I. Market Analysis of Freshwater Aquatic Products
A comprehensive analysis of the market situation of aquatic products wholesale markets inside and outside the province in 2002 shows the following characteristics: First, after making great contributions to the people's food basket, the number of four and low-grade fish has increased in recent years, and the price has dropped, and the price increase has been "hopeless".
Second, the prices of famous fish, such as Canadian perch and mandarin fish, are affected by the periodicity of market adjustment. Although it has declined steadily in recent years, it still maintains a certain price advantage.
Third, the turtle consumption market is becoming more and more mature: the price of turtles is stable, the sales volume is increasing, and the benefits of enterprises (farmers) are improved. For example, the loss of turtle farms (households) in Tonglu County increased from 70-80% last year to only 10% this year. The price difference between soft-shelled turtle in greenhouse and soft-shelled turtle in outer pond has always been 4-5 yuan/kg, and consumers have entered quality consumption, and the sales volume of brand soft-shelled turtle has increased steadily.
Fourthly, the market price differentiation of river crabs is increasingly obvious: on the one hand, the price of large-sized and high-quality river crabs remains high, on the other hand, the price of small-sized river crabs is always hovering at a low price, and even the price of small-sized river crabs (12 yuan/kg) is lower than that of large-sized crayfish (16 yuan/kg) at the peak.
Fifth, export-oriented varieties, such as eel, shrimp, tilapia and so on. Affected by the international market, the price fluctuates greatly, among which shrimp is the most obvious.
Sixth, the price of low-grade species, river crabs and species that can't overwinter naturally in this area, such as the four major fishes, often plummets from 10 to1.
Seventh, with the improvement of aquatic science and technology, the north vigorously develops freshwater aquaculture. At present, there are more fry transported from the south to the north, while the number of low-grade fish transported to the north is gradually decreasing every year.
Eighth, the fishing moratorium has little effect on the fresh water market price.
Second, the development ideas and main countermeasures
1) Grasp the market information, do a good job in market positioning, product positioning and enterprise positioning, adjust the breeding structure in time, and realize the four changes of business philosophy:
1, changing the traditional concept of fishery management from the habit of "fishing-trade" to "trade-industry-fishing". Increase the cultural content of products and implement brand strategy. Establish and enhance enterprise value and product image, enhance reputation while enhancing popularity, and obtain double harvest of brand effect and scale effect.
2, change the traditional breeding varieties, from low-grade, low-value and low-benefit breeding varieties to famous, excellent, new varieties and export-oriented breeding varieties. Expand the product market and choose the sales method suitable for the development of this enterprise.
3. Change the traditional farming mode, that is, from the traditional way of stocking at the beginning of the year and fishing at the end of the year to timely stocking and timely listing to avoid centralized sales of aquatic products at low prices every year.
4. Change the backward breeding mode, from the low-input and low-output pig and duck manure feeding mode to the healthy breeding mode of high-quality full-price feed, and actively develop personalized breeding.
(2) Relying on scientific and technological progress to develop aquaculture.
The competition in aquatic products market is becoming increasingly fierce, and the aquaculture environment is getting worse and worse due to the influence of "three wastes". New problems, new varieties and new technologies emerge one after another. Only those who are good at learning, studying new problems, accepting new things, making good use of talents and mastering information can be in an invincible position in the competition.
1. Implement aquatic seedling project, establish introduction breeding and improved seed breeding base, introduce, breed and popularize high-quality seedlings, improve survival rate and reduce production cost.
2. Popularize pollution-free ecological health breeding technology, control diseases by using immune and biotechnology achievements, and repair the breeding environment. For example, using microbial agents to improve the breeding environment, improve biological metabolism, regulate the internal environment, activate the immune system, improve biological immunity and other methods to carry out ecological disease prevention, reduce the incidence and improve the survival rate. Scientifically use drugs, select high-quality feed with balanced nutrition in line with the growth of aquatic products, strengthen quality management, and produce pollution-free green products with specifications and quality in line with market demand.
3) Scale, intensification and integration of trade, industry and agriculture are the only way for fishery development.
There are 16 municipal leading enterprises in our city, including aquatic products or aquatic products, and various aquatic industry associations are increasing day by day. Fishery is gradually developing in the direction of scale, intensification and integration of fishermen's technology and trade. However, there are still many forms of family farming, and it is difficult to bid farewell to the traditional farming habits, resulting in low technology and high cost, scattered breeding varieties, low productivity and low efficiency. In today's new wave of aquaculture, it has gradually become unsuitable for the development of aquaculture. In order to meet the requirements of the development of aquaculture after China's entry into WTO, and to withstand the competition of the re-development of aquatic products after the adjustment of agricultural structure, we should transition from individual farmers with low aquaculture benefits to moderate-scale farmers, from small-scale farmers with low benefits, low technology and lack of funds to large-scale farmers with technology, capital, aquaculture level and moderate scale, so that large-scale operators or companies can make use of their own advantages (such as funds, varieties, technical projects, sales, etc.) to cooperate with the majority of farmers and moderate-scale farmers. , develop intensive management, form a modern aquaculture system of production, supply and marketing services, and then push the integration of aquaculture industry, technology and trade in our city to a new height, which is the general trend of aquaculture development in the future.
Third, introduce breeding varieties.
Looking back and summarizing the situation of aquaculture species last year (2002), we think that the following species have certain development potential except soft-shelled turtle, freshwater shrimp and river crab. This paper introduces them one by one and puts forward some reference opinions for peer exchange.
1) Native varieties in this region
The market price is relatively high (the wholesale price is 20-40 yuan/kg), which not only conforms to people's consumption habits, but also can be generally accepted by consumers, so there is no need for market promotion. In recent years, some varieties with successful artificial propagation and mature breeding technology are suitable for all kinds of farmers to breed.
1, erythroculter ilishaeformis
Also known as white strip, it is a top-grade fish with large size, fast growth, white meat and tender and delicious meat. It is very delicious when eaten fresh or pickled. The resources of anchovies in lakes and reservoirs are decreasing day by day, which cannot meet the market demand. It is suitable for pond culture, polyculture and cage culture, and the yield of cage culture can reach 1-50000 kg/mu. He, the owner of Liangzhu special aquatic fingerling breeding base in Yuhang District, 1 12 mu pond, mainly focuses on raising and polyculture of crested ibis, combining production and marketing, with an average net profit of 9622.67 yuan per mu in 2002, with high economic benefits.
Fish supply time and price: from the end of May to the beginning of June, Splash≤ 1 1,000 yuan/10,000 yuan; Summer flowers from June to July, the price is ≤0. 10 yuan/tail; Winter slice11-February, 0.05 yuan /cm. The wholesale price of commercial fish market is 36 yuan/Jin, while the market prices in Shanghai and Jiangsu are on the high side.
2. Flower fishbone
Commonly known as Huayang Fish, Twist Fish, Bamboo Clip Fish, Ji Lang Fish, etc. It is a rare small and medium-sized fish in freshwater waters of China. Its meat quality is tender, delicious and the meat yield is high. The size of adult fish can reach about 0.5kg, and the market price is as high as 22 yuan/kg. Growing in the middle and lower layers of water, it is a temperate fish with invertebrates as its main food. Under the condition of artificial feeding, artificial compound feed is also fed, which can maintain a high feeding level even in winter, with long growth period and high survival rate. It can be raised independently and can also be used as a breeding variety. Summer flowers are specially cultivated, and the survival rate can reach 80%. The intercropping of summer flowers grows rapidly in the freshwater shrimp culture pond, 60% of which can meet the market specifications of the year, and the culture benefits are remarkable, so it is an ideal mixed culture variety of shrimp and crab at present.
Fish supply time and price: Huashui from April to May, 200 yuan/10,000; Summer flowers may-June, 0.25 yuan/tail; Winter slice11-February 0. 1 yuan /cm. Wholesale price of commercial fish market 20 yuan/Jin
3. Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
Also known as yellow croaker, yellow croaker, small and medium-sized economic fish with carnivorous, tender and delicious meat, strong disease resistance and excellent sales in our province. At present, the main ways of artificial culture of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco are polyculture, intercropping, main culture and cage culture. But in terms of its final comprehensive economic benefits, the main support is a better model. The advantages of this model are: high population yield, easy control of breeding process, easy prevention of diseases, short growth cycle and convenient fishing. The only disadvantage of this kind of fish is its low survival rate, and its culture technology needs to be further improved.
Fish supply time and price: Huashui from June to July, 300 yuan/10,000; Summer flowers in July and August, 0. 15 yuan/tail. The price of commercial fish is 24-32 yuan/kg.
4. mandarin fish
One of the rare fish, its meat is tender, thick, less prickly and rich in nutrition. Every 100g fish contains protein 18.5g and fat 3.5g, which is rich in calcium, phosphorus and iron, and is deeply loved by consumers. The wholesale price of commercial fish is above 56 yuan/Jin. Bait is the key to culture mandarin fish, which can be specially raised and mixed. Good treatment and considerable economic benefits.
5, barrel mandarin fish
Also known as mandarin fish, it is a newly developed variety, and the market price is more than 2% of mandarin fish. Fresh "dead fish" can be eaten, no viral diseases have been found at present, and it is easy to breed on a large scale. Can be specially cultured in ponds, mixed culture or cage culture.
Fish species supply time and price: May-June summer flowers, 2.5 yuan/Tail. Commercial fish 90 yuan/Jin.
6. Sinipercidae
Including sparganum flavipectus and sparganum finely divided, commonly known as sparganum flavipectus. Siniperca chuatsi is a famous indigenous fish in Qiantang River, and it is also an ideal breeding species. The fish is tender in meat, rich in nutrition, fast in growth and miscellaneous in eating habits, and all of them are bottom-scraping fish with large market sales. Can be raised mainly, can also be mixed. It does not have high requirements for water environment, and the culture technology is easy to master. It can be used as fish species in the same year, commercial fish in the next year, or summer flowers in the same year can be directly interplanted in fish ponds, and some of them can meet the edible specifications. Artificial compound feed can be fed during culture, and appropriate fertilization can be applied during mixed culture to increase natural bait and improve culture yield.
Fish species supply time and price: summer flowers in mid-May, 4 million-600 yuan/10,000 pieces. Wholesale price of commercial fish market is 20 yuan/Jin.
7. Takifugu in Qiantang River (Triceratops in Qiantang River)
It is a rare fish unique to Qiantang River system, with fresh and tender meat, rich nutrition and rapid growth. Its feeding habits and habits are basically the same as those of Megalobrama amblycephala, but it requires higher water quality, and the dissolved oxygen requirement is above 3-4 mg/L. It was used for seedling cultivation in that year and commercial fish culture in the next year, and the commercial specifications were better than one catty. Breeding feed is generally based on compound feed.
Fish supply time and price: at present, 30 fish /500g fish is 0.50 yuan/fish. Commercial fish 20 yuan/Jin.
2) Imported varieties (at home and abroad)
They are all well-known varieties, and the local market has different degrees of acceptance. Farmers can choose suitable varieties for breeding according to their own conditions.
1, Penaeus vannamei
This is a widely accepted breed, which may replace Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Especially because of its short breeding cycle and large profit space, it is a new bright spot of aquaculture in recent two years. But one of the most fatal shortcomings of this variety is its latent virus diseases (mainly Taura virus disease and white spot syndrome), which are easy to break out under certain conditions. Therefore, farmers should not be blindly optimistic about this, and should actively adopt healthy farming methods to open up markets for processed products.
2-year-old Ding Yu
This kind of fish is only found in Irtysh River and Ulungu River basins in Xinjiang, China. It is one of the main economic fish cultivated in fresh water in European countries, and is known as the Royal pet fish of Europe. The meat of diced fish is very delicious, and the unsaturated fatty acids are three times higher than those of other freshwater fish. This fish is a benthic fish, which feeds on plant residues and aquatic insects. It is cold-resistant, disease-resistant, easy for long-distance transportation and has good market recognition. Can eat compound feed, and has strong adaptability to the change of dissolved oxygen in water. Guangdong Province has only been introduced for two years, and the market price is on the high side (about 80 yuan/kg). It has become a new force, and aquaculture has become the main industry of freshwater aquaculture. Fish culture in Zhejiang Province has just started, and it can grow about 200 grams in that year (its market specification requires more than 250 grams), and the prospect is bright. If we can open other provinces and even foreign markets, its development prospects are very considerable.
Fish supply time and price: summer flower in mid-May, 0.5—0.8 yuan/tail. Commercial fish 60 yuan/Jin.
3. Pelteobagrus vachelli
Also known as Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, commonly known as Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. It is the largest and fastest growing species in this genus. Usually, the individual is about 250g, and the maximum individual exceeds 1 kg. Under natural conditions, the first-year-old fish can grow to 20-50g, and the second-year-old fish can grow to 50-65438+20-50g. The fish is tender, delicious, looks like Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and has a smooth and scaleless surface. It is an omnivorous fish that mainly eats insects. Under the condition of artificial feeding, the eating habits are easy to change and the compound feed is easy to develop. Artificial trial culture shows that the first-year-old fish can grow to 150-300 g, which fully meets the commercial specifications. Intercropping Pelteobagrus vachelli in ponds can increase the commodity quantity of Pelteobagrus vachelli by about 10- 12.5 kg per mu without affecting the yield of main fish. At the time of main rearing, it can produce 250-350 kilograms of commercial fish per mu. The price of commercial fish in Hubei Province is 40 yuan/kg, while that in Guangzhou is as high as 60 yuan/kg.
4. Freshwater sharks
Commonly known as tiger shark, its breeding technology is simple, its feed requirements are not high, its meat quality (without muscle spurs) is tender and delicious, its growth speed is fast, and its economic benefits are remarkable (the market value of commercial fish reaches 40-50 yuan/kg), among which the price of white shark is higher than that of blue shark. Freshwater shark is not only an edible fish, but also has high ornamental value. Its cartilage contains chondroitin sulfate, which has high nutritional value and medicinal value, and is a good freshwater aquaculture variety. The disadvantage is that this area can't overwinter naturally. At present, freshwater sharks have set off a breeding boom in southern China, and will still present a good market prospect in the next year.
5. blinding fish
In 1970s, Taiwan Province Province was introduced from Indonesia, and artificial propagation was successful. /kloc-0 was introduced to Guangdong for trial planting in 1998. Salty and fresh water can grow well and grow fast. Generally, 5 cm seedlings can reach the market specifications (more than 500 grams) in three and a half months to four months. It is a herbivorous fish with a wide range of feed sources. It is suitable for cage culture, single culture in special ponds and mixed culture in ponds, especially for Penaeus vannamei ponds, which can improve the yield per mu and greatly reduce shrimp diseases. It is a very worthy breeding model at present. The disadvantage is that fish in subtropical waters can't overwinter naturally. In 2002, summer flowers were introduced to a farm in Yuhang. The average weight of summer flowers before overwintering is about 450g, and the wholesale price is 40 yuan/kg. This kind of fish has different ways of eating its head, abdomen, back and intestines. If it can be produced, processed and exported on a large scale, it is a fish with development potential.
6. Golden catfish
The fish is golden in color and is an excellent breed of Silurus. It has the advantages of good meat quality, fast growth, wide eating habits and strong adaptability, and the economic benefits of artificial breeding are high. Resistant to hypoxia, strong disease resistance, wide adaptability to the environment, omnivorous and animalistic, suitable for intensive cultivation in special ponds, with an yield of more than 5 tons per mu. In natural waters, there are mainly eat small fish shrimps and aquatic insects, benthic animals and rotting livestock and poultry carcasses. All kinds of commercial feeds can be eaten under artificial breeding conditions.
7. Spinibarbus barbatus
Distributed in various water systems south of the Yangtze River, it is a large-scale high-quality economic fish in rivers in China. It has beautiful posture, bright color, good meat quality and delicious taste. It is an intermediate and advanced edible fish and can also be used as a good ornamental fish. Suitable temperature range is wide, diseases are few, and eating habits are miscellaneous and wide, mainly herbivores and others. The main foods are aquatic plants and organic debris. And I also like to eat vegetables, bran, rice bran, peanut bran, artificial compound feed, etc. Its breeding has only started in recent years. Due to the shortage of fry and high price, the profit of aquaculture is much higher than that of conventional aquaculture fish.
(3) Ornamental varieties
With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the development speed of ornamental and recreational fisheries is amazing. In Guangzhou, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou and other big cities, the introduction, development, breeding and production of ornamental fish in normal temperature and tropical areas have become one of the main industries of aquaculture. The production and sales of ornamental fish are huge, and the prospects and benefits are considerable. In recent years, the export of ornamental fish in China has increased year by year, and it has become one of the major exporters in Asia.
bright red
One of the medium-sized ornamental fish at room temperature. It is an ornamental fish which is a hybrid of goldfish and crucian carp. It has a variety of body colors, such as red and white, red and black, red and white on a blue background and so on. The tail is like a goldfish and the body is like a crucian carp. Beautiful appearance, bright color, gentle temperament, easy to raise, fast growing, omnivorous, hypoxia-resistant, suitable for high-density intensive farming. It occupies an important position in the ornamental fish market and sells well in the local market. It is one of the ideal breeding varieties for developing urban agriculture, developing leisure fisheries and increasing farmers' income.
Fish supply time and price: 3.5 million-400 yuan/10,000 fish in summer at the end of April and the beginning of May. Commodity fish is priced according to quality, generally 12- 14 yuan/kg.
2. koi fish
Large ornamental fish at room temperature is the national fish of Japan. This fish line was introduced from China, and after decades of Japanese cross breeding, thirteen series of koi fish ornamental fish were formed, including hundreds of species such as Dazheng Tricolor and Showa Tricolor. The existing koi fish in China was imported from Japan, and koi fish has become the most important and common ornamental fish in China. It has many strains, different body colors and is easy to raise.
Fish species supply time and price: 350-400 yuan per 10,000 species in summer flowers in late April and early May. Commodity fish is priced according to quality, generally 12- 14 yuan/kg. At the third Changchun Agricultural Fair in 2002, a pair of koi fish's best products were sold at a sky-high price of 650,000 yuan.
3. Huahu Lake
Senior tropical ornamental fish are carnivorous, but they also eat compound feed, which is easy to raise. When the water temperature is above 20℃, they are extremely resistant to the environment.
Fish supply time and price: after mid-April, specification: 5-8cm, price: 2-5 yuan/tail. Commercial fish 10 yuan/tail (specification 10c m// tail).
4. Golden crucian carp
Ornamental fish at room temperature is bright red in color, beautiful in shape and easy to raise.
Fish supply time and price: 200-250 yuan per 10,000 pieces of summer flowers at the end of April and the beginning of May. Commercial fish10 ——12 yuan/kg.
4) Rare aquatic animal species
These varieties are protected by the state, and farmers must go through legal breeding and sales procedures.
1, sturgeon
In recent years, sturgeon is the biggest price fluctuation in aquatic products. At present, according to different varieties, the price per kilogram is 20- 120 yuan. Sturgeon is recognized as a famous fish in the world because of its fast growth, short cycle, low feed coefficient and low cost. If the management department can further dredge the domestic and foreign sales channels on the existing basis, its sales volume will inevitably increase rapidly, and the price is expected to stabilize or rise. In addition, it is worth mentioning that the investment in sturgeon breeding accounts for a large proportion, and it is best for farmers to raise their own seedlings, so that the cost can be greatly reduced.
2. China mullet
National second-class aquatic protected animals, with beautiful posture, can be used as both ornamental fish and edible fish. Myxocyprinus asiaticus is delicious in meat, docile in temperament, strong in vitality, fast in growth, omnivorous and cold-resistant, which is most suitable for polyculture. The main disease threat of this fish is gill rot, especially when the larvae are 3-4 cm, we should attach great importance to the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Due to the limited number of fry, the price of this kind of fish has been very stable for several years, and the economic benefits are very considerable. Especially in eel ponds, polyculture has achieved good results. In large ponds, as long as the bait is sufficient, 1 year can reach about 1 kg.
In addition, there are Taihu white shrimp, mola fish, fragrant fish, perch, American striped perch, Australian Kate fish, Australian silver perch, rainbow snapper, long-snouted squid, cichlids, spotted catfish, catfish with eight whiskers, soft-shelled turtle and other varieties. Farmers can adapt to the local environment and their own conditions according to their own market recognition.