Kale is a biennial herb of Brassica in Cruciferae, also known as green cabbage and peony, which is a variant of the original form of cabbage. Kale originated in Greece and is widely cultivated in Europe. In recent years, Beijing has been introduced from Europe, America, Japan and other places and has been planted as a special dish. Cabbage stems are short and hard in vegetative growth period, and when bolting and flowering in the second reproductive growth period, the lobes cover each other like folds, and the lobes of some varieties curl up like small buds of broccoli. The color of leaves varies with varieties, with purple, bright red or green in the middle, which looks like an ornamental variety of lotus, and is generally green as an edible cultivation. Kale (Beijing Institute of Green Oriental Agricultural Technology) Kale is a biennial herb of Brassica in Cruciferae, also known as cabbage and peony, which is a variant of the original form of cabbage. Kale originated in Greece and is widely cultivated in Europe. In recent years, Beijing has been introduced from Europe, America, Japan and other places and has been planted as a special dish. Cabbage stems are short and hard in vegetative growth period, and when bolting and flowering in the second reproductive growth period, the lobes cover each other like folds, and the lobes of some varieties curl up like small buds of broccoli. The color of leaves varies with varieties, with purple, bright red or green in the middle, which looks like an ornamental variety of lotus, and is generally green as an edible cultivation. Kale is rich in nutrition, containing a lot of vitamins A, C, B2 and various minerals, especially calcium, iron and potassium. Among them, the content of vitamin C is very high, reaching 153.6 ~ 220 mg per 100 g young leaves, which is comparable to broccoli in Chinese cabbage. Its calorie is only 209 joules, which is an ideal food for body building and weight loss. Kale can peel off leaves continuously to produce new tender leaves. The tender leaves can be fried, cooled and boiled in soup, and the flavor is fresh and cool, and they remain delicious and bright green after cooking. 1. Biometrics 1. Botanical characteristics: Kale plants are tall and have developed roots, which are mainly distributed in the plough layer with a depth of 30 cm. The stems are shortened and the leaves are dense. The leaves are thick, obovate, covered with wax powder, deeply wavy, wrinkled and bird-feather-shaped, with beautiful appearance. Inflorescence racemose, insect flowers, pods, oblate fruits, spherical and brown seeds, 1000-grain weight is about 4 grams. 2. Requirements for environmental conditions: Chinese cabbage likes cold and mild climate and has strong cold tolerance. Well-trained seedlings can withstand a short-term low temperature of-12 degrees, and growing plants can withstand dozens of frosts for a short time without withering in winter in northern China, but they can't withstand long-term continuous cold. It takes more than 30 days for the seed-collecting plants to blossom after vernalization bolting at the temperature of 2 degrees to 10 degrees. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 18 ~ 25℃, and the optimum temperature for plant growth is 20 ~ 25℃, and it can grow at a high temperature of 35℃ in summer. However, the leaves harvested in high temperature season have poor flavor, hard leaves and more fibers. Kale is more shade-tolerant, but its leaves grow fast, with good quality and sufficient sunlight. Seed-collecting plants should germinate and bloom in the sun for a long time. The water demand is large, and the leaves grow slowly when there is drought and water shortage, but they are not tolerant to waterlogging. It has strong adaptability to soil, especially sandy loam or clay loam rich in humus. Under the conditions of sufficient fertilizer and water and cool climate, it grows rapidly, has high yield and good quality. It grows most vigorously in soil with rich calcium and pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.8. In cultivation, thin fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, and a small amount of calcium should be applied frequently, which is beneficial to growth and quality improvement. Second, the introduction of famous varieties 1. Ornamental variety-kale is a cruciferous plant native to Europe. After years of screening and planting, Japan changed its name to Ye Mudan, which means blessing. Ye Mudan has beautiful appearance, easy cultivation and long viewing period. In winter 1 1 to 12 can be seen. It is most suitable for beautifying flower beds and potted plants in winter, and can also be used as decorations such as cut flowers. The sowing period is from mid-July to early August, the planting period is in the middle and late August, and the viewing period is11~ 65438+February. The planting spacing is 25 cm ~ 30 cm and the row spacing is 50 cm. Base fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and topdressing is carried out ten days before 10. 1. Edible variety 1) Dongfang Lvnen is introduced from abroad, with medium plant height, vigorous growth, dark green leaves, no wax powder, light green leaves, wrinkled edges, excellent quality, storage resistance, cold resistance, heat resistance, fertilizer tolerance, late bolting and long harvest period. In spring and autumn, it can be cultivated in the open field, and in winter, it can be cultivated in the greenhouse or the sunny border. It takes about 50 days from sowing to harvesting. If spring sowing is well managed, it can be harvested continuously with high yield. Apeda is the first hybrid variety introduced from Holland. The plant has medium height, blue-green leaves, big curl, plump and tidy appearance, tender quality, good flavor and strong stress resistance. It can be cultivated in the open field in spring and autumn, and can also be used for protected cultivation in winter. After processing, the products can maintain the green and unique flavor of the mainland. 3) Colleen introduced the first early hybrid variety from Holland. These plants are of medium height and grow rapidly and neatly. This variety has strong cold resistance, heat resistance and fertilizer and water tolerance. Sow in mid-March, strengthen management, and harvest in late September, with high quality and high yield. Key points of cultivation techniques 1. Cultivation season 1) Spring sowing in the open field is carried out in the protected area in the middle and late February, and the seedling age is 35-40 days. Sow in the open field from late March to early April, about 25-30 days after sowing, and harvest begins from late April to early May. 2) Autumn sowing in the open field, shading and rainproof sowing and seedling raising in late June. The seedling age is about 30 days, sowing in late July to early August and harvesting in late August to early September. 3) Planting in solar greenhouse in winter and spring from late July to late August,/kloc-0 from late September to mid-June,/kloc-0 from late June to March of the following year. 4) Improve the sunny border cultivation in spring to 65438+1sow in early to middle October, sow in early to late February, and harvest in late March to June. 2. Key points of cultivation techniques: 1) Choose seedling transplanting sites according to different seasons. Spring ploughing and seedling raising are generally carried out in the solar greenhouse from early October to late February at 65438+/kloc-0, and the temperature after sowing is kept at 20 ~ 25 degrees. Water less at the seedling stage and loosen the soil properly to prevent the seedlings from growing in vain. Sow at 2-3 leaves and 5-6 leaves 25 days after sowing. In summer and autumn, seedlings should be cultivated in the open field from early June to late June. When the temperature is high, a shade shed should be built on the seedbed to prevent rain and pay attention to drainage. 2) The planted kale is barren and fertilizer-tolerant, and can grow on barren land, but the product quality is poor and easy to age. Therefore, in order to obtain high-quality products, sandy loam or loam with rich humus and loose fertility should be selected. Make a small high border of 100 ~ 120 cm, and the planting time is determined according to each season. 3) After field management, irrigate the fixed planting water, intertillage, and after 5-6 days, irrigate the seedling water slowly. When the ground is slightly dry, intertillage to loosen the soil, improve the ground temperature and promote growth. Always keep the soil moist in the future, and don't accumulate water in summer. Appropriate topdressing during the growth period, topdressing every harvest 1 time. Pay attention to the control of Pieris rapae, aphids and black spot. 4) It takes about 55-65 days from sowing to harvesting, and about 25-30 days from planting to harvesting. When the outer leaves are spread out 10-20 pieces, the young leaves can be harvested for eating, and 5-6 pieces can be harvested once per plant, leaving the heart leaves to continue to grow and harvest one after another. Generally, it is harvested once every 10 ~ 15 days. If it is well managed in late spring and early summer, it can be harvested in early winter without the harm of cabbage caterpillar. The flavor is better after a little frost in autumn and winter. In hot summer, the leaves become hard, with a little more fiber and bad taste, so we should pick them earlier, from early spring to late autumn. The quality and flavor of young leaves harvested in cold seasons such as winter are better.