catalogue
Brief introduction of Qin Shihuang
Royal cemetery
The largest catacombs in the world.
Large scale and rich burial.
Terracotta warriors and horses pit
The eighth wonder of the world
Cemetery project
cultural heritage
Fengshui legend
Problems related to flying geese in the mausoleum
About site selection
secret
New progress in archaeology: tomb area
Special palace wall
Underground palace "waterproof dam"
Architectural history
Four mysteries revealed
Underground excavation
Huangling pomegranate
general layout
Travel tips accommodation
traffic
sensitive
Brief introduction to the theft of Qin Shihuang from Dongling, Qin Dynasty
Royal cemetery
The largest catacombs in the world.
Large scale and rich burial.
Terracotta warriors and horses pit
The eighth wonder of the world
Cemetery project
cultural heritage
Fengshui legend
Problems related to flying geese in the mausoleum
About site selection
secret
New progress in archaeology: tomb area
Special palace wall
Underground palace "waterproof dam"
Architectural history
Uncovering the Four Secrets of Underground Palace and Excavating the General Layout of Pomegranate in Imperial Mausoleum: Travel Tips
A brief introduction to the accommodation, transportation, diet and theft of Qin Dongling
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor faces Mount Li in the south, with mountains and lush trees, and the winding Weihe River in the north, just like a snake lying on its back. Surrounded by towering peaks, the tall mausoleum and Mount Li are integrated, with beautiful scenery and unique environment. This mausoleum is large in scale and imposing. The cemetery covers a total area of 56.25 square kilometers (equivalent to the size of 78 Forbidden City). The original height of the land on the mausoleum was about 1 15 meters, and it is still as high as 76 meters. There are terracotta warriors and horses in the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang.
Inner and outer walls, the inner city perimeter is 3840m, and the outer city perimeter is 62 10/0m. There are about 8- 10 meters high walls inside and outside the walls, and there are still relics. The burial area is in the south, and the sleeping hall and the convenient hall are built in the north. Excavation process:1974 65438+10.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, local farmers dug a well and accidentally dug up a ceramic warrior's head. After the organized excavation by the state, the terracotta warriors and horses of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum were finally discovered, which shocked the whole world.
Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shihuang was an outstanding politician and strategist in the history of China. Won Zhao [1][2], a famous minister, was born in Handan, Zhao in 259 BC. At the age of 0/3 BC/kloc, he was made king of Qin, and at the age of 22, he was made head of government. From 236 BC to 22 BC1year 15 years, the state of Qin wiped out six vassal states, namely, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, completely ending the history of the separatist regime in the Warring States and establishing the first emperor of China in blood and fire.
The first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized county dynasty in history-Qin Dynasty. "The king of Qin sweeps Liuhe, and the tiger potential is He Xiongzai; Swing the sword and set the clouds, and the princes will come to the West. " Qin Shihuang, the omnipotent monarch, not only left great achievements to future generations, but also left this mysterious royal cemetery.
Royal cemetery
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. Its huge scale and rich funerary objects rank first in the tombs of emperors in past dynasties. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. Around the mausoleum, there are double walls inside and outside, with an inner circumference of 3870 meters and an outer circumference of 62 10 meters. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, mourning halls, garden temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor formed three steps, with a square bottom, a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the bottom area of the paddock is about 120 square meters and the height is 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery is 120).
As high as a mountain, it has been reduced by more than 40 meters after weathering, erosion and man-made destruction. The total area of the whole mausoleum area is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow. There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stable pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 55.05 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. According to the survey, the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters, with large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inner and outer. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters and an outer city of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far from comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids. Architectural drawing of Qin Shihuang mausoleum
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 1956, Shaanxi provincial people's government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit; 196 1 was announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units by the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC) in; 1987, UNESCO listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shihuang in the world cultural heritage protection list, making it the common wealth of all mankind. In 2002, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was rated as a national AAAA-level tourist attraction.
The largest catacombs in the world.
The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world. The Qin Dynasty is a glorious page in the history of China, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization. Qin Shihuang took all the glory of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound. Historical records record: "Through three springs, the copper fell to Qin Shihuang."
Palace officials and strange monsters moved to Tibet. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy in the world, geography in the world, and mermaid cream is a candle, which lasts forever. Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known terracotta warriors and bronze chariots and horses tombs, more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Baixi figurine pits, civilian figurine pits and tombs have been discovered, and 654.38+10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, showing some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities of the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will be more unexpected discoveries. Between the dignified green and the tall mausoleum, in order to let tourists feel the dignity and dignity of the king, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor staged a large-scale performance of "the reappearance of the guard of honor guard-changing the guard of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor" and a sand table model of the mausoleum, cemetery and underground palace integrating sound, light and electricity, which reproduced the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2,000 years ago and showed decades of archaeological achievements.
Large scale and rich burial.
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
The Imperial Tomb is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of our working people. It is a treasure house of history and culture. Among all the tombs of ancient emperors, it is famous for its large scale and rich burial. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it ... The grave is full of treasures. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; Fish oil is used to light the lights in the tomb to keep it bright ... There are 10 gates in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the north and south gates and the south gate of the inner wall are on the same central axis. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and unique in structure. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
Terracotta warriors and horses pit
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
[3] Terracotta Warriors Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, located at 1500m to the east of the Mausoleum. The spring of 1974 was discovered by local farmers who dug wells. The treasure buried underground for more than 2000 years came out, and it is known as "the eighth wonder of the world". It has provided very precious physical materials for the study of the military, politics, economy, culture and science and technology of the Qin Dynasty, and has become a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three terracotta warriors and horses pits have been excavated, which are arranged in a "needle" shape from west to east. There are more than 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses and more than 40,000 bronze weapons in the pit. The pottery works in the pit are imitations of Qin Suwei's army. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards used bows, arrows, crossbows, bronze bows, spears, halberds, or crossbows as precursors, or rode horses, forming four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding. All the guards in the underground tunnel face east. According to the drilling, there are three burial pits, among which the No.1 pit found at 1974 is the largest. It is 230 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south and about 5 meters deep. The promenade and the 1 1 hole form the whole pit, in which more than 6,000 warrior figures and terracotta horses with the same size as real horses are placed. About 20 meters northeast of No.1 pit, No.2 pit was discovered in the spring of 1976, which is another spectacular formation. No.2 pit is 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, covering an area of 92 16 square meters and a building area of 170 16 square meters. The second pit has a multi-arms joint lineup, including infantry, chariots, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of No.2 pit is No.3 pit, and visitors are not allowed to visit it before 1 9891kloc-0/October1. The third pit is 24.5 meters wide from north to south and 28.8 meters long from east to west, covering an area of more than 500 square meters. According to experts' inference, the No.3 pit is considered as a military curtain to command the No.1 pit and No.2 pit. A chariot, 68 guardians and weapons are kept in the pit. Since 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been found at 1.5km east of the cemetery. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, the No.1 pit is the "Right Army", where about 6,000 life-size clay figurines and horses are buried. Pit No.2 is "Zuo Jun", with 1300 terracotta figures and horses and 89 chariots. It is an arc array composed of infantry, cavalry and chariots, and it is also the essence of the pit of Qin figurines. There are 68 warrior figures, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in pit 3, which is the headquarters of the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of Qin Jun formation. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused shock and concern all over the world. These terracotta warriors and horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for studying the military establishment, combat methods and cavalry equipment of the Qin Dynasty. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". As a bridge connecting the past and the future in the history of China sculpture, the realistic techniques of Qin figurines have attracted worldwide attention. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and is open to the public.
The eighth wonder of the world
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the largest, strangest and richest imperial tombs in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are the precious wealth of human culture in the world comparable to Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and its discovery itself is the most spectacular archaeological achievement in China in the 20th century. They fully demonstrated the artistic talent of China people more than 2,000 years ago and are the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation. Former French President Jacques Chirac praised it as "the eighth wonder of the world", which made the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor known to more people. The laurel of world cultural heritage adds luster to the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.
Edit this cemetery project
"The king of Qin swept Liuhe and looked at He Xiongzai. The criminal was 700,000, starting from the ground." This famous poem was written by Li Bai, a great poet, praising the brilliant achievements of Qin Shihuang and describing the great momentum of the construction of Lishan Mausoleum. Indeed, the scale, the number of workers and the duration of the cemetery project are unprecedented. The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by Qin Shihuang's political career. When he 13 just ascended the throne, the cemetery construction project began. It was not Qin Shihuang's initiative that the ancient emperors built tombs during their lifetime. As early as the Warring States period, it was customary for princes to build tombs before their death. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Mausoleum Guarding for Fifteen Years" and pingshan county Zhongshan Mausoleum were also built during his lifetime. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne, which was a little improvement on Qin Shihuang. The cemetery project was built for more than 30 years until the death of Qin Shihuang. Hu Hai, the second emperor, succeeded to the throne, and it took more than a year to complete the construction. Throughout the cemetery project, it can be divided into three construction stages. The initial stage of the cemetery project is 26 years from Qin Wang's accession to the throne to the unification of the whole country. At this stage, the design of the cemetery project and the main project construction were carried out one after another, which initially laid the scale and basic pattern of the cemetery project. From national unification to the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang, it took nine years to build a cemetery on a large scale. After 9 years of large-scale construction with 654.38 million people, the main project of the cemetery has been basically completed. It took more than three years from the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang to the second winter in Qin Ershi, which was the last stage of the project. At present, it is mainly engaged in the finishing project and soil covering task of the cemetery. Although the mausoleum project lasted so long, the whole project was not finally completed. At that time, a magnificent peasant uprising broke out in history. Zhou Wen, a subordinate of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, led his troops to play in the water near the cemetery (now near Xingfeng, Lintong County). Facing the threat of the army to Xianyang, the new emperor II, who had not been tempered by the wind and rain, panicked and called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. He looks like a man in the depths of his soul, pleading with his ministers "why not". At this time, the Shaofu ordered Zhang Han to advise: "Thieves and soldiers have arrived, and many people are in Xinjiang. Not as close to the county seat as it is today. There are many people in Mount Li. Please forgive them and give them an army to attack them. " II immediately catered to this requirement and asked Zhang Han to lead a spiritual army to fight back against the rebels in Zhou Wen. So far, the cemetery project that has not been completely completed has to be suspended. In short, the cemetery project was forced to stop from site selection, design and construction to the end, which lasted for 37 ~ 38 years, ranking first in the history of mausoleum construction in China, and its construction time was 8 years longer than that in pyramid of khufu.
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Map of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum
This data comes from Baidu map, and the final result is subject to Baidu map data.
Chinese name: Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. : 200-005 1987, according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C(I)(III)(IV)(VI), is listed in the World Heritage List.
Edit this feng shui legend
Mount Li is famous for its unique hot springs and scenery. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Youwang and his concubine Jia Cong staged a historical tragedy here, which led to the rise of a vassal in the bonfire drama and ruined the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to legend, Qin Shihuang met the goddess in Lishan before his death and wanted to play the goddess in the tour. In a rage, the goddess spat on his face, and Qin Shihuang soon developed sores. Although this is a fairy tale, it can be vaguely seen that Qin Shihuang and Mount Li seem to have some fate. His cemetery is also next to Lishan Mountain. Why was Qin Shihuang particularly obsessed with Mount Li, a treasure trove of geomantic omen? The ancients regarded the choice of cemetery as a great event for the benefit of future generations, especially the feudal emperor Qin Shihuang, who tried to spread it all over the world and naturally paid more attention to the location of cemetery. The reason why he was buried in Mount Li was explained by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty: "Qin Shihuang built a heavy burial in Mount Li, which was Lantian, with rich yin and beautiful jade. The first emperor was greedy for his good name, so he was buried. " Li Daoyuan's view has been affirmed by most scholars in academic circles. However, some scholars have raised objections. On the one hand, those who hold negative opinions think that the selection of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Lishan depends on the ritual system at that time, while on the other hand, it is influenced by the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum on the mountain". (See No.5 of Qin Tombs and Cultural Relics Exploration, 1990. ) Now, from the perspective of geomantic omen, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is also an ideal geomantic omen treasure. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the concept of building a mausoleum by mountains had already appeared. Later, people chose cemeteries and attached great importance to the geographical environment close to mountains and rivers. "If you build a grave, you must come to the mountains to go to the water." (See "The Secret Buried Sutra of Dahan's Original Mausoleum") Mountains and rivers were regarded as the best places of geomantic omen by the ancients. As for when this concept began, there is no way to verify it. It should be said that the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is a model of "building a mausoleum by mountains and rivers". It is obvious to all that the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor faces Mount Li in the south and Weishui in the north. However, on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, there is also a artificially transformed fish pond water. According to "Notes on Water Classics", "Water flows out of the northeast of Mount Li and flows northward. Later, Qin Shihuang was buried in the north of the mountain. When the water meandered, it turned from east to north, and the first emperor built a tomb to borrow soil. The land is deep and the water accumulates into a pond. This is the so-called fish pond ... The water in the pond flows through the north of the first emperor in the northwest. " It can be seen that the fish pond water originally came from the northeast of Lishan Mountain, and the water flowed from south to north. Later, when the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built, an east-west dam was built in the southwest of the mausoleum. The dam is 1000 meters long, generally 40 meters wide, 70 meters at its widest point and 2 to 8 meters high. It is what people usually call Wuling site. It is this dam that turned the fish pond water originally from Li Dongbei into a northwest flow, bypassing the northeast of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. In addition, in the east of the cemetery, there is a hot spring water. According to the Water Classic Note, "there is hot spring water in the southwest of fish pond water, which can cure diseases all over the world". "Three" says: "There are hot springs in the northwest of Mount Li." It can be seen that the hot springs of that year corresponded to the fish pond water in the northwest. It is not difficult to find that the geomantic features of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum are that the back mountain faces south, and the east, west and north are surrounded by water on three sides. Isn't "Surrounding the mountains with water" a treasure trove of geomantic omen specially selected by Qin Shihuang's mausoleum? The concept of "surrounding mountains and water" in Qin Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Mausoleums in the Western Han Dynasty, such as Gaozu Changling Mausoleum, Wendi Baling Mausoleum, Jingdi Yangling Mausoleum, Wudi Mausoleum, etc., were all chosen by imitating the geomantic thought of "mountains surrounded by water" in Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. Later tombs basically inherited this idea of building tombs.
Edit the questions related to this paragraph.
About the flying geese in the mausoleum
What are the precious funerary objects in Qin Gong? This has caused many magical legends and stories for thousands of years. Flying geese in the underground palace is a very charming legend. "Three Auxiliary Stories" records that Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, took 300,000 people to rob the Qin Mausoleum after entering the customs. During their excavation, a golden goose suddenly flew out of the tomb, and this magical flying goose kept flying south. Hundreds of years later, during the Three Kingdoms period (the first year of Baoding), there was an official named Zhang Shan who was a satrap in southern Japan. One day, someone gave him a golden goose, and he immediately judged from the words on the golden goose that it belonged to the first imperial tomb. Is there any historical basis for this magical legend? In recent years, some scholars wrote: "Although this is a legendary story, it shows that the cultural relics of the Qin Mausoleum have been lost abroad, as far away as Yunnan in the south. As for the golden goose, it is not only beautiful, but also can fly, which is also possible. Because in the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous craftsman Lu Ban was able to create a wooden goose, flying in the sky and flying directly to the city of Song State. Hundreds of years later, it is credible that craftsmen in Qin can make flying golden geese. " (Wu Bolun, The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, Shanghai People's Publishing House1March 990) So, is this legendary story credible or not? In China, a country that paid little attention to science and technology in history, it would be a rare miracle in the history of science and technology in China and the world if the flying golden goose could be built more than 2,200 years ago. However, the reliability of metal flying geese really makes Chinese people sweat. If you scrutinize it carefully, you will immediately see the flaw in this legend. Imagining a metal object flying in the air is not as simple as flying a kite and a light balloon. Because of its light weight, the latter can fly in the air with the help of natural wind. But for a metal object, if it only depends on natural wind power without mechanical power, I'm afraid even the basic problem of takeoff can't be solved. How did China solve the flight dynamics problem of metal objects 2200 years ago? Further analysis, assuming that the Qin Dynasty had the ability to make flying golden geese, the golden geese would fly automatically after being buried in the underground palace, and have been flying in the underground palace for nearly 1000 days and nights. When Xiang Yu opened the underground tomb, the flying golden goose flew out of the ground smoothly along the underground tomb, and then flew to the far south, crossing the mountain peaks thousands of meters high on the south side of the Qinling Mountains. If this anecdote had not been fabricated by gossip writers, Jin Yan's control and command system might have lagged far behind today's computers. Therefore, we can say for sure that there is no legend of metal flying geese in Qin tombs, and China people with modern scientific and technological consciousness should not believe this legend. The problem of distinguishing forgeries in The Legend of Jin Yan should stop here. However, further, is there any trace of this legendary story fabricated by ancient literati in historical documents? According to the relevant documents of the Han Dynasty, there is a saying in Sima Qian's and Ban Gu's accounts that "gold is a flying goose". Obviously, two historians recorded "flying geese" made of gold in their tombs, and ancient scholars probably romanticized and "created" the story of the legend of flying geese.
About site selection
During the Warring States period, some monarchs' cemeteries were often designed and built with graphics. The construction of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum should also be planned, and the cemetery should be selected first before drawing. We know that Qin Shihuang was in power in Xianyang, the capital. Why did the cemetery choose Lishan Mountain, which is far away from Xianyang? Li Daoyuan, the author of Notes on Water Mirrors in the Northern Wei Dynasty, first expounded this issue by consulting relevant ancient books. He said: "Qin Shihuang made great efforts to rebury and built a burial place on the towering mountain. There is gold in the yin of Lantian and beauty in the yang. At first, the emperor was greedy for his good name, so he was buried "(Notes on Water Mirror Wei Shui). This theory has been circulated in academic circles for more than 1000 years and is considered as the earliest and most authoritative view. On the surface, Zhu's explanation seems reasonable, but it is still a question whether Qin Shihuang, as a child of 13 years old, can know the dollars and jewels of Lantian. Even if I know, I'm afraid the location of the mausoleum will not be decided according to the personal will of a king in name only. Therefore, it seems that this question should be answered from the aspects of the ritual system at that time and the design intention of the mausoleum. First of all, the location of the mausoleum has something to do with the location of the tombs of previous generations of kings in Qin State. The tombs of Qin Shihuang's ancestors and Empress Dowager were buried in Zhiyang, west of Linzhang County, and the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was chosen in Lishan, east of Zhiyang, which was decided by the ritual system at that time, because the tombs of ancient emperors were often arranged according to their ages. Records in books such as The Book of Rites and Er Ya. "South, north and west are the best". "The southwest corner is called this Olympics, which is also respected." The book Lun Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty recorded it more clearly: "The husband is in the west, the land of the elderly, and the position of the venerable is also. The honorable person is in the west, the humble person is in the east ... the husband's grave is hidden by the dead; Tian, who eats what; The house, the place where people live, the three are in people, and it is appropriate to wait. " Even the Xuan Empress of Zhiyang hopes that her tomb can be buried between her husband and son, that is, "seeing my husband in the west and my son in the east", which seems to be based on the principle that the old man lives in the west and the younger generation lives in the east. The ancestors of Qin Shihuang have confirmed that King Zhao Xiang, King Zhuang Xiang and Queen Xuan were buried in Zhiyang. Because the graves of ancestors were buried in the west of Linzhang County, Qin Shihuang, as a junior, could only be buried in the east of Zhiyang. It is obviously against traditional etiquette to locate the mausoleum in the west of Zhiyang. It can be seen that the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was chosen at the foot of Mount Li, which fully conforms to the etiquette of the younger generation living in the East. Secondly, the choice of the location of the mausoleum was also related to the concept of "building a mausoleum by the mountain" at that time. From about the Spring and Autumn Period, the vassals of various vassal states began to build tombs by mountains one after another. Many monarchs' tombs face the mountains and the water, or face the plains with wide horizons, and even some monarchs' tombs are simply built on the top of the mountain to show their lofty status and majesty of imperial power. The Qin tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period were also influenced by this concept, some were buried in Xishan and some were buried near Lingshan. During the Warring States period, Qin Mausoleum still inherited the mode of "building a mausoleum by the mountain", and the tomb of Qin Shihuang was built on the side of Lishan Mountain, which completely conformed to the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum by the mountain". It is backed by Mount Li and faces the Weihe River. This area has a beautiful natural environment. The whole Lishan Mountain is only from Lintong County to Ma 'e section, where the sea level rises, and the mountains are undulating and overlapping. Looking from the north bank of Weihe River, this mountain range is symmetrical from left to right, like a huge screen standing behind the first imperial mausoleum, standing at the top of the mausoleum and looking south. This mountain range is arc-shaped, and the mausoleum is surrounded by the peaks of Mount Li, which is integrated with the whole Mount Li. In short, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor not only conforms to the etiquette system of the younger generation living in the East, but also embodies the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum by mountains".