Cultivation technology of Pleurotus ostreatus: a common cultivation formula
There are many raw materials for cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus, such as cottonseed hull, corncob, sawdust, straw and wheat straw, among which cottonseed hull is the best, and all localities can choose it according to local conditions. No matter what kind of raw materials are selected, the culture materials must be fresh, dry and mildew-free.
Formula 1: cottonseed hulls 93%, urea 0.3%~0.5%, calcium superphosphate 1%, plant ash 1%~2%, lime 2%~3%.
Formula 2: corncob 48%, cottonseed hulls 40%, cottonseed cake powder 4%~5%, calcium superphosphate 1%, plant ash 1%~2%, urea 0.3%~0.5% and lime 2%~3%.
Two ingredients and fermentation
Weighing the culture material in proportion; Uniformly stirring the main material and the water-insoluble auxiliary material; The soluble substance is prepared into an aqueous solution, which is gradually added and evenly mixed. According to the characteristics of the culture material, adjust to the appropriate water content. (Note that water cannot be added at one time, but should be added in batches, especially not in excess. )
1, ingredients The above formulas can be mixed with water according to the material-water ratio of1:1.2 ~1.3, and adjusted to about 60% water content and pH value of 7.5~8.
2. Stacking fermentation is selected in sunny and dry places, and the culture material is mixed with lime water with pH9~ 10, and the water content reaches 65% ~70%. After mixing well, pile 50 kilograms per square meter, which is small, so it should be piled into a round pile, which is beneficial to raise the temperature for fermentation; The material quantity is large, which can be piled into a long strip pile. Because the wheat straw is elastic, it should be compacted, and others should be compacted according to the situation. Then use a wooden stick with a diameter of 2~3 cm to drill a hole to the bottom at intervals of 0.5 meters to facilitate ventilation. In order to have good ventilation, two bamboo poles are placed at the bottom when spreading the material, and they cross with the bottom bamboo poles when punching holes on both sides of the top. After stacking, the bottom bamboo poles are spread out, and then covered with plastic film for heat preservation and moisture preservation to make them ferment. After 1~3 days, the material temperature rises to 50-60℃, and it is turned over once every 24 hours. When turning the pile, pay attention to turning the outer layer into the material, the inner layer into the outer layer, the upper layer into the lower layer, and the lower layer into the upper layer, and adjust the position inside and outside up and down, so as to keep the temperature consistent and bear the pressure consistent, which is beneficial to the uniform and orderly growth of mycelium, and then pile it according to the original method. When the temperature rises to 50℃~60℃ again, after 24 hours of fermentation, the material is soft and crisp, and it will break when pulled by hand, which is fragrant, not sour and brown.
Three-bag inoculation
(1) specifications and charging amount of plastic bags: long and wide plastic tubes should be used when the temperature is low, and the charging amount is relatively large. The charging bag should be 23 cm wide and 40-45 cm long, and the dry material should be 0.7-0.8 kg.
(2) Strain amount: ensure that the hyphae are pure and free of miscellaneous bacteria, the hyphae grow vigorously, and the age of bacteria should not be too long, and the strain amount is 15% ~20%. The strain amount is large, the mycelium growth advantage is great, and the cultivation is easy to succeed. The amount of strains at both ends of the bag should be large, which is beneficial to the growth of hyphae and the surface advantage. Generally, bagging inoculation adopts layer sowing, which can be three layers of culture materials and four layers of strains.
Four bacteria management
(1) To control the temperature, the temperature is low in early spring, late autumn and winter. The north and south rows can be juxtaposed as a row, with a 50 cm walkway between each row, and 3-5 floors can be stacked. In other seasons, it should be arranged in a single row, and the number of floors should be less. 3~5 layers can also be stacked in a well shape at high temperature.
(2) control that suitable temperature for mycelium growth. Suitable temperature should be controlled for indoor or outdoor border planting and greenhouse planting. The room temperature or border temperature of cultivation should be 15℃~20℃, and it should be low rather than high. The feed temperature should be controlled at 20℃~25℃, which should not exceed 25℃ in a short time and not exceed 30℃ at the highest. Low temperature is not only beneficial to high success rate, but also to high yield. Under the conditions of suitable temperature, humidity and good ventilation, mycelium can grow full of culture materials after 20~30 days.
(3) The relative humidity of the air in the culture room should not be too high, not exceeding 60% at the initial stage, because if the relative humidity of the air is high, it is easy to produce miscellaneous bacteria, and it is appropriate to increase the relative humidity of the air to 60%~70% at the later stage.
(4) During the cultivation period, ventilation should be carried out in combination with the temperature and humidity, 2~3 times a day. When the temperature and humidity are high, the ventilation frequency should be increased and the time should be extended, and ventilation should also be paid attention to when the pile number is large.
(5) Mycelium is suitable for growth under weak light, even under dark conditions, but strong light is not conducive to growth.
(6) Turn over the pile and check the miscellaneous bacteria in time. If it is found that some flaky miscellaneous bacteria occur, it should be picked out and prevented in time. Inject disinfectant with syringe or cut a small mouth of plastic bag with scissors (or blades) and smear it with concentrated lime water or caustic soda solution with pH 10 or above. The bacteria in the bag are serious and should be eliminated.
(7) The culture room must be kept clean.
Five mushroom management
(1) It is advisable to reduce the temperature, increase the temperature difference between day and night 10℃~20℃, increase the relative humidity of the air, strengthen ventilation and increase the light, so as to promote the formation of fruiting body primordium.
(2) Promote the rapid growth of young mushrooms, at this time, control the relative humidity of air to 85% ~95%, and supply fresh air with sufficient oxygen and low concentration of CO2 and strong light.
(3) management of five periods in the development of fruiting body:
① Knotting period: You can't spray water on the material, white or yellow-white protrusions appear on the plastic bag, and there are soybean grains? The broad bean is large, which makes the plastic film form a gap with the material surface, enters the fresh air, and makes it open to promote buds, which is beneficial to the hyphae to knot and bud.
(2) Mulberry stage (germ bud stage): a protrusion the size of a small grain of rice is formed on the knot, which promotes the differentiation of the original base, and water can not be sprayed on the material surface, so as to strengthen ventilation.
(3) Coral stage: the primordium is elongated, and the mushroom buds are covered with different lengths of primordium and stipe. At this time, the material surface can be sprayed with water, and young mushrooms are most afraid of losing water by wind.
④ Elongation period: the stipe is thick, and the top is blue-gray and oblate, which can distinguish the stipe from the cap. Spray water 3~4 times a day on the material surface to promote the firmness and hypertrophy of the fruiting body, so as to improve the weight of a single flower. At this time, we must pay attention to the influence of temperature, humidity, light and ventilation.
⑤ Maturity: The stipe stops growing and the cap accelerates.
Early stage: the cover is dark, dark gray, hemispherical, with a raised middle and a downward edge;
Mid-term: the mushroom cap is unfolded, the middle is concave, the edge is flat and light gray, and the harvest is suitable in the middle term;
Late stage: the edge of the lid is wavy, pale white, yellow and gray, and a large number of spores are distributed.
Common cultivation methods of Pleurotus ostreatus 1. Bottle cultivation
Pleurotus ostreatus is easy to grow in bottles, has high land utilization rate, and can be produced all the year round. It is commonly used abroad such as Japan. According to the information, the building area is 1000 square meters, 900,000 bottles can be planted in bottles, 2 10 tons of sawdust and 42 tons of rice bran can be used to produce 72 tons of fresh mushrooms. Usually it has to be bottled? Autoclave? Inoculation? Training management? Harvesting and processing process.
The main management measures for bottle cultivation are as follows: when the mycelium is covered with the whole bottle, it is moved into an indoor culture room with low temperature, large temperature difference between day and night, scattered light and high humidity. When there is a white hard film on the bottle mouth, the fruiting body is delayed and needs to be removed in time. If the fruiting bodies are dense, sparse buds in time; Ensure strong growth.
2. Box-basket cultivation
Pleurotus ostreatus can be cultivated in containers such as wooden boxes and wicker baskets, and its specifications can be varied. Generally, the box with accumulated water of10cm x 33cm x 45cm can hold 5 ~ 6kg of culture materials.
The specific method is to put the prepared culture material in cloth bags with a certain gap between them, and keep it under high pressure sterilization for 1.5 hours. In some places, a steamer is used for disinfection, and the water in the pot is kept for 6-8 hours after boiling, and the pot is taken out while it is hot. In the inoculation box (room), put the culture material into a box covered with plastic film, and compact it tightly. Inoculate when the temperature drops below 30℃, then remove the gas from the film, roll up the seam, put it on a shelf or pile up the finished product, and cultivate it at low temperature.
In addition, raw materials can also be cultivated by sterilizing the culture materials and packing them in baskets for cultivation. Disinfection can use 1? ～3? Potassium permanganate or 1% quicklime.
When the mycelium grows all over the culture medium, the plastic film covered on the box basket can be removed to cultivate mushrooms.
You can also remove the boxes and baskets, move the cultivation blocks to the shelves in the culture room, and manage them to promote their fruiting. Generally, 3-4 batches of mushrooms can be harvested.
3. Plastic bag cultivation
Using polypropylene or agricultural plastic film, make bags with specifications of 23cm x 45cm or 28cm x 50cm, fill them with culture materials, and then tie them with rubber bands.
During disinfection, bags can be separated by paper or other things. Polypropylene has good pressure resistance and can be sterilized by high pressure. Polyethylene has poor temperature and pressure resistance, so it should be sterilized under normal pressure. When sterilizing under normal pressure, the lid should be covered and maintained for more than 6 hours after steaming; When autoclaving, the bag materials should be pressed tightly, with holes in the middle and gaps between bags to facilitate thorough sterilization. When the temperature rises or the air is deflated slowly after disinfection, so as not to damage the bag. Raw material plastic bag cultivation: the common method is to put a layer of 3-inch thick soaked culture material in the bag first, and press it by hand; Spread a thin layer of strain, then charge it, several layers, until it is full. Then, tie the mouth of the bag and cultivate it for about 30 days. When the mycelium is full and the fungus buds appear, untie the mouth and pay attention to spraying water, which can be harvested twice in a row.
4. Indoor big bed cultivation
Indoor big bed cultivation; Mushroom room should face south, bright, with excellent conditions such as heat preservation, moisturizing, ventilation and ventilation. Bedframes are generally arranged in the north and south, with no walls around. The width of the bed surface is about 3 feet, and the distance between the culture blocks is1~ 2 feet. Too wide is not conducive to the development of hyphae. Each floor is 2 ~ 25 feet apart. Leave a walkway between the bedsteads, 2 feet wide, and the upper floor does not exceed the glass window, so as not to affect the light. Spread bamboo poles or strips under the bed, and spread them tightly; Prevent mushrooms from growing under the bed at the same time, and disperse nutrition. Indoor bedstead cultivation is easier to control temperature and humidity than open cultivation, and is less affected by natural conditions.
When preparing culture materials for Huashan edible fungi, it is required that the water content is appropriate, the humidity is even, it is not suitable for overnight, and the material surface is flat and the thickness is consistent. For example, for cottonseed hull cultivation, the material thickness is about 4-5 inches, and it can be thinner in warm weather.
You should go to bed immediately after the culture material is adjusted. First, put a layer of newspaper on the bed, and then spread the cottonseed hull flat on the bed. When ordering strains, you can sow them layer by layer or face by face. Pat it slightly after sowing, and then cover it with plastic film immediately. After sowing, if a large amount of water drops are condensed on the film, the film should be peeled off for 1-2 days to prevent the surface hyphae from growing in vain, and then it can be properly ventilated according to the situation until the mushroom emerges.
Bedframe cultivation is mostly indoors, and can also be carried out in semi-basement or basement. When cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus in basement or semi-basement, we should pay attention to the following points: ① to prevent the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. Underground fortifications generally have high humidity and many miscellaneous bacteria, so disinfection should be paid more attention to after years of cultivation. (2) The basement is not conducive to the development of hyphae. Because of the low temperature, the above-ground fungus should be used, that is, the culture material should be put into a wooden mold to point out the strains, wrapped in plastic paper and cultured at about 25℃, and the film should be removed after the hyphae are fully developed, and then moved into the basement; ③ During fruiting, strengthen ventilation, pay attention to light, and promote the differentiation of fruiting bodies.
5. Cultivation in sunny beds
The cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in the sun is a large-scale cultivation method created and popularized in recent years. The cultivation of sunny border does not need equipment, with low cost, high yield and rapid development.
When building a sunny border, you should choose a place with good leeward and good drainage, and dig it into a sunny border facing south. The specifications are different, generally, the border is long 10 m, wide 1 m and deep 33 cm. A wind barrier is built in the north of the border, and the border is dug in the south. Set a bamboo frame on the border from west to east at intervals of15cm, so as to cover it with plastic film for wind, sun and rain protection. In late spring and early autumn, those with high temperature are covered with reed mats for shade.
Cultivation in sunny beds can be planted twice in spring and autumn. Spring sowing is generally from late February to mid-March, and autumn is from late August to September. (Shaanxi Province) Spring sowing should be early, and autumn sowing should be late. The temperature is low, and the hyphae are slow but robust. After sowing, cover the border with a layer of colorless plastic paper or plastic film, make an arch bamboo frame on the border, cover it with a layer of film or black film, and press around it to keep warm and moist. Cover with black film when possible. In late spring and early autumn, use reed mats or straws to build a shed on the border to avoid direct sunlight.
Management should pay attention to the constant observation of temperature and humidity and mycelium growth in the border. If there are too many condensed water droplets on the film, the film should be lifted and shaken off at any time, or one or two layers of newspapers should be laid on the material surface to absorb too much water. The middle of the plastic sheet can also be propped up, so that the condensed water can be lost and the infection of miscellaneous bacteria can be prevented if it is moderately too high. When the mycelium is covered with the border surface, the film is removed, and the culture is shaded and insulated. Generally, a bow shed is used to shade the light. In the spring of 1984, more than 0/00 square meters were sown in sunny beds and covered with economical and convenient long wheat straw, which achieved remarkable economic results. The method is as follow: cover that surface of the grow mycelium culture medium, remove the film, cover the material surface with long wheat straw with a thickness of 3-4cm, repeatedly turn the wheat straw with a Mu Cha, let the short wheat straw out, soak the long wheat straw in 10% lime water for 2h, then brew with clear water, filter off the moisture, cover the material surface with wet wheat straw, pay attention to the temperature change, and spray water according to the degree of dryness and wetness. However, this method must be carefully managed, and the water content is too large, which affects the quality.
Cultivation in sunny beds, cotton seed shell culture materials are mostly used in cotton areas, and corn cob, wheat straw powder and sawdust can also be used for cultivation.
Cultivation in sunny beds in spring can be carried out by covering if high temperature occurs during the fruiting period, which is not conducive to the formation of fruiting bodies. In summer, it is generally covered with wet soil, and it can also be covered with thin film grass curtains or mats. Wet soil covering method: water is poured on the surface of the culture material once, followed by fine wet soil of about 3 inches. In case of drought, spray water several times. When the temperature drops to 22℃, shovel the cover soil, water it and shade it to manage the fruiting.
6. Section wood cultivation
Broadleaf trees with loose materials and well-developed sapwood should be selected as the tree species for segment cultivation, and coniferous trees containing fungicidal substances such as rosin and ether should not be used.
Pleurotus ostreatus is sensitive to tannic acid, such as chestnut tree of FAGACEAE, which is not suitable for planting Pleurotus ostreatus. The more suitable tree species is walnut. Willow, paulownia, poplar, elm, tangerine, Pterocarya stenoptera, Indus, Liquidambar formosana, fig, etc. The suitable cutting period is generally from the dormant period of trees to the next year before new buds germinate. Inoculate immediately after cutting, and punch holes at a distance of 2 inches X3 inches. The water content of the wood is kept at about 50% ~ 70%. The size of inoculation holes should be consistent, and the holes should be tightly covered with bark after inoculation, so that the strains are not easy to fall off after inoculation, otherwise, during the process of spawning, the strains will dry and shrink, and they will easily fall off when turning over the pile, resulting in lack of holes.
After the hyphae are covered with wooden piers, the piers can be placed in shallow pits at a distance of 2 inches, covered with a layer of soil, and the wooden sections are slightly exposed, so that the hyphae can grow into the soil to absorb water and nutrients, but they need to be covered with thatch. When the temperature is suitable, culture management. Generally, mushrooms can be produced in spring and autumn, which can produce mushrooms for 2 ~ 3 years.
7. Continuous production process
Edible mushroom cultivation industry has been industrialized and mechanized in some major producing countries, and is developing towards automation and electronization. The Netherlands, France, the United States and Britain have higher mechanization and automation. Most countries still rely mainly on manual operation. The general continuous production process of Pleurotus ostreatus goes through the following stages:
(1) crushing or chopping straws;
(2) the grass powder is blown in through the pipeline of the pulverizer;
③ Raw material tank;
(4) Raw materials enter the blender by gravity, where other components (web materials) are added, and the sprayer is unscrewed to adjust the water content of the culture material to 70%;
⑤ Push the culture material slowly through the disinfection pipeline (80℃? 120℃ 1 hour), destroying the vegetative body of various microorganisms;
⑥ Pushing the sterilized culture material through the cooling pipeline by the screw propeller, cooling to 25℃ ~ 30℃, and refluxing the water in the cooling pipeline into the sprayer on the blender;
⑦ In the subpackaging room, the culture materials are mixed and put into a cylindrical plastic container by a metering control device according to the ratio of culture materials to strains equal to10:1;
⑧ The ventilation pipe fixed on the bottom plate of the plastic container is used as a hanging conveying device to send the culture materials to the culture room;
Pet-name ruby after the mycelium is full; Remove the plastic container and let its mycelium column produce Pleurotus ostreatus in the generating room.
The cylindrical plastic container has a diameter of 65-70 cm and a height of 200 cm; The central ventilation pipe has a diameter of 5- 10 cm, and its wall has many small holes, and its base is fixed on a circular plate to support the cylindrical culture medium. There is a round hole in the upper part of the ventilation pipe, which can make the container slide along the iron rope. The other is a box container with a volume of (10 ~ 30) cm X220 cm x 220 cm; Made of wood or iron; Loading 400 kg, two perforated ventilation pipes are inserted in the center, and barbed wire is installed on one side to facilitate mushroom picking in the future.
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