1. Duck farming is my country’s characteristic industry and one of the pillar industries for rural economic development

my country’s duck farming has a long history. As early as 500 BC, there are records of large groups of ducks being raised and eating duck meat and eggs in my country. In the 1980s, the duck breeding industry developed rapidly, with the number of ducks raised increasing at an average rate of 5 to 8 per year. According to FAO statistics: my country's duck population exceeded 725 million in 2005, accounting for about 72% of the world's total. Duck meat, duck eggs, and down products have been exported to the European Union, Southeast Asia, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. China's annual down (hair) production reached 360,000 tons, of which duck down (hair) accounted for about 75%. Down products earned the country US$1.8 billion in foreign exchange in 2005, accounting for about 55% of the world's down product exports. The number of adult laying ducks in my country in 2005 was approximately 300-400 million, accounting for approximately 20.0% of my country's total egg production.

In 2005, the total annual output value of duck meat and duck down primary products in my country reached 50 billion yuan, and the total output value of duck eggs was approximately 38 billion yuan. The laying duck and meat duck industry consumes about 30 million tons of compound feed annually, worth 45 billion yuan, and also drives the development of down, food processing, catering and other industries. Therefore, the meat duck breeding industry is an important industry for farmers in my country to find employment, alleviate poverty, and increase income. It has become a new bright spot for farmers to increase their income and plays a very important role in the construction of a new socialist countryside.

Table 1 lists the production status of the main meat duck and laying duck breeding provinces and districts in my country in 2004. The data are obtained by the author of this article from a large amount of information through various channels, and there may be errors. For reference only.

2. Duck meat and duck egg products are traditional nutritious foods for Chinese residents

Duck meat and duck egg products are traditional and very important sources of high-quality protein for Chinese residents. They have unique flavors and are rich in protein. Unsaturated fatty acids beneficial to human health. "Beijing Roast Duck" represented by Quanjude is well-known at home and abroad. "Nanjing Salted Duck", "Guangzhou Roast Duck", "Sichuan Zhangcha Duck", "Fujian Braised Duck", "Hangzhou Old Duck" and so on are deeply loved by our country's consumers. favored by those. The processing processes of Beijing roast duck and Nanjing saltwater duck are exquisite and complex, and the annual consumption exceeds 30 million. Hangzhou old duck pot has a legendary culture, and the consumption in the past two years has exceeded 20 million. It can be seen that duck meat food is an important part of Chinese traditional food culture. Beijing Quanjude Roast Duck contains profound Chinese food culture and has become a well-known brand in the domestic catering industry.

Duck eggs are an important food for residents of our country, and they are also a traditional food for residents in the south. Duck egg processed products such as salted duck eggs, preserved eggs, preserved eggs, and slotted eggs have a long history in my country. The processing methods and techniques are simple, easy to operate, and can effectively maintain the flavor and nutrition of duck eggs. Products such as salted duck eggs, preserved eggs and preserved eggs processed in my country have been exported to the United States, ASEAN, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Food safety, nutrition and health care have become the main theme of food production in the 21st century. Duck meat products are high-protein, low-fat, and low-cholesterol foods. Since the Ming Dynasty, there have been records about the nourishing and strengthening effects of Peking duck in my country: "Duck, sweet and cool, nourishes the yin of the five internal organs, clears away the heat of deficiency and tuberculosis, nourishes blood and moves water, nourishes the stomach, relieves coughs and convulsions, and eliminates snail accumulation. ". Modern nutritionists even recommend duck and goose meat as health foods for humans. As the nutritional and health-care functions of duck products are recognized and accepted by more and more people, the demand for duck products will increase. Table 2 and Table 3 list the main nutritional components of Beijing duck breast and duck eggs respectively.

IV. Main problems and countermeasures faced by China’s duck farming industry

1. Traditional meat duck and laying duck breeds cannot meet the needs of industrial production

my country's meat duck varieties include a series of Peking ducks, Muscovy ducks and multiple meat and egg varieties. The breeding and strain selection of Peking ducks began in the 1980s. Its production performance, including growth rate, feed conversion rate and lean meat rate, has been compared with Cherry Valley Farm in the UK, Cremo Company in France, and Maple Leaf in the United States. The matching Peking duck lines cultivated by the company are at the same level.

However, none of this large-bodied meat duck breed (including the Peking duck supporting line bred by foreign companies) can meet the needs of the Chinese market. It is characterized by strong fat deposition ability, low breast and leg meat rate, high sebum rate, and excessive fat. It is suitable for making roast duck or cut duck. When making traditional Chinese meat duck foods such as saltwater duck, camphor tea duck, sauce duck, etc., the quality is low and the palatability is poor; the Chinese market needs a large amount of breast and leg meat with high meat content, good meat quality, and live weight of 2.0 to 2.5 kilograms. Meat duck breed with high feed conversion efficiency. The Peking Duck series are large meat ducks that weigh 2.0 to 2.3 kilograms at 30 days of age. However, the breast meat weight is only about 20 grams, and the breast meat rate is about 2.5, which fully demonstrates the "emptiness" of low lean meat rate. "Shell" characteristics cannot meet the needs of the domestic market. Cultivating new varieties (lines) of small-sized and high-quality meat ducks and establishing a breeding system have broad prospects in my country's meat duck market. my country's dual-purpose duck breeds have slow growth rates and low feed conversion efficiency, and need to be improved. In addition, with the rapid development of duck farming in my country, the breeding density has been greatly increased, and the hazards of diseases have become more serious. It is very important to cultivate new strains of meat ducks with high quality and strong disease resistance.

my country’s laying duck breeds are rich in resources and have high reproductive performance. For example, Shaoxing ducks can produce 330 eggs at 500 days of age, and Jinding ducks can produce 280 eggs. However, Shaoxing duck, Jinding duck and other breeds have late sexual maturity, low feed conversion efficiency, and weak disease resistance. my country's laying duck market needs new strains of laying ducks with short breeding period, early sexual maturity, high egg production, low feed consumption and strong disease resistance. At the same time, green-shell eggs have thicker eggshells and relatively high dry matter content, and are very popular among domestic and foreign consumers. There is a lack of systematic research on the breeding of this breed, strain breeding and cross-breeding utilization of supporting lines for other laying duck breeds in my country. Individual production performance varies greatly, and genetic potential has not been fully utilized. Therefore, the breeding of blue-shell duck species, the selection of new strains (breeds) of early-maturing, high-yielding and stress-resistant laying ducks, and research on healthy breeding technologies will promote the rapid development of my country's laying duck industry.

2. The breeding methods are backward

my country's meat duck breeding industry mainly adopts low-input, open greenhouse production model. Decentralized breeding in rural family courtyard greenhouses accounts for 90% of the country's total breeding volume. The infrastructure and equipment are very simple, the breeding environment is poor, and the breeding technology is backward. Courtyard breeding is mainly done on the ground, and some farmers adopt online farming. Cross-infection of duck diseases is very serious, the use of drugs is very common, frequent and serious, and product hygiene and safety cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, improving the way meat ducks are raised will promote the overall upgrading of the industry.

my country's egg-laying duck breeding has always followed the traditional water grazing and semi-grazing breeding methods. This breeding model has the following disadvantages: First, the waters where laying ducks move may be polluted by industrial or civil water to varying degrees. At the same time, the activities of laying ducks seriously pollute the surrounding waters. Therefore, grazing cannot ensure the safety of drinking water and food for laying ducks, and is not conducive to disease prevention and control. It can easily cause the spread and spread of diseases, seriously affecting the health and product safety of laying ducks. Secondly, under the traditional breeding model, laying ducks lay eggs directly on the ground. , it is easy to cause duck eggs to be contaminated by feces, with a contamination rate of about 90, which reduces the quality of duck eggs; third, it occupies a lot of water and land resources, has a high degree of dependence on the water environment, and has a low resource utilization rate; fourth, the feces cannot be recycled and pollution-free treatment, causing environmental pollution problems. According to relevant reports, the annual production of livestock and poultry manure in my country is approximately 171.3 billion tons, which is 2.7 times that of industrial waste. Among them, nitrogen emissions are approximately 15.97 million tons, and phosphorus emissions are approximately 3.63 million tons. With the increasing intensification of egg-laying duck breeding in my country, extensive breeding methods will pose a threat to my country's water resources and environment. And ultimately become a bottleneck hindering the sustainable development of the laying duck industry. Therefore, it is imperative to change the traditional feeding methods. Cage raising and indoor free-range raising of egg-laying ducks may be more suitable raising modes.

3. Research on duck feed nutrition lags behind

my country’s research on the physiology and biochemistry, nutrition, feeding and feed preparation technology of meat ducks and laying ducks is less and less in-depth; there is a lack of feed preparation Scientific basis, serious waste of resources. Domestic enterprises only refer to the poultry nutritional requirement standards established by the US NRC (1994) or based on experience when formulating waterfowl diets.

However, the duck feeding standard data recommended by the US NRC is derived from the chicken feeding standard, which has a large error and cannot be used for actual production. For example, the energy and protein requirements of the diet for 3 to 7-week-old meat ducks recommended by the NRC (1994) are 3000 kcal/kg and 16.0 respectively, and the energy-to-egg ratio is 187.5:1. The protein level of the diet is low and not sufficient. It is beneficial to the growth of meat ducks and can easily cause feather pecking in meat ducks. The calcium and phosphorus requirements of meat ducks aged 0 to 2 and 3 to 7 weeks are 0.65, 0.65 and 0.40 and 0.30, respectively. The calcium and phosphorus requirements are low. It can easily lead to the occurrence of chondrosis in meat ducks; the dietary requirements of methionine and lysine for meat ducks aged 0 to 2 and 3 to 7 weeks are 0.40, 0.30 and 0.90, 0.65 respectively. The above data are low and will significantly inhibit the growth of meat ducks. Reduce feed conversion rate; Domestic and foreign requirements for trace elements cu, fe, mn, zn, se, i, co, cr, etc. of meat ducks, as well as vitamins a, d, e, k, niacin, riboflavin, and choline There are few reports on the requirements of vitamins and folic acid, and the amount of data recommended by the NRC is very limited. Therefore, it is urgent to conduct in-depth research and formulate raising standards for meat ducks and laying ducks in China. Table 4 is the data obtained from experimental research by the Institute of Animal Husbandry, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, for reference.

4. The harm of diseases to my country’s poultry breeding industry is very serious. On the one hand, the disease endangers the health of poultry, reducing the production performance of poultry and the economic benefits of the breeding industry; on the other hand, it brings hidden dangers to food safety and harms human health. Whether the disease can be strictly controlled has become the key to whether my country's poultry breeding industry can develop healthily and whether poultry products can enter the international market. Compared with chickens, ducks have stronger disease resistance. However, my country's current breeding model is extensive and is not conducive to the prevention and control of duck disease. What is even more noteworthy is that most practitioners in my country have serious misunderstandings about poultry diseases, that is, "emphasis on treatment and neglect of prevention", insufficient understanding of epidemic prevention, insufficient attention, and a fluke mentality. In recent years, avian influenza, duck hepatitis, duck serositis, E. coli and other diseases have caused significant economic losses to my country's duck industry. In the past two years, cases of h5n1 avian influenza have occurred in 27 countries around the world. About 150 million birds have died due to avian influenza, causing direct economic losses of up to 3 billion US dollars. In 2005, my country culled as many as 22.5712 million poultry to prevent and control avian influenza, and the government provided financial subsidies for poultry culling reaching more than 200 million yuan. The annual production of meat ducks in my country is about 2.4 billion, and the average survival rate is calculated as 95. The annual direct economic losses caused by disease deaths can reach 1.8 billion yuan. The decline in production performance, increased veterinary health expenses and other economic losses caused by diseases are difficult to achieve. Estimate. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific poultry disease prevention system and resolutely implement the policy of "prevention first, prevention is more important than cure". In order to block the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, etc.), the quality of the living environment, hygiene level, feed quality and drinking water safety of ducks should be improved on the basis of scientific immunity; the cleaning of facilities and tools should be strengthened and disinfection; promptly and harmlessly dispose of feces, litter, and waste.

5. Feed is indirect food for human beings, and its safety is related to human health. In recent years, in order to improve animal production levels, feed conversion efficiency, and reduce feed costs, producers have widely used animal feeds such as meat and bone meal, oil and fat in livestock and poultry feeds; they have abused antibiotics, chemically synthesized drugs, arsenic preparations and other growth promoters ; Causing incidents that endanger human and animal health and food safety to occur frequently. For example, the mad cow disease incident, clenbuterol hydrochloride incident, dioxin incident, mycotoxin poisoning incident, etc. have caused serious social unrest and economic losses to relevant countries and regions. Nowadays, food safety issues have attracted global attention, which poses a challenge for Chinese duck products to enter the international market. On November 12, 2006, CCTV News Channel’s weekly quality report column reported that red duck eggs produced in Anxin County (Baiyangdian), Hebei Province contain a high dose (5.4 mg/kg) of Sudan Red II, an industrial dye that is highly carcinogenic. Number. At present, drug residues and disease control issues have become major obstacles to the export of my country's poultry products, affecting the development of the duck industry.

As we all know, Japan has been closely monitoring poultry products exported from my country since 1990. In the past two years, the intensity and scope of monitoring have become even greater. Although my country has formulated some standards, such as pollution-free food: technical specifications for raising meat ducks and laying ducks, veterinary epidemic prevention guidelines, etc., they are not yet complete. Our country should learn from developed countries’ poultry production processes and technologies, toxic and hazardous ingredient detection technologies, veterinary drug usage regulations and standards, product standards, etc., to further improve our country’s relevant standards and regulations, and strictly implement them.

In the production process of meat ducks and laying ducks, the use of various veterinary drugs strictly prohibited by the state should be strictly prohibited; the use of toxic and harmful substances such as antibiotics and organic arsenic preparations as feed additives should be strictly prohibited; the national regulations on slaughtering should be strictly followed. stipulate the withdrawal period before use to avoid excessive drug residues.

6. The level of deep processing of products needs to be improved

my country is a major producer of duck products. However, the duck meat and duck egg products currently on the domestic market have a single structure, with few high-end processed products and few famous brand products. At the same time, the product packaging technology is backward, which affects the original flavor of the product, shortens the shelf life of the product, and restricts the development of the duck industry. The deep processing of products can increase the variety of products, extend the shelf life of products, increase the added value of products, help expand product sales, and improve economic benefits; secondly, deep processing can also turn waste into treasure, improve the utilization rate of primary duck products, and fully tap the potential of poultry. economic value of the body.

my country’s food culture has a long history, and there are many delicious traditional processing techniques for duck meat and duck eggs. In order to continuously meet the needs of consumers, how to transform the existing folk duck meat and duck egg processing methods into industrial production will greatly enrich the types of duck meat and duck egg foods in our country.

7. The market information system needs to be established and improved

Information is productivity. It is very important to give full play to the role of information in the production, operation and management of meat ducks and laying ducks. At present, my country's information system for the production, processing, sales, circulation, and consumption of meat ducks, eggs, and ducks has not yet been formed. The channels for farmers and small-scale producers to obtain information are very limited, and it is difficult to accurately judge and evaluate the supply and demand relationship, risks, production costs, and benefits of the market. It often results in blind production, difficult sales, and heavy economic losses. The market information system can help producers understand the supply and demand relationship, trade levels, price trends, product quality requirements, and related industry dynamics of duck meat and duck egg products at home and abroad, so as to guide producers and operators to formulate production plans and avoid losses caused by blind production.

5. Development Trend of my country's Duck Breeding Industry

1. The level of industrialization has increased rapidly

Although the modern production model of meat ducks and laying ducks in my country has developed relatively late , but drawing on the development experience of the pig and chicken breeding industries, it has the characteristics of a high starting point, and the industrialization pattern is rapidly taking shape. A number of large-scale leading enterprises with strong competitiveness have emerged in China. They adopt the production model of company plus farmers, or company plus base plus farmers, integrating breeding duck breeding, egg hatching, feed processing, commercial duck breeding, slaughtering and processing, and down production. Processing, etc. integrated. This production model has a tight organization of production, supply and marketing; the company and farmers are closely integrated and highly efficient, which has greatly promoted my country's rural economic development and social progress.

2. The organic combination of "industry, academia, and research" will promote industrial upgrading

The organic integration of "industry, academia, and research" can integrate the technology and talents of scientific research units and universities. , Information advantages are closely linked to the company's technology, talent, and information needs. It can not only strengthen the scientific and technological strength of enterprises, accelerate technological innovation and achievement transformation, and promote industrial upgrading, but also provide financial support for scientific research and teaching units, and provide a stage for scientific and technological personnel to display their talents. It is a new way of thinking to help farmers increase their income.

3. Safety, high quality and efficiency have become the goals of future meat duck and laying duck production

Safety, hygiene and nutrition and health care are the two major themes and inevitable trends in the future development of my country's food industry. Purely natural, pollution-free, low residue, rich in nutrients, and good in color, aroma and taste are the goals that consumers will always pursue. Domestic consumers' requirements for duck meat and duck egg products will develop in the direction of low fat, low cholesterol, high protein, nutritional balance, safety and health care.

Ducks have strong disease resistance and low incidence. There is no need to add any drugs to commonly used feeds. There should be no (or low) residue problems in duck meat and egg products; duck meat products are low in fat, low in cholesterol and high in protein, which meets the needs of consumers. need. Therefore, enterprises that produce, process, and sell meat ducks and laying ducks should adopt scientific and advanced breeding technologies and processing methods to meet consumers' needs for future food safety and quality and achieve efficient production.