How many years old is Tusi City?
The Shougong Palace was built on the left side of Fenghuang Mountain and on the top of the right side of Jinluan Hall. It covers an area of ??five acres, including the ancestral hall. Four acres *** nine acres. Cheng Zhenming, director of the Chinese Tusi History and Culture Research Center at Jishou University, said that there are two courtyards and a single wooden house, and there is also a cool and hot cave (also called a rest cave) that is warm in winter and cool in summer. There is a three-story wooden building with hanging corners and corners, which is where the chieftain kings and their elders in the chieftain dynasty lived after they retired. The Peng Ancestral Hall was originally located on the right side of the Jinluan Hall and was built by chieftain Peng Shiqi after 1492. In the 19th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1591), Chieftain Peng Yuanjin erected an ancestral monument. The current Peng family ancestral hall was moved from the side of the original Jinluan Hall to the Shougong Palace in the tenth month after the tenth month of the Rungu calendar in the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870). Built on an area of ??four acres. The original eighteen chieftain statues carved out of wood were moved to the ancestral hall for display. The heads were Peng Shangbiao, Peng Shangbang, Peng Chengrui, Peng Chengxu, etc. The outer building was built in late winter of 1913 by Peng Shangpin, Peng Shangming, Peng Shangdao and other heads. The stone tablet erected by Peng Yuanjin was damaged during the relocation.
Purple Mountain is located at the east gate of Laosicheng City. It is a small hill extending from the right side of Phoenix Mountain. It covers an area of ??more than 20 acres. It is one of the main cemeteries where the chieftain kings and their relatives of the past dynasties are buried. According to statistics from the cultural relics department and Peng family genealogy records, there are 109 tombs of successive chieftain kings and their relatives here. Chieftains Peng Xianying, Peng Shiqi, Peng Shilin, Peng Mingfu, Peng Zongshun, Peng Yinan, etc. and their wives are all buried here. . The size of the tomb chamber is determined according to the size of the official position.
During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, Xiang Dingxin came to Sicheng to write the "Five Repairs and Five Essays": "One talks about the Peng family palace courtyard. From the fifth pass of the Meridian Gate to the Jinluan, there are embroidered screen arches in front and back. There are three mountains of happiness, prosperity and longevity. The chieftain of Penglai has been hereditary for eight hundred years." There is also a poem to prove it: "The chieftain has been passed down for thousands of years, and the mountains and rivers have elegance. I am also an immortal."
To sum up, Tusi City has a history of at least more than 1,000 years, because Tusi City was built and managed by successive generations of chieftains. There is no exact date to say when it was built.
I would like to ask, regarding the chieftain system in the history of *** area, whether the chieftain is an official or a landlord Aiwenzhi
Official name.
The Yuan Dynasty was established. It is used to grant titles to leaders of ethnic minority tribes in the northwest and southwest regions. The position of chieftain can be hereditary, but the appointment of an official requires the approval of the court.
The chieftains of the Yuan Dynasty had three military military positions: Xuanwei envoy, Xuanfu envoy, and appeasement envoy. The Ming and Qing dynasties followed the system of chieftains. Since the Ming Dynasty, three civil official positions have been added: Tuzhifu, Tuzhizhou, and Tuzhixian.
Chieftains bear certain taxes and servitude to the court and provide troops according to the court's levy orders; internally they maintain their right to rule as tribal leaders. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the reform process of changing local chieftains to local officials began, changing the hereditary chieftains into official officials appointed and removed by the court. The so-called official official refers to the coming and going of officials, and the continuous flow of officials.
In order to implement the policy of reforming the native land and returning it to the locals, the Qing Dynasty launched many wars against ethnic minorities. However, the chieftain system did not disappear completely until the end of the Qing Dynasty. During the Republic of China, the Ma Bufang armed forces in Ningxia and Qinghai accepted the rule of the Republic of China. Although he was appointed by the Communist Party of China, he still had his own jurisdiction over the area under his jurisdiction. In fact, it was no different from the chieftain system of the previous dynasty. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, through the stages of bandit suppression, land reform, and regional ethnic autonomy, the chieftain system was completely abolished. Do you understand the "chieftain system" of the ethnic minorities in Qinghai and its historical origins?
The chieftain system is a central administrative system in ancient my country and a local administrative system for managing ethnic minority areas in southwest China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The Ming Dynasty initially established government agencies at all levels, such as the Xuanwei Division and Tu Zhifu, and appointed local ethnic minority leaders as chief Tusi chiefs. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the position of chieftain could be hereditary, but hereditary officials needed to obtain the approval of the court.
The Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty established chieftains along with each other. Since the Ming Dynasty, three civil official positions have been added: the local magistrate, the local magistrate of the state, and the local magistrate of the county.
Chieftains bear certain taxes and servitude to the court and provide troops according to the court's levy orders; internally they maintain their ruling power as tribal leaders.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the chieftains in Qinghai had surnames such as Chen, Qi, Li, Wang, Na, Ji, Zhao, A, Ye, Gan, Zhu, Xin, La, and Han. What is the historical value of Mu's Tusi Mansion in Lijiang?
The ancient city of Lijiang in Yunnan is a famous historical and cultural city in China and a world cultural heritage, and Mu Mansion can be called the "Grand View Garden" of Lijiang's ancient city culture.
Mu, the leader of the Naxi tribe, has been hereditary chieftain of Lijiang since the Yuan Dynasty, and has gone through 22 generations of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties for 470 years. Among the chieftains in the southwest, he is famous for "knowing poetry, good etiquette and observing justice". World. Mufu is located in the southwest corner of the ancient city. Its architecture in the Ming Dynasty was very impressive. Xu Xiake once sighed at Mufu and said: "The beauty of the palace is only for the king."
In the fifteenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1382), Lijiang was established in the Ming Dynasty. The Military and Civilian Mansion set up an office in the ancient city, namely the Mu clan chieftain, and built a large-scale palace-style building complex, including three large archways made of stone and wood, the meeting hall, the Wanjuan Library, the Sanqing Hall, and the Guangbi Hall. Tower, Sutra Hall, Family Temple, Yuyin Tower, etc. The Mu Mansion sits in the west and faces east, "to welcome the rising sun and get the wood energy".
On the wooden archway in front of the mansion are the four characters "天雨流香", which is a homophonic pronunciation of "Reading and going" in the Naxi language, which reflects the spiritual wisdom of the Naxi people who value knowledge. The plaque is engraved with the words "loyalty and righteousness" awarded by Ming Shenzong "Two words. The stone archway is entirely made of stone and has a three-story structure. It is a masterpiece of domestic stone architecture.
The most eye-catching thing is that there are three large plaques hanging on the front of the chamber, all with the words "Serve the Country Sincerely". The middle plaque was given by Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, the right plaque was given by Emperor Yongle of Ming Dynasty, and the left plaque was given by Emperor Jiajing of Ming Dynasty. They were respectively given to the rulers of Mufu in different periods.
The plaque in the middle was given by Zhu Yuanzhang, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, in 1383 when Mu De, the then governor of the Mu Mansion, went to Nanjing to pay tribute to horses and gave him the surname "Mu". Mufu got its name from this.
Mufu is a glorious development history of the Naxi nation, a manifestation of the diverse culture of the Naxi nation, and a cultural treasure of the Chinese nation. Does anyone know the origin of toast
Toast
Perhaps from toast 1[from the use of spiced toast to flavor drinks]
[Comes from the practice of using spiced bread slices to flavor wine]
It is a transliteration. It is called (toast) in Cantonese. The bread is cut into slices and toasted before it can be toasted. It's called toast, and toast is probably the product of reprocessed bread.
Toast bread in China is called bread in the United States. The so-called toast refers to bread that is coated with a layer of garlic or butter and then baked. It is called toast, or it is made with bread. Machine-roast it and then apply the sauce.
Strictly speaking, there are two types of sliced ??bread, the thinner and softer ones are sandwich bread, and the thicker and harder ones are toast. "Toast" in Hong Kong can be derived from many delicious snack-style foods, such as: more butter, more fresh oil, more oil... Why is the Ming Dynasty the prosperous period of Lijiang Mu's Toast
Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty In the fourteenth year (1381), the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang sent Fu Youde, Lan Yu, and Mu Ying to march into Yunnan with 300,000 troops.
The following year, Ajia'ade, who was then the magistrate of Tong'an Prefecture and deputy envoy of the Xuanfu Department of Lijiang in the Yuan Dynasty, "led his people to surrender" to the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, he was given the surname "Mu" and was hereditary to the military and civilians of Lijiang. Prefect. During the more than 260 years of Ming Dynasty rule, the Mu clan chieftains continued to expand their sphere of influence with the support of the central dynasty, creating unprecedented economic and cultural prosperity.
The rulers of the Ming Dynasty regarded the Mu clan chieftain forces as an important force that "guarded the stone gate to annihilate the Western Regions, guarded the iron bridge to annihilate Tubo, and borrowed southern Yunnan as a screen vassal", so they were granted many official titles and rewards, as seen in It has been recorded as many as 28 times.
For example, there are gold shields and gold belts inscribed by the emperor with the words "Serve the Country Sincerely", as well as plaques such as "Northwestern Fence", "Jining Border" and "Loyalty", as well as many official titles such as doctor, political minister, chief envoy and so on.
All of this shows that the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the political, economic and military strength of the Mu clan chieftain. Mu's Tufu is known as the three major Tufu in Yunnan, together with Menghua (now Weishan) Tufu and Yuanjiang Tufu, due to its "vast land", "farthest inheritance" and "richest among all Tufu".
Due to their keenness to learn and absorb the Han culture of the Central Plains and the cultures of surrounding ethnic groups, "History of the Ming Dynasty? Tusi Biography" praised: "The local officials in Yunnan know poetry and books, love etiquette and observe justice, headed by the Mu family of Lijiang In the Ming Dynasty, the Mu family held the position of hereditary magistrate of Lijiang for 14 generations. Among them, Mu Zeng was successively awarded the titles of Zhongxian Dafu, Yunnan Chief Envoy Siyou Shenzheng, Tongfeng Dafu Guangxi Chief Secretary Youbuzheng, and Sichuan Chief Secretary Zuo. It can be seen that their actual status is higher than that of ordinary prefects or local prefects. Therefore, it can be said that the Ming Dynasty was the prosperous period of the Mu clan chieftains in Lijiang and the political, economic and cultural achievements of the Naxi area. This period of rapid development was also a very important stage in the historical development of the Naxi people. The architecture of the ancient city of Lijiang, the Baisha murals, and the Naxi ancient music, which are famous at home and abroad, were formed by absorbing foreign culture at that time; especially during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. , the tall stone archway "Zhongyi Fang" built under the imperial decree by Mu Zeng, the local prefect, is an artistic treasure jointly created by people of all ethnic groups in Lijiang in ancient times.