leech

This product is an uncommon Chinese medicine.

Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica is classified as inferior. There are three kinds of protozoa on the market, regardless of medication habits.

[protozoa]

1. Leech alias: tortoise.

Leech-Hirudin, Leech, Gelsemidae, Leech.

Aquatic annelids. Leech is a large leech, with a body length of 5-6 cm and a width of 0.8- 1. 1 cm at the widest point. The back is convex, the abdomen is flat, the front end of the body is tapered, and the back end is blunt and round. The back is dark green, and the five vertical lines are composed of fine yellow and black spots; The ventral surface is light yellow with many irregular dark green spots. The body joint consists of five rings, each of which is about the same width. The male and female genital holes are separated, and each opening is in the center of the ring, with the female hole at the back and the male hole at the front. 10 eyes, arranged in a ∩ shape. The anus is on the back of the last two rings. The rear sucker is round and has strong adsorption, while the front sucker is not obvious.

Living in the depths of rivers and streams, you may catch it when fishing. Jaw teeth are underdeveloped and suck plankton, small insects, mollusk larvae and humus on the mud surface.

It is active in warm spring every year, and the spawning period is from June to September. Sensitive to climate change and strong hunger tolerance.

Distributed in China, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and other places.

2. Willow leech alias: cattle turtle.

Hirudinidae

It is 2.5 ~ 2.8 cm long and 5 ~ 6 mm at its widest point. It is willow-shaped, flat, slightly convex on the back, brown-green, with fine green and black spots, thus forming five remarkable longitudinal stripes. Its ventral surface is pale yellow, very flat, with irregular dark green spots. The body joint consists of five rings, each of which has the same width. The distance between male and female reproductive pores is 4 rings, and they are all open between rings. 10 eyes, arranged in a ∩ shape. The suction cup in front is not obvious, so you can see it when you suck. The rear sucker is round and has strong adsorption. The anus is open at the back end. There is a blind sac on both sides of the end of digestive tract.

Living in the nearshore of streams, I don't like strong light, and sometimes I will be absorbed at the base of aquatic plants or in running water or mud in the shadow. You can do wave swimming and inchworm migration. Underdeveloped mandibular teeth. It feeds on zooplankton and humus in water and generally does not suck animal blood.

Active in warm spring every year, spawning in July and August, dormancy in wet mud near water in winter, hunger tolerance and sensitivity to climate change.

Distributed in China, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Fujian, Hubei and other places.

3. Leech alias: medical leech.

Japanese leech-leech family

Body length is slightly flat. At first glance, it looks like a cylinder. It is about 2 ~ 2.5 cm long and 2 ~ 3 mm wide. The back is green with black, with five yellow longitudinal stripes, and the abdomen is flat, gray-green, and there are no spots. The overall ring pattern is remarkable, and the body segment is composed of five rings, each of which has the same width. There are 10 eyes, which are arranged in a ∩ shape. There are three semicircular jaws in the mouth to form a Y-shape. When sucking animals, the jaw is drilled into the skin to suck blood, and the blood is stored in the whole digestive tract and blind sac from pharynx to esophagus. All parts of the body have drainage holes, which open on the ventral side. The distance between male and female reproductive holes is 4 rings, and each opening is between rings. The front sucker is easier to see, and the rear sucker is more obvious, with strong adsorption.

Living in paddy fields, ditches, shallow polluted ponds and other places, I like to suck human blood and animal blood, and my movements are very agile. I can swim in the waves and move inchworms. Warm spring is active every year, and the spawning period is from June to 10. In winter, I often crouch in the wet mud on the shore, and I can't eat or move, so I have strong regeneration ability. If it is cut off and raised, it can regenerate a new body from the broken part.

Medically used to suck the blood of patients, hence the name medical leech.

Distributed all over the country.

The key to the above three protozoa:

1. The distance between the fifth pair of eyes and the ring where the male reproductive hole is located is 24 rings.

1. The distance between the fifth pair of eyes and the ring where the male reproductive hole is located is 22 rings.

[acquisition]

1. Leech: More in summer and autumn, the middle-aged people in the lake are large, and the middle-aged people in the paddy field are small. Take it out to dry, or bake it in a pot.

2. Leech strips: The harvesting method is the same as above, except that the thread is put on after fishing out, one end of the body is elongated, and it is hung in the sun to dry.

3. Leech: The harvesting time is the same as leech. Take it out and put it on with thread, often from the middle of the body and dry it.

[concoct]

1. Wash, dry and cut off; Stir-fry talcum powder in a pot, add leeches, stir-fry until it rises slightly, take it out, and sieve off talcum powder.

2. Take the washed leech, put it in the pot and fry it with the pig until it is brown, then take it out and dry it.

[Medicinal Materials and Production and Marketing]

This product is a dry whole.

【 Name 】 Leech

1. Short leech alias: Ma Bie (Hebei, Shandong, Shaanxi), Ma Li (Jiangsu, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan), Rouzuan (Jilin), Tagan (Jiangsu).

2. Long leech

Common leech

【 Origin and sales habits 】 It is produced in lakes, ponds and paddy fields in most parts of China. Mainly produced in Weishan, Dongping, Nanyang Lake and other lakes in Shandong Province, Weishan Lake has the largest output, which is not only supplied to this province, but also sold to Northeast China, Hebei, Shanxi and other places. Some products produced in the suburbs of Suzhou and Wuxian in Jiangsu are also exported. In addition, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin and other places also have production, production and sales.

Leech belongs to the genus Leech of Leech Family. The body is flat and cylindrical, with a certain number of segments (27 for adults), and there are several rings in one segment, which is called body ring. The front and rear suckers of leeches are used to adsorb on temporary hosts, or to fix and move on objects. Behind the sucker, there are often many small eye points. Leech has three forehead bones in its mouth and dense teeth in its jaw, which can bite off the host tissue. The pharynx is muscular and has strong sucking ability, and there are salivary glands around it, which can secrete hirudin and prevent blood coagulation. In addition, the crop of leeches is very developed, and there are many pairs of blind sacs on both sides, so that they can suck a lot of blood from the host at a time and temporarily store it in the crop for continuous digestion and absorption by the gastrointestinal tract.

[chemical composition]

Mainly including protein. The salivary glands of fresh leeches contain an anticoagulant called hirudin. Hirudin contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur, which is acidic, soluble in water, physiological saline and pyridine, almost insoluble in alcohol, ether, alcohol, ether, acetone and benzene, and easily destroyed in air or hot or dilute acid, so this component has been destroyed in commercial leeches.

Trait recognition

1.

Leech: oblate, 5-9 cm long and 0.8-2.0 cm wide. The back is slightly raised and the abdomen is flat. After drying, the back and abdomen of the medicinal materials are attached to each other in a climbing manner. The front end of the body is slightly pointed and the back end is blunt and round. The whole body consists of many links, the front suction is not obvious, and the back suction is large. The back is dark brown with many black spots arranged in five vertical lines. The sides and ventral surface of the body are brown, and there are many dark brown intermittent spots on the ventral surface. Fragile, easily broken, shiny and rubbery. The smell is slightly fishy. (under the photo)

2. Leech: long, narrow, flat (some are pulled into a line during processing), with a body length of 5 ~12cm and a width of1~ 5mm ... with slightly thinner ends and suckers. The front sucker is not obvious, and the rear sucker is round. Whether the body segment is obvious or not. The body surface is uneven (because it is stored in the digestive tract). Both sides of the back and abdomen are dark brown, and both ends are perforated with small holes after processing, so the sucker is not easy to identify. Fragile, damaged surface uneven, dull. It smells like dirt. (in the photo)

3. Leech: oblate, 2-5 cm long and 2-3 mm wide. The abdomen is slightly higher and the body is more curved and twisted. Commodities are generally linear, and most of them are dense. All black and brown are also made up of most links. The damaged surface is uneven and dull. (in the photo)

The above three kinds of medicinal materials are dry, large and mud-free.

Key catalogue of the above three kinds of medicinal materials:

1. The body width is more than 5 mm, and the body rotates horizontally. ...................................................................................................................................................

1. The width of the main body is less than 5 mm, and the main body is cylindrical or slender ... 2. The body is mostly straight; Single, non-adhesive group; The color is gray, black, dull and unchangeable, and it is attached to the group; Black shiny ... black shiny ... black shiny ... black shiny.

[utility]

[Taste] Salty, bitter, flat and poisonous.

【 Function 】 Dredge meridians, break blood stasis and reduce swelling.

Indications: amenorrhea, abdominal pain, hematocele, traumatic blood stasis pain, carbuncle and erysipelas.

[Dosage] 3g ~ 7g.

[Contraindications] Non-blood stasis syndrome and contraindications for pregnant women.

[attention]

According to ancient literature, there are many kinds of leeches. Tao Hongjing, for example, said, "There are several leeches everywhere in Hechi. It is best to bite people with blood in the water, and small ones are useless. " Another example is "Illustrated Materia Medica": "Leeches give birth to Razer Ponds, and there are many in Hechi today. There are several kinds of leeches, and those born in water are also called horses; Those who live in the mountains are famous for their rocks; Long grass, famous grass leech; Those who live in mud are called mud leeches. Biting blood between people and cattle and horses, thighs and calves, even if it enters the meat, is also a great harm. If leeches have long feet, it is better to use smaller ones. " The leeches, leeches and ponytails are in line with modern commodities.

(classic)

Hirudo, Qiuqiu (Erya,), (Tao Hongjing), Mazhi (Tang Herbal Medicine), Mali (Herbal Medicine), Carapax Trionycis (Herbal Medicine), etc.

All the sources are leeches, such as Japanese medical leeches, wide-body golden leeches, brown leeches and so on.

Animal morphology ① Japanese medical leech, also known as medical leech.

The body is slightly flat and slightly cylindrical, with a body length of 3 ~ 5 cm and a width of 4 ~ 5 mm (fixed). The back is green with black, with five yellow longitudinal lines. The ventral surface is flat, gray-green, with no variegated markings. The number of body rings is103; The band is not significant, accounting for 15 ring. Male genital foramen is between 3 1 ~ 32 annular sulcus; The female foramen is between the 36 ~ 37 annular sulcus. 5 pairs of eyes, arranged in an arc. There is a front sucker on the ventral surface of the front end of the body. The esophagus has 6 longitudinal folds and 3 jaws, which are semicircular, and the jaw teeth are well developed. There is a rear sucker on the ventral surface of the rear end, which is bowl-shaped, facing the ventral surface, and the anus is on the rear side.

Living in paddy fields and swamps. Suck human and animal blood. Agile, able to do wave swimming and inchworm migration. Active in warm spring, spawning from June to 10, and dormant in winter. Strong regenerative ability. If it is cut off and raised, it can regenerate a new body from the broken part. It is distributed all over the country.

② Leech with broad leaves

Body length, slightly spindle-shaped, flat, 6 ~ 13 cm long and 0.8 ~ 2 cm wide. The back is usually dark green with six fine yellow-black spots, and the midline of the back is 1. The ventral surface is light yellow with many irregular dark green spots. The number of body rings is 107. The annular zone is obvious, accounting for 15 ring. Male genital foramen is between 33 ~ 34 annular sulcus; The female foramen is between the 38 ~ 39 annular sulcus. Eyes are the same as Japanese medical leeches. The front sucker is small and the jaw teeth are underdeveloped.

Living in rice fields, rivers and lakes. It does not suck blood, but absorbs plankton, small insects, mollusk larvae and sapropelic matter. Distributed in most parts of the country.

③ Brown leech, also known as cattle turtle.

The wide body is slightly smaller, willow-shaped and flat. The back is brown-green, with five fine vertical stripes composed of green and black spots; The ventral surface is light yellow and very flat, with irregular dark green spots. The rest are similar to wide-body golden leeches.

Distributed in most parts of the country.

Collect catches in summer and autumn. After fishing, wash it, suffocate it with lime or wine, and then dry it or bake it. Japanese medical leeches generally pass through the middle of the body and hang up to dry; Besides threading with thread, brown leeches also lengthen one end of their bodies, so they form narrow strips. Because of the different shapes after processing, the dried product of Japanese medical leech is called "leech", the dried product of wide-body golden leech is called "wide leech" and the dried product of brown leech is called "long leech".

Medicinal materials ① Leech

Oblate and cylindrical, 2-5 cm long and 2-3 mm wide. The abdomen is slightly higher, and the body is mostly curved and twisted. Generally linear, most of them are densely clustered, all of which are dark brown. Fragile, uneven section, dull. The smell is slightly fishy.

② Leech

It is flat spindle-shaped, 5 ~ 9 cm long and 0.8 ~ 2 cm wide. The back is slightly raised, the abdomen is flat, the back and abdomen are contracture, the front end is slightly pointed, and the back end is blunt and round. Back, sides and abdomen are dark brown? Bitter rice? Five erosion? Waterlogging Brown's first chef in luxury house? Frog s-shaped winding

③ Leech strips

It is long, narrow, flat or linear, with a length of 8 ~12cm and a width of1~ 5mm. Both ends of the body are thin and the body surface is uneven. The back and ventral surfaces are dark brown, and the sucker is not easy to identify because of the small holes at both ends during processing. Fragile, uneven section, dull. It smells like dirt.

The above three herbs are neat, dark brown and free of impurities. It is produced in most parts of the country.

In addition, there is a kind of leech in Sichuan, which is the dried whole grass of leech. It is flat and long, about 2 ~ 3 cm long and 3 ~ 5 mm wide. All green-brown or black-brown. There are obvious yellow stripes on the back, commonly known as "Phnom Penh leech". Think the quality is the best.

Leech mainly contains protein. The saliva of fresh leeches contains an anticoagulant called hirudin.

Leech processing: cleaning, softening, cutting and drying. Stir-fry leeches: stir-fry talcum powder in a pot, add chopped leeches, stir-fry until slightly swollen, take out, and sieve off talcum powder. Oil leech: take the washed leech, put it in a pot and fry it in pig until it is brown, then take it out and dry it.

① Book of Materia Medica: "Leeches should be packed in bamboo tubes, dried in the sun, soaked in rice overnight, then exposed to the sun, fried with winter pig fat until brown, and then used."

② "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Leech, after fine filing, stir-fry with low fire until Huang Nai is cooked."

Sexual taste is salty, bitter, flat and toxic.

1 classic: "salty, flat."

② Don't record: "Bitter, slightly cold, toxic."

Meridian enters the liver and bladder.

① Outline: "Liver Meridian and Blood Divide."

(2) Basic drug prescription: "Entering the liver and bladder meridian."

The function is mainly used for breaking blood, removing blood stasis and dredging menstruation. Treat hematocele, abdominal mass, accumulation, amenorrhea, dry blood consumption, traumatic injury, eye pain and clouds.

(1) Classic: "It is good for the waterway to drive away evil blood, blood stasis, closing the moon, blood stasis, stagnation and childlessness."

② Don't record: "Abortion."

(3) Supplement to Materia Medica: "If a person suffers from erythema and carbuncle, take more than ten pieces of the affected area, and the skin is wrinkled and white."

4 "Materia Medica": "Treating injuries and folding."

Oral Administration and Dosage: Take pills and powder, 0.5 ~ 4 yuan. External use: suck in the affected area; Or leach droplets.

Should avoid weak and blood deficiency, no blood stasis and pregnant women should not take it.

(1) "Japanese Flowers in Materia Medica": "Fear of lime."

2 Materia Medica: "Fear of salt."

3 Pinhui Essence: "Do not take it during pregnancy."

Scheme 1: Treatment of women with irregular menstruation and men with acute bladder congestion: 30 leeches (boiled), 30 scale insects (boiled with wings and feet removed), 20 peach kernels (peeled and pointed) and three or two rhubarb (wine bubbles). Take five liters of water, boil three liters, and raise the temperature except me. ("synopsis of the golden chamber" arrives at Dangtang)

② Treatment of women with blood stasis in abdomen, adverse moonlight, intermittent or full of anxiety: 32 peaches (soaked, peeled, pointed, Shuang Ren, stir-fried with micro bran), 40 tabanus (stir-fried slightly yellow, with wings and feet removed), 40 leeches (stir-fried slightly yellow), and 2 in Huang San, Sichuan (filed slightly fried). The medicine is pounded into powder, and the honey is pounded into hundreds of pestles, and the pills are as big as buttonwood. Take fifteen pills with hot wine. ("Sheng Hui Fang" Ren Tao Pill)

③ Treatment of irregular menstruation, postpartum lochia and abdominal pain: 42 pieces of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, 50 pieces of tabanus (stir-fried in Toma Evelle), 50 pieces of leech (stir-fried with glutinous rice) and 50 pieces of peach kernel (peeled tip). The top is the bottom, honey pills, and tung fruit is big. Take five or seven capsules each time, hollow warm wine. (Dihuang Tongjing Pill, a secret recipe for women)

(4) Bleeding after treatment: leeches are treated and sieved, and a sum of money is used to get wine. The next day, the bad blood will be over. (Qian Jinfang)

⑤ Treatment of broken wounds: Leech, baked on a new tile, is fine powder, and hot wine is exchanged for one dollar, which hurts. Take one more dose to relieve pain. Then seal the bone-breaking medicine and fix it with something. (Experience)

⑥ Treatment of golden sores, injuries caused by falling from a height and being crushed by wood and stone, internal injuries due to blood stasis, pain in the heart, difficulty in defecation, exhaustion and death: half a catty of red leech (parched with lime until brown), two ounces of rhubarb, and two ounces of black morning glory. Every time you take San Qian, you should adjust it with hot wine. For example, after walking four or five miles, you should adjust it with hot wine and use two yuan to urge it. You must turn down the evil blood in the viscera and make it into pieces or blocks, and it will be fine as soon as the evil blood is consumed. ("Fang Jisheng" kills life)

Clinical application ① Treatment of acute conjunctivitis

Three live leeches were put into 6 ml of raw honey, and after 6 hours, the extract was taken and stored in a bottle for later use. Eye drops 1 time, each time 1 ~ 2 drops. 380 cases, mostly bilateral conjunctivitis, were cured. The shortest cure time is 1 day, and the longest is 5 days. During the treatment, there was no adverse reaction except slight pain 1 ~ 2 minutes after eye drop. It also has certain curative effect on chronic conjunctivitis and pterygium.

② Treatment of corneal macula.

Put the live leech in clean water for 2-3 days, remove the dirt in the body, spit out the dirt in the abdomen, and take it out. Hey? ~ 3 times, weighed and put into pure honey. The ratio of honey to leech is 1: 2.5 or 1: 3. Leech died about 1 hour after contacting honey, and turbid liquid appeared, which took 6-8 hours to float and sink again, and brown transparent liquid was obtained after filtration. Leave it at 0℃ for 3 ~ 5 days, and it can be used as external eye drops, 3 ~ 4 times a day, each time 1 ~ 2 drops. Or made into injection, injected under the anesthesia of 1% procaine, with a small amount at first, and then gradually increased, generally 0.3 ~ 0.5 ml, injected every two days 1 time, and applied with antibiotics for half a day after injection. * * * 7 1 case of corneal scar cloud and adhesive corneal scar, 26 cases were markedly effective (corneal scar was obviously thinned and shrunk, and vision was improved), 39 cases were improved (corneal scar was thinned and shrunk, and vision was slightly improved), and 6 cases were ineffective; All kinds of cataract 124 cases, 65 cases were markedly effective (visual acuity improved by more than 5 times), 5 cases were improved (visual acuity improved by more than 3 times), and 8 cases were ineffective; In 37 cases of vitreous opacity, 26 cases were markedly effective (visual acuity improved by more than 5 times), 9 cases were improved (visual acuity improved by more than 3 times) and 2 cases were ineffective. It is observed that hirudin is safe to use and has few side effects. More than 5000 times of subconjunctival injection, only 2 cases were accidental: 1 case of primary glaucoma, and the intraocular pressure increased after injection; 1 patients with hypertension (blood pressure 210/110mmhg) have a sudden drop in vision after injection. Topical eye drops have a good effect on simple corneal scar, and the general course of treatment is about 2 months. But the curative effect on adhesive corneal scar is poor.