Some pictures have not been posted online. If you want them, please email me!

A, multiple-choice questions (this question *** 13 small questions, 6 points for each small question. Of the four options given in each question, only one meets the requirements of the topic)

1. The following statement about microbial growth curve is incorrect.

A. Inoculating logarithmic phase strains under the same culture conditions will shorten the adjustment period.

B. The microorganisms entering the logarithmic phase have vigorous metabolism and relatively stable morphological and physiological characteristics.

C, no new cells are generated after entering the stable phase, and the number of living cells remains relatively constant.

D. After entering the decay period, some cells disintegrate, and metabolites such as antibiotics can be released.

Answer: c

Analysis: The microorganisms entering the logarithmic phase have vigorous metabolism and relatively stable morphological and physiological characteristics, and are used as strains or scientific research materials; After entering the stable period, microorganisms will still produce new cells. At this time, the birth rate is equal to the death rate, and the number of living cells remains relatively stable, so C is wrong.

2. The following description about the structure and function of biofilm is incorrect.

A. The fusion of plant protoplasts depends on the fluidity of cell membrane.

B. The endoplasmic reticulum of secretory cells that synthesize sterol hormones is generally underdeveloped.

C. The modification of secreted protein is completed by endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

D, the renewal of membrane components can be realized through the transfer of vesicles with membranes between biomembranes.

Answer: b

Analysis: the fusion of plant protoplasts depends on the certain fluidity of cell membrane; The modification of secretory protein is completed by endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The endoplasmic reticulum is related to the synthesis of protein, lipids and sugars, so the endoplasmic reticulum of cells that synthesize sterols is also developed. So b is wrong.

3. The following description about the physiological change process of people during strenuous exercise is correct.

A. A large amount of sodium loss has greater influence on osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid.

B. A large amount of lactic acid enters the blood, and the plasma changes from weakly alkaline to weakly acidic.

C. Glucagon secretion increased, which promoted the decomposition of glycogen and myoglycogen.

D the O2 content in blood decreased, which stimulated the respiratory center to promote respiratory movement.

Answer: a

Analysis: Sodium plays an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid, and potassium plays an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of intracellular fluid, so a large amount of sodium loss has greater influence on the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid, and A is correct. There are buffer substances in the blood, and the PH value of the plasma remains relatively stable, so it will not become weakly acidic and B is wrong. Glucagon can't promote myoglycogen decomposition, C is wrong. During strenuous exercise, CO2 in the blood increases, which stimulates the respiratory center and leads to enhanced breathing. D is wrong.

4. The picture on the right shows the changing trend of seed quality and relative content of organic matter in rape seeds during maturity. The following related statements are incorrect.

A. A large number of sugars are input and participate in metabolism, which leads to the continuous increase of seed quality.

B. Cell metabolism uses a lot of sugar, which leads to the decrease of starch content.

C. Sugar is continuously transformed into lipid, which leads to the continuous increase of lipid content.

D. Sugar is not converted into protein, resulting in the same content of nitrogen-containing substances.

Answer: d

Analysis: protein is a structural component of cells, and sugar can be converted into protein. The content of nitrogen-containing substances remains unchanged, but the total amount of protein is actually increasing due to the increase of seed dry weight, so sugar is being transformed into protein.

5. There are antifreeze genes in the Arctic flounder, and its antifreeze protein has a repetitive sequence of 1 1 amino acids. The more repetitions of this sequence, the stronger the antifreeze ability. The following figure is a schematic diagram of the process of obtaining transgenic antifreeze tomato plants, and the relevant statement is correct

The target gene obtained in process A ① can be used for genetic engineering and genome sequencing.

B multiple antifreeze genes are coded to be connected in turn into new genes that can be expressed, and antifreeze proteins with enhanced antifreeze properties cannot be obtained.

The recombinant plasmid composed of C process ② lacks marker genes and needs to be transformed into Agrobacterium for screening.

D DNA probe technology can be used to detect the existence and complete expression of the target gene in transgenic freeze-resistant tomato plants.

Answer: b

Analysis: The target gene obtained by the process 1 has no non-coding region and intron, so it can't be used for flounder genome sequencing, so it is a mistake. Agrobacterium was introduced to amplify and introduce tomato cells more easily. DNA probe technology can't detect whether the gene is completely expressed, and the complete expression of the target gene should detect the protein and D errors of the expression product.

30(2 1 min) Answer the following questions I and II.

I (9 points) Some people explored the best culture conditions of an algae through experiments to obtain the maximum biomass (note: biomass refers to the dry weight of algae per unit volume).

(1) When algae are cultured under the condition of light, the culture solution must contain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The curve of the photosynthetic rate of algae with the intensity of sunlight is shown in the following figure, and point B in the figure indicates the best _ _ _ _ _ _ culture conditions.

(2) The algae can still grow under the condition of no light, but organic substances such as glucose should be added to the culture medium to provide _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) Adding glucose to the culture solution to prepare culture solutions with different concentrations, and culturing the algae under certain illumination conditions, and measuring the biomass of the algae as shown in the following table:

To determine the optimal glucose concentration for algae culture, it is necessary to design _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ experiments.

(4) Based on the above experiments, the culture condition for obtaining the maximum biomass of the algae is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

II. (12) The following figure shows the structure and physiological changes of the nerve-muscle joint in the reflex arc.

When the (1) reflex occurs, the excitement generated by the nerve center travels along the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nerve to the presynaptic membrane, resulting in the release of neurotransmitter (ACH) from synaptic vesicles and the presynaptic membrane _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; After Ach binds to Ach receptor, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ occurs in the muscle membrane, causing muscle contraction.

(2) Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease, the cause of which is that the patient's immune system takes the Ach receptor as an antigen, which makes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The antibody of Ach receptor specifically binds to Ach receptor, which results in that Ach can not normally bind to Ach receptor, and thus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ signal conversion process is blocked.

(3) Clinical treatment of severe patients with myasthenia gravis, thymectomy can be used, the purpose is to inhibit the development of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ into T cells, which can not produce lymphatic factor, thus inhibiting the immune response of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

I

Answer: (1) various essential mineral elements (1 min) CO2 (1 min) illumination (1 min)

(2) Carbon source and energy (2 points)

(3) More subdivided concentration gradient between 0.2 and 0.6g/L (2 points)

(4) Appropriate illumination, adding appropriate concentration of glucose (2 points)

Analysis: (1) Seaweed is a plant, so it is necessary to add all kinds of essential mineral elements to the culture solution. Air is introduced to provide CO2 for photosynthesis. The light intensity at point B has the largest biomass.

(2) Algae can't carry out photosynthesis under the condition of no light, so it is necessary to provide organic matter as C source and energy source.

(3) To determine the optimal glucose concentration for cultivating algae, a more subdivided concentration gradient between 0.2 and 0.6g/L is needed.

(4) According to the figure, the maximum biomass of the algae needs appropriate light intensity, and according to the table, glucose with appropriate concentration needs to be added.

II

Answer: (1) Efferent (1 min) Fusion (2 points) Potential change (2 points)

(2)B cell (1 min) chemical signal to electricity (2 points)

(3) Hematopoietic stem cells (2 points) Body fluids (2 points)

Analysis: (1) The excitement generated by the nerve center spreads along the efferent nerve, which leads to the fusion of synaptic vesicles and presynaptic membranes, thus releasing transmitters. From the diagram, it can be seen that the transmitter causes the change of myomembrane potential, thus causing muscle contraction.

(2) Antibodies are produced by effector B cells, so B cells are activated and proliferated. Synapse releases transmitters, which leads to the change of myoelectric potential, so the conversion process from chemical signal to electrical signal is blocked.

(3) Hematopoietic stem cells generate T cells in thymus. According to question 2, it is to inhibit humoral immune response.

31.(21min) Answer the following questions I and II.

I.(7 points) Figure A is a sketch of the food web of the small island ecosystem. Some people introduced a certain number of capuchin iguanas (mainly feeding on sauropods and larger ground arthropods) to the island, and tracked the changes of the ecosystem and its control group. It was found that the numbers of sauropods and webworms changed greatly (see Figure B), while the numbers of other creatures changed relatively little. Please answer the following questions:

(1) The chameleon saberi is in the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ trophic level, and its interspecific relationship with the iguana capuchina is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) After the introduction of the capuchin iguana, the variable activity range of the chameleon Shaii shifted upward from the base of the tree, while the web position of the spider decreased slightly. This phenomenon indicates that the change of ecological factors can change the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the biological community.

(3) After the introduction of iguana, the change trend of the number of web spiders is _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Combined with the quantitative change information of other organisms, it can be seen that the structure and function of the small island ecosystem can remain relatively stable, indicating that the ecosystem has the ability of _ _ _ _ _ _.

Ii. (14) The chromosome number of wheat is 42. The following figure shows some chromosomes and gene composition of three pure wheat strains: I and II represent chromosomes, A is dwarf gene, B is dwarf yellow disease resistance gene, and E is stripe disease resistance gene, all of which are dominant. Strain B and strain C were bred by crossing common wheat with related species Thinopyrum (the black part in the picture is the chromosome fragment from Thinopyrum).

(1) Chromosome variation occurred in line B and line C. This phenomenon can provide raw materials if it occurs under natural conditions.

(2) The F obtained by the cross between A and B is self-crossed, and all chromosomes are normally associated, so genes A and A can be combined with each other.

Separate and separate. There are three genotypes in F obtained by self-crossing, among which there are only three genotypes showing resistance to dwarf yellow disease.

(3) F self-crossing obtained by crossing A and C, in meiosis, I A and I C are quite different and cannot be paired normally, while other chromosomes are paired normally, and four tetrads can be observed; The meiosis is completed normally, and gametes of three genotypes can be produced, and the gametes contain at most 10 chromosomes.

(4) Cross F in (2) with F in (3). If all gametes have equal opportunities for formation and fertility, and the seeds produced are all developing normally, the probability that the progeny plants show three traits at the same time is.

I

Answer: (1) third or fourth (1 min) competition and predation (1 min)

(2) Vertical structure (1 min)

(3) first increase, then decrease, and finally reach a balance. (2 points) Certain automatic adjustment (2 points)

Analysis: (1) According to the food web, the chameleon saberi is in the third and fourth trophic levels. The capuchin iguana preys on the sauropod, and both the capuchin iguana and the sauropod preys on larger ground arthropods, so they are predatory and competitive.

(2) The vertical structure of the community has changed.

(3) According to the coordinate map, the number of web spiders in iguana with curly tail increased first and then decreased compared with iguana without curly tail. The structure and function of the ecosystem remain relatively stable, indicating that the ecosystem has a certain ability of automatic adjustment.

II

Answer: (1) structure (1 min) biological evolution (1 min)

(2) Homologous chromosome (1 min) 9(2 points) 2(2 points)

(3) 20 (1 min) 4(2 points) 22(2 points)

(4)3/ 16 (2 points)

Analysis: (1) The observation shows that the ethylene-propylene strain has undergone structural variation of dyeing, which can provide raw materials for biological evolution.

(2) Genes A and A are alleles located on homologous chromosomes, so they are separated with the separation of homologous chromosomes. Plant A has no Bb gene, and the genotype can be expressed as AA00, plant B as aaBB, and F 1 genotype obtained by hybridization as AaB0, which can be considered as AaBb. Therefore, there are 9 genotypes of F2, and only 2 genotypes show resistance to dwarf yellow disease: aaBB aaB.

(3) Wheat contains 42 chromosomes, except for two that cannot be paired, 40 chromosomes can be paired in pairs, so 20 tetrads can be observed. Because I-A and I-C can't be paired, I-A and I-C may or may not be separated during the first meiosis. The final gamete may contain I-A, I-C, both of them, or none of them, so it can produce four genotypes of gametes. It contains up to 22 chromosomes.

(4) The genotype of F 1 in (2) is AAB, and the genotype of F 1 in (3) can be regarded as A aE. Considering that the probability of the offspring of B gene with resistance to dwarf yellow disease is 1/2, and considering A and E, the probability of the offspring with resistance to dwarf yellow leaf spot disease is 3/8.