Alias white fruit, white fruit tree, Gongsun tree, moth leaves, duck feet.
For the ginkgo family Ginkgo biloba genus Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba L., to the leaves and seed kernels into medicine. Seeds, sweet, bitter, flat,
Toxic. It moistens the lungs, stabilizes wheezing, astringes spermatozoa, and stops leucorrhoea. Leaves, slightly bitter, flat, activating blood circulation and resolving pain. Seed main treatment of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, frequent urination, spermatorrhea, leucorrhea; external application for scabies. Leaf treatment of coronary artery sclerosis, angina pectoris, serum cholesterol hypercholesterolemia (ginkgo biloba liquid medicine), dysentery, elephantiasis. Ginkgo and edible (ginkgo oral solution, ginkgo tea), is nutritious, high value of the fruit. Specialties for our country, has entered the international market, become the fist product of Chinese herbal medicine class export foreign exchange earnings. Now a lot of cities and parks are ginkgo as an ornamental plant, the relevant materials reported, planted ginkgo tree places and engage in ginkgo tree people, do not have heart disease and cancer, the proposed bacterial effect is particularly good. Mainly produced in Guangdong, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and other provinces.
(ii) plant characteristics
Deciduous tall trees, up to 30 ~ 40 meters high, the whole plant is hairless. In the upright, light gray bark, old yellow-brown, longitudinal split. Dioecious, the big branches of the female plant are spreading, the big branches of the male plant are reaching upward; the branches are divided into long (light yellowish brown) and short (gray) branches. Leaves long-petiolate, clustered at the tips of short branches or spirally scattered on long branches, leaf blade flabellate, upper margin shallowly undulate, sometimes centrally lobed or deeply lobed, with numerous bifurcate and juxtaposed veinlets.Flowering between April and May, flowers unisexual and dioecious, sparsely homoecious; globular flowers born in the axils of short-branched leaves or in the axils of the court; male globular flowers catkin-shaped, female globular flowers long peduncle, peduncle end 2-forked (sparsely unforked or 3 to 5-forked). Seeds drupelike, subglobose or ellipsoid; exocarp fleshy, white powdered, yellowish or orange-yellow when ripe, like apricots, with odor; middle seed coat bony, white, with 2-3 ribs; endocarp membranous; endosperm abundant, cotyledons 2.
(C) growth characteristics
Happy with warm and humid climate, sunny, fertile sandy loam, relatively cold and drought-resistant.
(D) Cultivation techniques
1. Selection of land preparation
Ginkgo is a deep-rooted plants, long growth period, artificial planting, terrain, topography, soil, climate should create good conditions for it. Choose the terrain is high and dry, long hours of sunshine, sunny, deep soil, well-drained, loose and fertile loam, yellow pine soil, sandy loam on. One of the acidic and neutral loamy soil growth lush, good growth, early into the forest, ginkgo dioecious, pollination in order to bear fruit. After the selection of the ground, for the border, 120 cm wide, 25 cm high, turtle-back shape, slightly higher in the middle of the border, slightly lower on all sides, around the opening of a good drainage ditch, drought plugging ditch, flood drainage, and also have water supporting equipment.
2. Reproduction methods
Propagation, cuttings and grafting.
(1) planting propagation in February and March, from the strong age of the female female tree root tiller seedlings in the separation of 4 to 5 about 100 cm high robust, more fine rooted seedlings, transplanting and planting of the forest floor. Before planting to prepare the ground to apply fertilizer, planting into the soil depth should be appropriate, not too deep and too shallow, transplanting but not too dry can not water.
(2) cuttings propagation
Summer, from the fruit of the tree selection of the current year's short skills, cut into a long 7-10 cm section, the lower incision cut into a horse ear-shaped slant, the base of the 2 hours of soaking in water, cuttings in the vermiculite sand bed, intermittent water spraying, most of the spikes can be rooted in about 30 days.
(3) grafting propagation
To the full-fledged robust branches for the scion, with split stopping method on the live seedlings.
3. transplanting
Time divided into spring and autumn, spring every 1/15 hectares planted 35 seedlings, digging holes planting, hole depth of 50 cm, and then the bottom of the hole dug loose 15 cm, the farmyard manure, organic fertilizers and phosphorus fertilizers are mixed together, fully rotted, and the soil is mixed uniformly, and the top of the earth and then covered with soil 10 cm, the seedling placed in a hole planting, planting stable, solid, gently lifting the seedling, so that the root sparse unfolded, watering fixed root water, every until the root of the planting, and the root of the planting, and the root of the planting. The planting of the seedling in the hole, plant firmly, step on the ground, gently lift the seedling, so that the root spread, watering the root, every 1/15 hectare to match the good 5% male plants. 300 kg of fertilizer per hectare.
4. Field management
(1) Plowing and weeding
Just transplanted and planted in the ginkgo ground can be interplanted with traditional Chinese medicine grass, perilla, thorn mustard, fengfeng, only Hu, platycodonopsis, legumes, potatoes and short-stalked crops, and combined with the plowing and weeding and fertilization. Before the canopy is closed, fertilize 3 times a year. Spring fertilization, early summer male branch fertilizer, winter fertilization to protect seedlings, appropriate with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
Fertilizer method: each time in the canopy, digging radial holes or ring ditch, the fertilizer into the mulch, watering, from the beginning of the flowering, to the fruiting period, every other month for extra-root fertilizer, chasing 0.5% urea plus 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate fertilizer, made of aqueous solution, sprayed in cloudy days or evenings in the branches, leaves, if sprayed in rainy weather, and then sprayed again.
(2) artificial pollination
Ginkgo belongs to dioecious, pollination is accomplished by wind and insects. In order to improve the fruiting and fruiting rate of ginkgo, artificial pollination should be carried out in the following way: collect male flower branches and hang them on the female plant before flowering, pollination by wind and insect transmission, which greatly improves the fruiting rate.
(3) pruning and branching
In order to make the plant grow and develop fast, cut off the root tillers and some diseased plants every year, dead branches, thin branches, weak branches, overlapping branches, injured branches, upright branches, summer centering, petal buds. So that the nutrients are concentrated in multiple branches, to promote the growth of the plant.
5. Pest control
(1) seedling stem stem rot
Soil with bacteria. When the seedling stem base is injured in summer, the disease invades. Initially, the stem base turns brown and wrinkled, and develops into inner skin rot, and the leaves lose their green color.
Prevention methods: ① with stable fertilizer or cottonseed cake as a base fertilizer, and apply a sufficient amount. ② trellis shade, high temperature and drought, irrigation to reduce soil temperature. ③Remove the germs in time.
(2) camphor worms
The main pest of the ginkgo tree.
Methods of prevention and control: ① Scrape the bark in winter, in addition to the eggs. ② June-July artificial removal of pupae. ③ Spray the newly hatched larvae with trichlorfon or marathon 1000 times.
(E) harvesting and processing
Autumn (September to November), when the outer seed coat is orange-yellow, or natural maturation off the collection of fruits, harvested, stacked in a shady and wet place, you can also soak in the jar, soak the flesh, and then put into the water to remove the outer flesh of the fruit, the testa, washed clean, sun-dried, stored for spare. Break the shell, take out the seed kernel, that is, the white fruit kernel, can also be used to steam, fried, simmering method of shelling the kernel.
Late fall (October to November) harvest frosted ginkgo biloba leaves, dry, remove impurities, can be used medicinally. leaves in August before the leaves are not yellow before harvesting leaves, this time to flavonoids and ginkgolides content for the highest period, so the production of more green leaves extracted from the active ingredients for the treatment of cerebral vascular atherosclerosis, with a more stable effect of 800 U.S. dollars per kilogram, selling well both at home and abroad.
Ginkgo biloba seedlings cultivation techniques
Transplantation should be carried out in the spring, the first to be planted in the tree hole dug, waiting for the arrival of the ginkgo tree, the ginkgo tree to the base of the diameter of 6 times the ball of the earth for the best, but generally in transplantation, most of the 3-4 times or so, not as 6 times the ball of the earth to a high rate of survival, but the large trees dug 6 times the ball of earth in the transportation of the difficulties, the need to have a crane with the help. Earth ball is generally dug into the 'apple' shape, the top is big and the bottom is small, but the lower part should be slightly flat for good. The purpose is to protect the ball by tying it with straw. Generally large trees need to be lifted with a crane, and it is appropriate to transport 1-3 plants in one load, not too many. In the planting also need to use the crane crane, in the hook should be used soft cloth or other to protect, to avoid the bark is damaged, affecting the survival. And we must first test the depth of the tree hole and ginkgo soil ball height, width is appropriate, such as discomfort to timely supplement, pay attention to the tree hole can not be too deep, otherwise even if the survival of the growth is poor. Planting should be first in the hole when the soil is not filled, lift the grass rope of the soil ball, such as not good solution, you can use scissors to cut and extract, fill half of the soil and step on the ground, and then fill half of the soil, and finally step on the ground, watering immediately, especially in the first watering, it is best to insert the hose into the ginkgo tree hole of the lowermost part of the hole, so that not only watering, and can make the soil naturally fall, and the root system is closely combined, to avoid the existence of gaps in the root system space!
Planting the ginkgo tree
Planting should be set up in a timely manner after the bracket, generally supported by three pillars, in the trunk and the pillar connection with a soft cloth to protect, to avoid friction between the pillar and the trunk in windy times, resulting in damage to the bark of the tree. Generally the pillars can only be removed in the winter of the year. After planting, water the tree thoroughly for the second time every 3-5 days, and then water it thoroughly for about 7-8 days, and after 40 days, you can water it reasonably according to the humidity of the soil. It is best not to fertilize the first year of planting, and then fertilize the second year is appropriate.
1. Sowing seedlings Seeds should be harvested particles, the age of the tree in about 80 years of the mother tree is best, harvested seeds peeled and dried. The south can be sown in the fall, the north to spring sowing is appropriate. The seedbed is suitable for sandy loam with good water permeability.
2. The use of sprouting tiller propagation seedlings in February around (after the northern thaw) digging the base half with the root of the sprouting branches, planted in the nursery, 1 cm to 4 cm in diameter can be. This method is easy to survive. About 10 years or so can flower and fruit.
3. cuttings nursery in May to June to choose the current year's soft branches, cut into 10 cm to 15 cm, leaving 3 leaves to 4 leaves, inserted into the middle half of the Shi often sprayed with water to ensure that the leaves do not dry out, about one and a half months to two months can be rooted.
4. Seedling transplantation Ginkgo biloba diameter of 5 centimeters or less can be planted bare root, 6 centimeters or more generally with soil cultivation. Bare root planted seedlings, the year is the slow period. And with the soil pile of seedlings can grow that year. Seedlings planted in rows are irrigated with water. The large tree planting, it is best to plant before the pit filled with water, to be pit water seepage is complete, the large tree implanted in the pit pounding, so that the pit of water back up to moisturize the roots. The next watering is appropriate to dig a diversion trench full of water at the edge of the pit, so that the water slowly penetrate the roots of the ginkgo. Do not flood, many people transplanted ginkgo not live the main reason is not dry dead, but soak dead. Because the root system of the ginkgo respiration, large water irrigation, so that the root system lack of oxygen suffocation and can not send new roots, the root system gradually rot. Some ginkgo even if dead, its leaves can unfold, and even the next year, the third year can also be sprouted, but the leaves are very small, to be depleted of nutrients in its body, it does not send leaves. This is the ginkgo's "fake live" phenomenon. Some ginkgo planted after the first year does not send leaves, and even the second year does not send leaves, if the pinch skin, will find that the skin is fresh, the branches do not shrink, this tree is not necessarily dead, maybe the third year will be able to send out leaves. This phenomenon is also known as the ginkgo's "false death" phenomenon. Determine ginkgo fake dead or fake alive, can not just look at the leaves, it is important to look at the roots. So buy seedlings, especially from outside the purchase into the false planting of seedlings, must look at the root is black, if so, this seedling is false live seedlings, and then cheap can not be. Fresh seedlings should be the root of the xylem white, root skin slightly red color and xylem close.
5. Seedling management
(1) ginkgo living without frequent irrigation, northern areas, thawing before germination watering once in May if the weather is dry, can be watered once, because this is the ginkgo - the peak of growth in the year. In the fall, mid-August is the second peak growth period of the year, can be watered once, two irrigation can be combined with fertilization.
(2) fertilization: nursery fertilization can be carried out in the spring and summer seasons, spring in the two rows per acre of rotted organic fertilizer 5,000 pounds to 10,000 pounds, and then rotary plow with a small rotary tiller once, so that the fertilizer is evenly pounded into the soil, large seedlings can be opened radial ditch several, organic fertilizer and topsoil mixed into the ditch, spring fertilization, if the amount of fertilizer is large, one year, a small amount of supplemental applications in mid-August Once.
(3) pruning: ginkgo generally do not need to prune, because ginkgo new shoots less, even in the nursery seedlings, should try to keep as many branches as possible, in order to facilitate its accelerated thickening. The year before the seedlings will be sold, will be 1.8 meters below the branches cut off, after a year of growth, can be cut full-grown, smooth skin, branches and trunks upright.
(4) plowing: appropriate plowing can improve soil permeability conditions, plowing on the ginkgo biloba roots play a pruning role, can stimulate more fibrous roots sprouting, the number of plowing in the spring and fall can be once.
(5) disease prevention and treatment of insects: the disease of ginkgo is mainly the seedling stage of the standing wilt. The main insect pest of seedlings in the field is the golden turtle larvae (grubs). Seedling period, pay attention to ventilation and drainage, loosen the topsoil, spray Bordeaux solution, to prevent the disease. The way to prevent grubs is to try to apply rotted organic fertilizer, in the fertilization, the whole garden sprayed once 3911 pesticide 500 times liquid, and then rotary plowing again, will be sprayed with fertilizer, rotary into the soil. Another way is to mix bran, rice bran and other wet, mixed with trichlorfon medicine, with a bucket for two days, so that it fully absorbed the pesticide, then sprinkled into the ground, and then plowing. There is another way is every 10 meters or so, bury a bunch of dead grass, dead grass often water some water, every two months lift the dead grass, there will be a lot of grubs underneath, focus on killing.
(6) the training of fruit trees: ginkgo is dioecious, heterogamous pollination, so the fruit tree should be configured pollination tree, ginkgo pollination ability is very strong, 25 kilometers downwind under the breeze are effective pollination area, the difference between the male tree and female tree is: female tree branch whorl obvious, branch spreading growth, leaf color thick, and male tree branches erect mutual growth. Ginkgo orchards planted at a spacing of 4 m × 6 m, solid seedlings grow fast, select seedlings with a diameter of 3 cm to 4 cm at breast height, cut off the head for grafting, generally with branch grafting, the scion is selected as 3 years old, with a glossy skin color, and with three to six short branches, the results of the good varieties of large particles is good. After grafting 3 years to 4 years can hang fruit.
Nuisance: 1, strengthen management, enhance the ginkgo seedlings. Such as striving for winter fertilization, avoid waterlogging, eliminate intercropping with pine and sequoia, improve the quality of seedling planting, shorten the time of slowing down, in order to enhance the disease resistance of seedlings. In addition, the control of female plants excessive fruit, in order to prevent the spread of this disease in the ginkgo tree occurred
2, improve the seeding technology, timely and early sowing, mulching thickness is appropriate, to promote the seedling seedling, improve the seedling group resistance.
In the early stages of the disease, the base of the seedlings turned brown, the leaves lost their normal green color, and slightly drooping, but not off. Diseased parts of the rapid upward expansion, to the whole plant withered. Seedling base cortex appeared wrinkled, skin tissue rot spongy or powdery, gray color, and there are many tiny black nuclei. This disease can also invade the seedling xylem, so the brown hollow pith sometimes also see small mycorrhizal production. Thereafter, the pathogen gradually extends to the root, so that the root bark cortex rot. If you pull the diseased seedlings by hand, you can only pull out the xylem, and the root cortex is left in the soil. Ginkgo cuttings in high or low temperature conditions, stem rot can also occur, can make the spike epidermis is cylindrical set in the xylem, phloem thin-walled tissues are all blackened and rotted.
3, irrigation and water spray In the hot season should be timely irrigation and water spray to reduce the surface temperature, the conditions of the place can be taken to spray irrigation, more conducive to reducing the incidence of disease.
4, early sowing for soil thawing that is sown, this measure is conducive to the early lignification of seedlings, enhance the ability to resist the high temperature of the soil surface.
(a) species Ginkgo biloba is a gymnosperm, only 1 thing 1 genus 1 species, the scientific name Ginkgo biloba L.. Deciduous tree, dioecious, tree height up to 40 meters, bark light gray, old bark deep longitudinal crack rough. Branches gray, 1-year-old branches light yellow-brown, with long and short branches, long branches for the development of branches (i.e., nutrient branches), short branches for flowering and fruiting branches. In the short branch 3 ~ 8 leaves clustered, leaf fan-shaped, 5 ~ 8 cm wide, leaf margin undulate, with cleavage defects, leaf veins parallel, petiole slender, leaf color light green, turning yellow in the fall. Flowers unisexual, male flower catkin, female flower two ovules juxtaposed naked on the stalk. Seeds are drupelike, ellipsoid, obovate or globose, with fleshy outer testa, yellow to orange-yellow when ripe, white powdered; middle testa white, bony, with 2-3 longitudinal ridges; inner testa membranous, light reddish brown. Endosperm fleshy, cotyledons 2. (B) Groups Ginkgo cultivars are more, generally categorized into three types: 1. Buddha's hand ginkgo class (long white fruit) seeds obovate, the core is narrow and pointed, obovate, weighing about 3 grams, the seed kernel taste sweet. 2. plum nucleus ginkgo class (round white fruit) seeds round or slightly heart-shaped, slightly concave at the tip, nucleus ovate or broadly elliptic, slightly flattened, weighing 2 to 2.5 grams, the seed kernel has a bitter taste, but more resistant to drought and flooding. 3. Ma bell ginkgo class (intermediate) morphology and quality between the above two types. The top of the seed is raised with a small tip, shaped like plum kernel type, the nucleus is like Buddha's hand type. Among the above three types of species, the Buddha's hand type is the most cultivated, and the plum nucleus type is more primitive. In addition, it is believed that the Lingnan ginkgo, which is mainly distributed in Nanxiong, is a different species from the above three categories. (C) the main fine varieties 1. big Buddha finger big Buddha finger main production Jiangsu Taixing, Pi County and Zhejiang Changxing County. Fruitfulness is strong, large and small annual fruiting is not obvious. Sweet flavor, large, white nucleus, high kernel rate, nuclear weight 3.0 ~ 3.5 grams. 2. Dongting Huang Dongting Huang produced in Dongting Mountain, Wu County, Jiangsu Province, the original plant in the village of Xishan Meiyuan, tree age of about 500 years. Kernel 3.5 grams, one of the famous large-fruited white fruit. 3. Ocean Emperor Ocean Emperor produced in Lingchuan County, Guangxi Ocean Township, the original plant in Zhu Jia Lao Village, the age of about 200 years, the nucleus is large and plump, white color, sweet taste, nuclear weight of 3.6 grams. Late maturity, high yield and stable yield. 4. round bottom Buddha hand round bottom Buddha hand produced in zhejiang zhuji and other places. Core weight 2.8 grams, seed kernel flavor, the most rare, often as a fruit store display. 5. big white fruit big white fruit produced in Hubei Xiaogan City, Dawu Township on Yu Tianwan, Guangxi Lingchuan County, Zhujia old village also produced. Core weight 4.0 grams, white color, full of seed kernels, taste. 6. home Buddha hand home Buddha hand is a new species selected in recent years. Guangxi Lingchuan, Xing'an County and Jiangsu Taixing, Pi County are cultivated. Abundant and stable yield, late maturity, large nucleus, white color, high commercial value. 7. Dajinzhu Dajinzhu is mainly produced in Tancheng, Shandong. Nuclear large, uniform, glutinous, early results, drought, waterlogging, barren, but not wind. 8. big horse bell big horse bell is zhejiang zhuji and jiangsu pixian, xinyi and other main cultivars, nuclear weight 3.4 ~ 3.6 grams, sweet flavor, glutinous.