3. Running schools by social forces Running schools by social forces is a training institution organized by enterprises, social organizations, other social organizations and individual citizens for the society by using non-state financial education funds. Social forces mainly implement employment-oriented vocational qualification training, technical level training and vocational skills training. There are more than 20,000 schools run by such social forces in China, and the annual training capacity exceeds100,000 people.
In order to make vocational training work better adapt to the development of the labor market, carry out multi-level and multi-form training according to the employment needs of workers, and promote the close combination of training and employment, the former Ministry of Labor formulated the basic requirements of comprehensive vocational training bases, and organized and carried out pilot work of comprehensive vocational training bases and groups. By further reforming the school-running system, expanding the training and utilizing the existing school-running conditions, and tapping the potential of teachers, facilities and equipment, the technical school or employment training center will be built into a multi-functional comprehensive base that closely integrates vocational demand investigation, vocational training, firm vocational skills, vocational guidance and vocational introduction, fully embodying the functions of combining training with employment and training serving employment, and giving play to the role of demonstration and radiation. Vocational Training Group mainly relies on the close cooperation of training, employment, appraisal and other functional institutions to strengthen the union of vocational training entities in this region and provide all-round and integrated services for workers' training, appraisal and employment. The group mainly relies on the community, pays attention to uniting and mobilizing all social forces to run training, and gives full play to its overall advantages to become the leading force in regional vocational training. China has built more than 200 comprehensive vocational training bases and organizations, which have played an important role in promoting local employment. In the process of deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises and implementing the re-employment project, in order to help laid-off workers change their employment concepts, improve their vocational skills and realize re-employment as soon as possible, the former Ministry of Labor has formulated a three-year re-employment training plan, requiring full mobilization of all social forces, and with the guidance and support of the government, combined with individual self-study, enterprise organization and social assistance, vigorously carry out various forms of re-employment training. The overall goal of re-employment training is to provide vocational guidance and vocational training services for1998-20 million laid-off workers (providing vocational guidance for10 million laid-off workers in general and organizing vocational skills and entrepreneurship training for 6 million of them). Through hard work, laid-off workers will establish a new concept of employment, those who transfer jobs will master practical skills, and those who start their own businesses will enhance their entrepreneurial ability. The specific tasks are to train 3 million people in 1998, 3.5 million people in 1999 and 3.5 million people in 2000. The key point is to do a good job in re-employment training for laid-off workers in key industries such as textiles, railways and military industry. In the past three years, vocational guidance and vocational training have been provided to 6.5438+0.2 million people in textile industry, 400,000 people in railway transportation industry, 400,000 people in military industry and 500,000 people in coal industry. The specific number of people trained in other industries will be determined according to the situation.
All localities conscientiously implement the re-employment training plan and formulate policies according to local conditions. For example, Beijing and Shaanxi launched the partnership action plan between enterprise re-employment service centers and vocational training institutions, Shanghai mobilized social forces to implement the working mechanism of government purchasing training results, and Suzhou and other places carried out entrepreneurship training. From 65438 to 0998, more than 3 million people in China participated in re-employment training, and the employment rate after training in some places exceeded 60%. In order to further implement the three-year ten million re-employment training plan, encourage and guide laid-off workers to actively carry out entrepreneurial activities, and effectively improve the ability of laid-off workers to engage in individual and private economy or start small enterprises through organizing training guidance, policy consultation and follow-up services, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, on the basis of summarizing the pilot experience of entrepreneurship training in Beijing, Shanghai and Suzhou, has studied and formulated the Guiding Opinions on Entrepreneurship Training Pilot, which requires entrepreneurship training in 30 cities.
The Guiding Opinions put forward requirements on how to organize entrepreneurship training from several aspects, such as selecting training objects, hiring training teachers, and organizing and implementing training. The training forms can be flexible and diverse, which can be combined with centralized teaching, on-site consultation by experts and case analysis, or by watching remote training programs and field trips. The guidance also calls for raising funds through various channels and providing free training for laid-off workers. Actively strive for the support of the financial sector, ensure that a certain proportion of the re-employment subsidies and employment training fees in the budget are used for entrepreneurship training, and make good use of the vocational training subsidies paid by the unemployment insurance fund according to regulations. On-the-job training refers to the training conducted by the employer directly or entrusted by other training institutions to improve the technical skills of on-the-job workers.
Article 68 of Chapter VIII of the Labor Law stipulates that an employer shall establish a vocational training system, draw and use vocational training funds in accordance with state regulations, and conduct vocational training for workers in a planned way according to the actual situation of the unit.
Article 28 of Chapter 4 of the Vocational Education Law stipulates that an enterprise shall bear the vocational education expenses of its employees and employees. Specific measures shall be formulated by the relevant departments of the State Council in conjunction with the financial department of the State Council or by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government according to law. Article 29 stipulates that if an enterprise fails to implement vocational education in accordance with the provisions of Article 20 of this Law, the local people's government at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections; Those who refuse to make corrections may collect the vocational education funds that enterprises should bear and use them for local vocational education. It is the trend and development direction of international education and vocational training reform to carry out long-distance vocational training by using computer Internet. China has a large population and a small population, so it is necessary to make full use of computer information network and other educational means to carry out long-distance vocational training. The Decision of Central the State Council on Deepening Education Reform and Improving Education Quality in an All-round Way points out: "Actively develop radio and television education and audio-visual education in schools, and popularize the use of modern teaching methods. We must do a good job in the construction of educational satellite TV and broadcasting outlets, and basically build a national audio-visual education network covering most towns and remote areas. "
Therefore, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security has set up a distance training management organization in China Employment Training Technical Guidance Center, equipped with a set of advanced distance training equipment, set up a distance training expert committee, and set up more than 10 industry expert groups. Under the organization of the Committee, audio-visual teaching materials for distance vocational training are being developed in a planned way.
In cooperation with CCTV and CCTV University, the center has conducted long-distance training in sewing, domestic service and e-commerce. In terms of network training, we are organizing the development of network training courseware for secretarial and e-commerce. People who work and study technology and business in workshops, factories and shops. Apprenticeship refers to a system in which apprentices learn and master technology and business through practical production and labor under the leadership of their masters. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was quite common to train apprentices. The guild handicraft industry in medieval western Europe had a complete apprenticeship training system. In modern times, different countries adopted different ways to adjust the apprenticeship system. In Britain, the two sides sign a contract to stipulate the rights and obligations between the master and the apprentice, and there is no legal restriction. When a dispute arises, it shall be settled by the court. France, the United States, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and other countries have formulated special laws on apprenticeship contract, apprenticeship qualification and apprenticeship training period.
During the Yin Dynasty, there were apprentices in China's workshops. Apprenticeship prevailed in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Throughout the feudal period, craftsmen and businessmen accepted apprentices, generally for the purpose of assisting labor and domestic service, plus imparting skills. The apprenticeship usually lasts for 3-4 years, and the host provides accommodation and a small amount of money every month. Apprentices have certain personal feelings for their masters. After the apprenticeship, apprentices usually have to help the owners for several years before they can work for other owners or start their own businesses. 1840 After the Opium War, capitalism developed in China, and modern chemical plants using machines also adopted apprenticeships. 1after the 1920s, some of them were changed to the names of training courses and trained workers.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), 1958, the State Council promulgated the Interim Provisions on Apprentices' Learning Duration and Living Allowance in State-owned, Public-Private Partnerships, Cooperative Camps and Self-employed Enterprises and Institutions, which clearly stipulated the recruitment, training, learning duration and living allowance of apprentices. A contract shall be concluded between the unit that recruits an apprentice and the apprentice, and between the master and the apprentice, which shall specify the study period, study content, living conditions during the study period and the rights and obligations of both parties. Apprentices are generally over 16 years old, and the study period is generally 3 years. Vocational training school refers to a form of training new skilled workers through specialized vocational and technical education. This system of reeducation through labor originated in Britain. 1799 Anderson University has set up special craft classes to train skilled workers. 1823 became an independent technical college, and later colleges of similar nature were established one after another. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, workers' universities, technical schools, evening classes, cram schools, training courses and other forms appeared in Britain, which were mainly sponsored by charities, religious groups, trade unions, companies, entrepreneurs, etc., and the government supervised them through subsidies and inspections by the education department. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, there were no schools to train skilled workers in China, only some private vocational schools to train typists and accountants.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the development of production and construction, the number of skilled workers is increasing, and a large number of technical schools have been established and developed to train skilled workers. 1On February 20th, 979, the State General Administration of Labor issued the Work Regulations of Technical Schools (for Trial Implementation), which made specific provisions on the nature, tasks, enrollment targets, educational system, school scale, specialty setting and school conditions of technical schools.
In our country, we also attach great importance to the technical training of on-the-job workers, and adopt specific measures such as organizing technical training courses, setting up amateur schools, promoting TV education and correspondence education, holding regular technical lectures or holding technical experience exchange meetings. Engineering and technical personnel, managers and leading cadres at all levels, as well as through secondary specialized schools, institutions of higher learning and various forms of training courses, are regularly trained in rotation, so that they can master the professional knowledge and skills necessary to lead the modernization drive as much as possible.