see the soil in the basin as hard as stone, you should dig out the vines and plant them again. Or replace it with loose, breathable and nutritious humus soil. Add enough decomposed fertilizer as base fertilizer. Pot soil should be raked frequently to enhance water permeability, water retention and air permeability.
Third, fertilization.
The principle of fertilization for potted grapes is to apply less fertilizer. Potted grapes can be temporarily not fertilized at seedling stage and early planting stage. After the seedlings grow to 5-6 leaves, apply 1 time diluted liquid fertilizer every 6-8 days. After flowering and fruiting, the amount of nutrients needed increases, and the number of fertilization can be appropriately increased. Pay attention to watering immediately after applying liquid fertilizer every time.
Fourth, water.
Water potted grapes every 2-3 days before and after germination 1 time, preferably before 10 in the morning and after 4 pm. When watering, the water temperature should be close to the temperature of the basin soil. In summer, the temperature is relatively high and the evaporation is relatively large. Water it once in the morning and once in the evening. After the temperature gradually decreases in autumn, the watering frequency gradually decreases, so it is appropriate to wet the basin soil. During the dormant period of deciduous leaves in winter, keep the basin soil dry and wet, and sprinkle some waterway leaves when watering.
Five, pest control
If there is a disease, the grapes can be sprayed with 3-5 Baume lime-sulfur mixed solution during dormancy, and then sprayed with 1 0-10/:0.5: 200 bordeaux solution or 500 times compound carbendazim solution every15 days after germination, which can prevent and control common diseases.
If abnormal phenomena such as brown spots and white powder are found on leaves, branches or fruit ears, they should be cut off immediately to prevent spreading and sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. Potted grapes rarely get sick in an environment with sufficient light and good ventilation.
Six, light
Grapevine is very sensitive to light. Grapevine likes light, so it must be placed in a place with plenty of light.
Seven, shelf
Some people will put up some shelves on the balcony to facilitate the climbing of grapes. Remember not to use iron or shelves with fast heat transfer, it is better to use wood.