Introduction to Goldfish Goldfish is an ornamental fish that people are happy to raise. It is a natural and living work of art because of its strange posture and gorgeous colors, so it is loved by people. According to historical records and modern scientific experiments, scientists have found out that goldfish originated from wild crucian carp, which is commonly eaten in China. It first changed from silver-gray wild crucian carp to red-yellow golden crucian carp, and then gradually changed from red-yellow golden crucian carp to different varieties of goldfish after domestic rearing in different periods. As an ornamental fish, red crucian carp has been recorded as far back as Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. In the "release pond" in the Tang Dynasty, red and yellow crucian carp began to appear, and golden crucian carp began to appear in the Song Dynasty. People began to raise goldfish in ponds, and the colors of goldfish appeared in white flowers and spots. By the Ming Dynasty, goldfish moved into the fish basin. In animal taxonomy, it belongs to the bony fishes of Vertebrata, Cephalopoda, Jaw, Fishes, Eustoma, Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Cyprininae and Carassius. Goldfish and crucian carp belong to the same species and share the same scientific name (Carassius auratus) in science.
Fish is closely related to human beings. As early as the Stone Age, people caught fish as food. More than 3,200 years ago, there was a record of fish farming in China (according to the Oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins). Due to long-term fishing and fish farming, there are many opportunities to contact with fish, which means that there are many opportunities to observe and understand fish, so it is easy to find the species that mutate in wild fish, especially those that turn golden or red, which are more likely to attract people's attention. At that time, people collectively referred to golden or red fish as "goldfish". Li Shizhen, a great herbalist in Ming Dynasty in China, wrote in his Compendium of Materia Medica: "There are several kinds of carp, crucian carp and loach in the golden spot, especially the loach, and the golden crucian carp is durable, which was unknown in ancient times.
It can be seen from the above that there are four kinds of fish called "goldfish". The "golden crucian carp" is the crucian carp that turns yellow and red in color, and it has changed more and more since it was cultivated alone. Therefore, the name "goldfish" only represents the varieties cultivated by the golden crucian carp, that is, the goldfish today.
External characteristics The external morphology of goldfish is very different from that of crucian carp, and almost no single trait has not changed. Its posture variation includes body color, body shape, scale number, scale shape, dorsal fin, pectoral fin, ventral fin, gluteal fin, caudal fin, head shape, eyes, gill cover and nasal septum. Here are the variations of body color, head shape and eyes.
Variation of body color. The colors of goldfish are mainly produced by many pigmented skin cells in the dermis. There are only three color components of goldfish: black pigment cells, orange pigment cells and light blue reflective tissue. All these ingredients exist in wild crucian carp. The bright and changeable body color of domestic goldfish is only caused by the recombination and distribution of these three components, the change of strength and density, or the disappearance of one, two or three of them.
Variation of head shape. Breeders in all parts of China divide the head shape into tiger head, lion head, goose head, high head, hat and toad head. Some of these head shapes are of the same type and have different names in different places. For example, breeders in Beijing call it a tiger head, and in the south it is called a lion head; What is called a hat in Beijing is called a high head or goose head in the south. According to Professor Chen Zhen's name, the head shape is divided into three types: flat head, goose head and lion head.
1, flat head type: its head skin is thin and smooth, which is called flat head type. There are narrow flat heads and wide flat heads.
2, goose head type: the sarcoma on the top of the head is thick and convex, while the gills on both sides are thin and smooth.
3, lion head type: sarcomas on the top of the head and on both sides of the gills are thick bumps, which can even cover the eyes when developed.
Variation of eyes. Can be divided into normal eyes, longan, sky eyes and bleb eyes.
1, normal eyes: those with the same size as the eyes of wild crucian carp are called normal eyes.
2. Longan: The eyeball is excessively enlarged and partially protrudes out of the orbit. This kind of eye is called Longan.
3, the sky eye: the sky eye is similar to the longan, both larger than the normal eye, and the eyeball also partially protrudes out of the orbit. The difference is that the pupil of the sky eye turns 90 degrees upwards and faces the sky. There is also a kind of eye with a translucent bubble on the outside of the sky eye, which is called the sky eye.
4. Blister eye: The eye socket of this kind of eye is as big as longan, but the eyeball is as small as normal eye, and there are semi-transparent bubbles on the outside of the eye. This kind of eye is called blister eye. There is another kind that is similar to the blister eye, except that the translucent blister in the orbit is smaller, and only a small protrusion is formed in the abdomen of the orbit, which looks like the head shape of a frog on the surface, so it is called frog head, and some people call it toad head.
The species of living things are not immutable. It can gradually evolve from a simple type to a variety of forms.
The main producing areas of goldfish are Jiaxing and Hangzhou in Zhejiang. Goldfish from all over the world are spread from China. According to the research of Japanese scholar Kaiichi Matsui (1934), the earliest record of China goldfish spreading to Japan is 1502. Goldfish spread to Britain in the late17th century, and by the middle of18th century, the two-tailed goldfish had spread to European countries, and to the United States in 1874.
goldfish
The origin of the name goldfish fish is closely related to human beings. As early as the Stone Age, people caught fish as food. More than 3,200 years ago, there was a record of fish farming in China (according to the Oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins). Due to long-term fishing and fish farming, there are many opportunities to contact with fish, which means that there are many opportunities to observe and understand fish, so it is easy to find the species that mutate in wild fish, especially those that turn golden or red, which are more likely to attract people's attention. At that time, people collectively referred to golden or red fish as "goldfish". Li Shizhen, a great herbalist in Ming Dynasty, wrote in his Compendium of Materia Medica: "There are several kinds of carp, crucian carp and loach in the golden spot, especially the loach, but the golden crucian carp is durable, which was unknown in ancient times.
It can be seen from the above that there are four kinds of fish called "goldfish". The "golden crucian carp" is the crucian carp that turns yellow and red in color, and it has changed more and more since it was cultivated alone. Therefore, the name "goldfish" only represents the varieties cultivated by the golden crucian carp, that is, the goldfish today.
Feeding method Goldfish Goldfish is an omnivorous species, and its requirements for bait are not high. In addition to artificial bait, some natural bait, such as red worms, earthworms, shrimps, egg yolks, noodles, rice grains, bread, etc., can be used as bait, but care should be taken not to pollute the water quality. It is best to feed animal bait, feeding should be scientific, and one guarantee and three guarantees should be achieved.
(1) Quality guarantee: the feed should be fresh and balanced in nutrition, and the spoiled feed should not be fed. The natural feed can be disinfected with potassium permanganate, washed with clear water and then fed.
(2) Timing: goldfish should be fed 1 time or twice a day, at a fixed time every day, and the time should not be changed. Generally, it can be fed in warm noon in spring and cool in the morning and evening in summer.
(3) Quantification: Goldfish are gluttonous, and they can be fed 80% full every time. Keep fish outdoors, and feed them less or not on cloudy days.
(4) Positioning: it should be selected in a fixed position every time feeding, and the specific selection depends on the environment.
Feeding skills goldfish goldfish feeding time whether it is feeding live feed or artificial feed, we must master the following principles:
1.The feeding frequency is only1-2 times a day, and the feeding amount should be eaten within1-2 hours each time. The weather and water quality are normal, and the feeding amount of the species with strong vitality can be appropriately increased.
2. Feeding time should be early in spring and summer, usually around 6-7 in the morning, when the sun starts to shine and fish ponds (tanks) feed. Feeding can be delayed in late autumn and winter, usually around 7-8 o'clock, and even delayed until around 10 in winter. But don't eat a lot in the evening. Even if the fish are obviously foraging, it is better to feed in small quantities around 3 pm. After 1 1 month, the water temperature dropped obviously, and the appetite of goldfish decreased, especially in the evening.
3. With the growth of goldfish, the food intake should be gradually increased appropriately, but it should not be blindly fed, especially artificial feed, which should be strictly controlled. Family fish farming can be done by feeding the fish once a day1-2 times, so as to avoid excessive feeding at one time, accumulation of ponds (tanks) and deterioration of water quality.
Feed Introduction Goldfish Goldfish is an omnivorous fish completely domesticated by human beings, but it is the same as other fish such as crucian carp. Whether the feed is selected reasonably and whether it is fed correctly can directly affect the growth and development of goldfish, the depth and brightness of color, the appearance of characteristics, fullness, the number of eggs laid, the hatching rate and the disease resistance of goldfish. Therefore, the feed for goldfish must be rich in protein, fat, carbohydrates, various vitamins and a certain amount of inorganic salts and trace elements. For example, if all other conditions are the same, those who can feed enough fresh and live red worms every day will have a very large growth and development, especially the characteristics such as lion head and blisters (referring to sarcoma and blisters), which may be the reason why red worms contain a lot of animal protein, fat, carbohydrates and other rich nutrients.
First, animal feed
Animal feed is one of the most favorite and nutritious feeds for goldfish. It has many varieties, the common ones are:
1) Fish worms (commonly known as red worms and Daphnia)
It is a zooplankton that breeds in sewage pits, ponds and rivers, and is a common name for all kinds of Daphnia. Its size varies from big to small, like spider mite. Its body color is blood red, and its size is small. It is not only rich in nutrition, but also feeds on phytoplankton, which is conducive to purifying water quality. Therefore, goldfish that are properly fed with fresh red mites often develop faster than goldfish fed with other alternative feeds, and the incidence of fish diseases is correspondingly reduced.
2) Cyclops, with a bluish gray body (commonly known as green jumping)
It belongs to copepods in crustaceans. Its advantages are strong vitality and fast swimming, and it can be kept alive for several days. However, the disadvantage is that it is small in size. If it is used to feed old parents of several years old, it is more difficult to prey because they swim fast, and cyclops can also bite young fry. Therefore, it is best to scald them with boiling water when feeding cyclops.
3) paramecium (commonly known as grey water)
It is the common name of several protozoa in plankton. Such as paramecium, can be cultivated with straw, which is most suitable for feeding newly hatched fry. Rotifer is a multicellular animal (that is, it is composed of many cells), such as rotifer, water rotifer, column rotifer, bubble rotifer and so on.
4) Larvae of Chironomid (called blood worm in the south and oil jump in the north)
It is a chironomid larva, and its body color is blood red, so it is named blood worm. It is rich in nutrition and expensive, and it is not easy to preserve. It needs to be refrigerated, so ordinary lovers can directly freeze it and feed it.
5) Water earthworm
There are many kinds of them, among which the water earthworm goldfish is the favorite. They are rich in protein, fat and vitamins. They generally live on the surface of sewer sludge in fertile rivers or flowing water, with one end sticking into the sludge and the other swinging with the water. Their bodies are small, soft, bright red or crimson, which are easy to be swallowed by goldfish. However, they must be rinsed repeatedly before feeding, and if conditions permit, they must be raised for a few days before feeding.
Second, plant feed
Of course, animal feed is the most ideal feed for goldfish. However, in the absence of animal feed for various reasons, plant feed can be an emergency or life-sustaining auxiliary feed. There are common weeds, water plants and so on, among which weeds are one of the smallest species of seed plants. Plants are as small as sand without rhizomes and have better nutrients. The other is duckweed, which has a filamentary root. Goldfish should eat it when they are hungry. Generally, only larger goldfish can be fed, but not more. Before feeding, carefully check whether there are pests and eggs, or soak in low-concentration potassium permanganate solution for a while before feeding, otherwise it is easy to bring in germs and pests.
Third, synthetic feed
To develop large-scale goldfish breeding industry, it is not enough to catch natural bait fish and worms. In addition to artificially cultivating fish and worms, it is necessary to develop the production and supply of granular feed to the market, which can solve the feed source of farms on the one hand and meet the needs of goldfish lovers to raise and play goldfish in their families on the other. With artificial feed, it is much more convenient to raise goldfish at home.
The compound pellet feed requires complete nutritional components, which meet the needs of goldfish growth and development. The main components should include protein, sugar, fat, inorganic salts and vitamins.
1.protein is the main component of goldfish body. Its function in the body is to grow new tissues and repair old tissues, and it is also a component of heat energy supply. There must be enough protein in the bait to promote the rapid growth of goldfish.
2. Sugar is the main substance of heat energy in goldfish and the main feed component of goldfish.
3. Fat is the food with the highest thermal energy storage, and its physiological function is the same as that of sugar, which is oxidized in the body to supply energy. Generally speaking, the lack of fat in feed, slow growth and small size of goldfish will reduce the endurance of fish to low temperature and hypoxia, and it is easy to cause death when overwintering; Too much fat and fat fish will hinder the development of gonads.
4. Inorganic salts are the main elements that make up the color skeleton, such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Fish's blood and muscles also contain a certain amount of calcium and phosphorus. A certain amount of calcium in feed can promote digestion and help absorb fat and phosphorus. Goldfish can not only get calcium and phosphorus from feed, but also penetrate calcium and phosphorus in water into the body through skin and gills. Goldfish also needs trace elements such as iron, copper, magnesium, sodium, potassium and diamond. Without these elements, it will grow slowly and cause diseases. In order to ensure the normal growth of goldfish, feed should contain these elements.
5. Vitamins This is also necessary for the growth of goldfish. Long-term lack of vitamins, fish body dysplasia, slow growth or complete stop, and even deformity, the resistance to adverse external environment and various fish diseases decreased. Lack of vitamin A will cause the color fin to break, the fish body pigment to disappear, and the body color will be pale and not bright. Lack of vitamin E will lead to gonad hypoplasia or hypoplasia, and at the same time, the resistance to aquatic fungi will be reduced. Adding a small amount of vitamin B 12 to feed can promote growth.
Water changing method
Goldfish breeding predecessors have long had the experience of "raising fish before raising water", which shows that the quality of water will directly affect the normal growth and development of goldfish. The purpose of changing water is to remove the dirt (garbage, fish feces, surplus feed and stale impurities), keep the water clean, adjust the water temperature and increase the oxygen in the water, thus stimulating the growth and development of goldfish.
If you want to raise goldfish well, you must have a preliminary understanding of fish culture water:
1.Raw water
Refers to tap water or well water that has just been discharged and has not been dried. Its water temperature is often quite different from that in fish ponds (tanks), which contains more chlorine, which is very harmful to goldfish.
2. Fresh water
Is tap water or well water, spring water, after drying and standing for about 2-3 days, and the water temperature is equal to or similar to the fish pond (tank) clean water.
3. Chen shui
It is the dirty water with feces and dirt at the bottom of the fish pond (tank). Including the feed water that has not been changed for a long time in the pool (cylinder).
4. Old water
It is the general name of the clean water in the fish pond (tank) that is tender green, green, old green or greenish brown. Among them, tender green water is the best. There are many green algae floating in the old water, and they are also good auxiliary feed for goldfish. This kind of water has less decomposed organic matter and more dissolved oxygen. It is often used to raise fish in tender green and clean old water. The fish raised have the strongest appetite, strong body, bright color and rapid development.
5. Return to clear water
If it is found that the old green water in the original pool (tank) suddenly becomes clear water, and many green algae precipitate at the bottom of the tank, this phenomenon is called returning to clear water. This kind of water is easy to cause fish diseases and needs to be completely replaced.
(1) Under normal water exchange conditions, especially in hot summer, every day, as long as the feces and dirt at the bottom of the fish pond (tank) and the old water are adhered to, gently suck out110-1/5 with a hose to remove the dust and floating feces on the water surface, and then slowly inject isothermal new ones along the wall of the pond (tank). This method of changing water is not easy to hurt fish, simple and safe, and is most suitable for family fish tanks or small ponds.
(2) Partial water exchange This water exchange method is mainly carried out in two situations. One case is that in the hot summer and early autumn, the feed water in the fish pond (tank) has been changed for a few days, but the water turns green very quickly (due to the small amount of feed), and the water quality is still clean, so in order to prevent the goldfish from scalding their tails, all the goldfish in the pond (tank) can be fished out, and then the water in the pond (tank) can be rotated in a spiral shape, and after a moment of rest, the pond (tank) can be put into a spiral shape.
Another situation is that the water in the pool (tank) has only been changed for a few days, and the color of the water is still good. However, emergency measures must be taken because of excessive feeding on the same day and floating head. The method of changing water is the same as that mentioned above.
If it is a big fish pond in a fish farm, you don't need to fish out the goldfish, but use a folding screen to surround the fish, and then gently rotate the water in the pond with a fishing net for several tens of seconds. When the water is still for a moment, then start the drain valve to slowly drain the water or suck off the excess fish worms, feces and old water in the center of the pond (tank) with a straw, or use a fishing net bag to catch the excess fish worms from the center, and then release it14.
(3) Thoroughly changing water This kind of water change is often a water change method combined with turning over the pond (tank) and selecting young or adult fish. It is often used because the water quality is seriously deteriorated or the moss is too long and the fish is too dense. There are two specific methods:
1.When there is no free pool, we have to fish all the goldfish into the basin or put the cage in the water of the adjacent pool for temporary cultivation, and add an oxygen-increasing head in the basin or cage to increase oxygen. Then, brush off the moss on the wall of the original pond, rinse it thoroughly, re-inject isothermal fresh water, and let it stand for a while until the water temperature is equal, and then fish it into the original pond (cylinder).
2. If there are free ponds and fresh water, all goldfish should be fished into pots or cages, respectively selected and treated, and the goldfish can be moved into fresh water for feeding in the sub-ponds, regardless of the water temperature. This method of changing water should pay special attention to the water temperature, and it is best to choose before 9 am on a sunny day. However, this method is generally only applicable to adult fish or larger young fish, and young fish should not be used. If conditions permit, it is better to fill the standby pool (tank) with submerged water before completely changing the water, and then fish directly into the standby pool (tank). In this way, the change of water temperature is small, and the fish can easily adapt to the new environment, so that the fish can avoid being squeezed in the basin or cage. This method of changing water is generally carried out every half month or so in spring and autumn 1 time. In summer, when the weather is heavy and the water temperature is above 28℃, the water should be completely changed 1 time in 5-7 days. In winter, when the water temperature drops to about 4℃, goldfish will move slowly, their appetite will be reduced, and the water quality will not deteriorate easily. Generally, all goldfish will not be replaced unless there are special circumstances.