Nanguo pear is a specialty of southern Liaoning, mainly produced in Anshan City and Beizhen City, Liaoning Province. It needs unique iron-rich soil to cultivate unique fruit varieties. The fruit production in Haicheng and Beizhen is higher, which is the highest in China. The pear is praised by friends at home and abroad for its bright color, delicate pulp, refreshing and juicy taste and rich flavor, and is known as the "king of pears". It is a rare pear species comparable to Korla Fragrant Pear in Xinjiang, Gongli Pear in Shanxi and Crystal Pear in Japan.

Nanguo pear is a rare variety in the world. Nanguo Pear ranks first among pears introduced in the third volume of China Fruit Records. With its unique aroma, it was rated as one of the four major pear varieties in China's 5 17 by the Fruit Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Chinese Name: Nanguo Pear Kingdom: Plant Kingdom: Angiosperm: Dicotyledonous Plants Order: Rosaceae: Rosaceae Genus: Pear Distribution Area: Anshan, Liaoyang, Jinzhou (Beizhen, Yixian), Chaoyang morphological characteristics, growth environment, distribution range, cultivation techniques, illumination, fertilization methods, bagging, post-management and characteristics. Adult bark is grayish brown, bright, with rectangular lenticels, large, grayish white and uneven distribution. Buds are precocious, leaves are slender, conical and sharp, and some buds can germinate 2-3 tufted secondary buds. The terminal buds are mostly attached, the lower buds are raised and the lateral buds are obviously free. Leaves obovate or elliptic, medium-pointed, flat, with neat bristle-like teeth at the leaf margin; The leaves are dark green, smooth and shiny; Petiole is 5-6 cm long, reddish purple, and stipules fall off early. The flower buds are mixed buds and belong to corymbose inflorescences. Most terminal flower buds are 8 per inflorescence, and a few are 6-7; Axillary flower buds are mostly 7 per inflorescence. The corolla is small and triangular, and it turns out to be light green. Petals are nearly oval, with neat edges, reddish buds, pink at the initial flowering stage and white at the full flowering stage. Stamens 20-25, two whorls inserted on the inner edge of Guangdong tube. The outer filaments are slightly longer than the inner filaments, and the anthers are smaller and pink. A little more pollen. Stamens and stigmas are 3-5, usually 4, and the stems of styles are partially separated, with different lengths. Fruit oblate to subglobose. Generally, the longitudinal diameter is 4.7-5.2 cm, and the transverse diameter is 5.5-5.8 cm. The average fruit weight is about 50-75g, and the maximum fruit weight can reach 170g. The peel is medium thick and tough, the surface is not very bright, the background color is mostly yellow-green, the front is red, and the color is bright and beautiful. Fruit points are large, nearly round and unevenly distributed. The stem is small, nearly flat and grooved; Stems are deep and tidy, with most calyx falling off and a few persistent. The fruit stalk is short and thick, the stone is small and the flesh is milky white. After the fruit is harvested, the pulp is slightly hard, sweet, crisp and edible. After ripening 10- 15 days, the flesh turns yellow and white, the meat is tender and juicy, and there are few stone cells. Thin skin, moderate sweetness and sourness, rich fragrance, easy to dissolve in the mouth and extremely high quality. Fruit is resistant to transportation and storage, and can be stored for 5-7 months under controlled atmosphere refrigeration. Phenological phase The phenological phase of Nanguo pear in Haicheng area is: flower bud germination in early April, early flowering in late April, and full flowering from late April to early May. The flowering period is in early May. The fruiting period is from mid-May to early June. It is expected that the leaves will sprout in the first and middle of this month, and the leaf exhibition period will be in early May. The growth period of new shoots begins in late April, from mid-May to early June, and ends in early June. Flower bud differentiation began in mid-June. The fruit harvest is in early and middle September. The defoliation period is 65438+1mid-October. The growing environment of Nanguo pear requires harsh growth conditions such as climate, soil, light and latitude. Nanguo pear has moderate growth, high germination rate and strong branching; Short fruit branches bear fruit mainly, and axillary buds have strong fruit bearing ability. Anshan, Liaoyang and Benxi regions matured in the first half of September. Autumn Pak Lei, Gai Hua pear, magenta pear, Rosa roxburghii, Bali pear, Pingguoli pear and Jinfeng pear can be selected as pollination trees. Wide adaptability, strong cold resistance and scab resistance. Among Nanguo pears, Da Nanguo pear and Hong Nanguo pear were selected. Da Nanguo pear is a big fruit bud mutation found on a 22-year-old Nanguo pear tree in Qilingzi Ranch, Anshan. It was approved by Liaoning Crop Variety Approval Committee on August 1990 and officially named. Nanguo pear fruit is oblate, with an average single fruit weight of 125g. There are often longitudinal grooves on the fruit surface, and the cold resistance and quality are slightly worse than those of Nanguo pear, and other characters are similar. Nanguo pear has strong tree body, strong wind resistance, drought resistance, disease resistance and insect resistance, especially cold resistance. Freezing at -35℃ will not damage it. It is not only strong in stress resistance, but also widely adaptable, suitable for planting in cold regions, and its planting area in the "three north" areas and western regions of China is expanding day by day. Trees have strong growth and fruiting habits, young trees are upright and branches are densely distributed. Adult trees are tall and strong, with open crowns and sparse branches. It usually blooms about 2 years after planting. Fruiting begins in 3 ~ 4 years, and enters a large number of fruiting periods after 10 years. Long life and easy to yield. General life is about 80 ~ 120 years. Nanguo pears are mainly distributed in Anshan, Haicheng, Liaoyang and Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County in Liaoning Province. Cultivation techniques: Guang Guang pear is a light-loving tree species, which needs sunshine 1600 ~ 1700 hours all year round. In a certain range, with the increase of sunshine hours and light intensity, photosynthesis is enhanced. Therefore, determining planting density, choosing a good tree shape, controlling tree height and crown width, and maintaining a certain branch density per unit area are all requirements for maintaining good ventilation and light transmission conditions of pear trees. 1. Sufficient light: the leaves on the periphery and upper part of the crown are bright, with deep color, full and stout branches, fully developed fruits, high sugar content and good quality. 2. Insufficient light: the leaves are pale and thin, the buds are small, the fruit setting rate is low, the growth is weak, and even flower buds cannot be formed. Fertilization method The base fertilizer applied in autumn is the driest source of base fertilizer for pear trees all year round. Applying base fertilizer in autumn is just in line with the law of fertilizer demand at the peak of root growth in autumn. Moreover, fertilization spans two years (autumn and spring), and its fertilizer efficiency is best played in the critical period of nutrition from April to May, when nutrients are most tense in the coming spring. If basal fertilizer is applied in spring, it will take 2 ~ 3 months to get results, and it will have no effect in spring. As a result, the autumn shoots are often white and long, and the flowers are not full, which is easy to freeze. 1, application time: it is better to apply before and after fruit harvesting (September ~ 10). 2. Fertilization: Organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and the amount of organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer is applied once a year. For old trees, some nitrogen fertilizer can be added appropriately, which is helpful to restore the tree strength after harvest. Generally, the amount of nitrogen used in this period accounts for 50% of the total amount of nitrogen (including organic fertilizer and available nitrogen). 3. Fertilization method: Fertilization is best combined with deep tillage and soil improvement, that is, deep application of organic fertilizer is better, with a depth of about 50 cm; The location of fertilization should be changed frequently, such as: ring, full-length groove shape, hole shape in the tree tray, turning in the planing tray after laying under the tree, etc. 4. Irrigation: After applying base fertilizer, it is necessary to cooperate with irrigation, otherwise, the fertilizer efficiency will not play normally. For trees with serious early defoliation due to diseases and insect pests and summer drought, the above-mentioned base fertilizer application method cannot be adopted. It is necessary to apply less chemical fertilizer, or apply it a few times less. Be careful not to think that the weaker the tree is, the more it will be smeared to prevent the broken autumn buds from growing again. Not only can it not supplement nutrition, but it will consume the nutrition of the tree. In this case, the fertilization method should be foliar spraying, and 0.5% ~ 1% urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and trace element fertilizer can be sprayed. Top dressing of root scar is 1 time before germination (March), mainly nitrogen fertilizer, which mainly promotes the spreading of roots, buds, leaves and flowers and improves the fruit setting rate. During this period, nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 20% of the total amount, and topdressing should be combined with irrigation. Before flower bud differentiation (late May), ternary or multicomponent compound fertilizer is better for the second topdressing (young trees can be topdressed twice). In this period, nitrogen accounts for 20% of the total consumption, and potassium accounts for 60% of the total consumption. Three-way or multi-way compound fertilizer should be applied three times during the fruit expansion period from July to August. Potassium fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and nitrogen, promotes fruit growth and improves quality. During this period, nitrogen accounted for 10% of the total dosage, and potassium accounted for 40% of the total dosage. 1. Topdressing position: It should be determined according to the canopy coverage size, and it should not be applied too densely to avoid fertilizer damage and root burning in the case of drought and water shortage. In addition, ditch as far as possible, the ditch depth is 15 cm, and the fertilizer should be mixed evenly, so that it can contact with more root groups and be easily absorbed. It is best to irrigate with water where conditions permit. 2. Topdressing method: In pear orchards with low fertilizer and water content, topdressing must be carried out in small quantities for many times, so as to apply less frequently and avoid using too much fertilizer at one time, resulting in fertilizer waste. For dense planting gardens, topdressing should increase the amount of application per mu and reduce the amount of application per plant, but it must also be a small amount for many times. The best way is to lay it in a row and bury it. For pear orchards intercropped with green manure and straw mulch, the amount of nitrogen application should be appropriately increased to overcome the competition between grass and trees for fertilizer and the problem of carbon-nitrogen ratio in mulch. Topdressing outside the roots is also called foliar spraying. Spraying "bright leaf fertilizer" in May after flowering has excellent effect. Spraying higher concentration of nitrogen fertilizer on leaves from September to 65438+1October can improve the photosynthesis of autumn leaves and increase the accumulation of storage nutrients; Spraying phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can improve the photosynthesis of autumn leaves and increase the accumulation of storage nutrients by increasing the concentration of nitrogen fertilizer. Spraying phosphorus and potassium fertilizer has a good effect on improving quality. For pear orchards in element deficiency disease, targeted fertilization, especially the lack of trace elements, is quick, economical and practical. 1. Fertilizer spraying concentration: urea 0.3% ~ 0.5%, which can be sprayed from spring to autumn. The spraying concentration is low in spring and high in late autumn, with the spraying concentration of 0.3% ~ 0.5% each time, which can be sprayed after physiological fruit drop to harvest, and/kloc-0 is sprayed 2 ~ 3 times a year to cooperate with spraying; 0.3% ~ 0.4% boric acid. For boron-deficient pear orchards, spray 1% before germination and 0. 1% ~ 0.3% at full flowering stage to improve fruit setting rate, or spray 0.25% ~ 0.5% borax with the same concentration, and spray/kloc-0 at full flowering stage and 20 days after flowering. Spraying 0.5% zinc sulfate with the same concentration from May to June to prevent lobular disease caused by zinc deficiency; Spraying 0.3% ~ 0.5% ferrous sulfate when yellow leaves are discovered to prevent iron deficiency. 2. Time and place of fertilization: spray early and spray late when there is no wind on sunny days to prevent high temperature damage at noon. In order to prolong the fertilizer efficiency, 2000 times of 650 1 spreading agent can be added when spraying fertilizer; It is best to spray fertilizer on the back of leaves, so that there are many pores and good absorption. In addition to the above three points, we should also "look at three things" when fertilizing. Just look at the sky, the ground and the trees. Good soil fertility, sufficient organic fertilizer, moderate rainfall and more or less topdressing will not cause problems sooner or later. More soil can be absorbed and stored, on the contrary, soil can be released and provided. However, in pear orchards with less organic fertilizer, more sand and weak trees, topdressing should be carried out several times. At the same time, the amount and time of fertilization must be strict. For young trees with excessive vegetative growth but few fruits, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer must be reduced, while weak trees and old trees are the opposite. In addition, if the amount of fertilizer is increased according to the yield, it must be determined according to the tree strength and soil fertility. Pear orchards with good tree strength and soil fertility can be applied, but pear orchards with less base fertilizer, poor soil fertility and weak tree potential can not increase the yield by tens of percent, and the fertilizer can also be increased by tens of percent. It is necessary to analyze specific problems and apply fertilizers scientifically and reasonably. Bagging has the effect of 1, which improves the fruit quality and makes the fruit surface beautiful. Nanguo pear is bright red after bagging. 2, the smooth and clean fruit surface is protected, the influence of wind and rain, strong light, pesticides, dust and the like on the fruit surface is avoided, and the scratches, coal stains and drug spots on the branches and leaves of the fruit surface are reduced. Therefore, the surface of fruit is smooth and clean, and the formation of fruit rust spots is delayed and inhibited after bagging. The fruit points are small, few and shallow, and basically do not produce rust spots. At the same time, the waxy layer is uniform and the peel is delicate and shiny. 3. The cells of bagged fruit are reduced, and the pulp is more delicate. 4. Bagging can prevent mild hail damage and is beneficial to harvesting in stages and batches. In the case of delayed harvesting, it can also prevent the harm of birds, scarabs and bees to fruits. 5. Effectively control pests and diseases. Bagging can effectively avoid fruit diseases such as pear black spot, scab, ring rot and anthracnose, as well as fruit pests such as pear moth, pear tiger and stinkbug. 6. Reduce pesticide residues. The fruit packed in paper bags can completely meet the requirements of producing pollution-free and green food because it does not directly contact pesticides. According to the determination, the pesticide residue in non-bagged fruit can reach 0.23 mg/kg, while bagged fruit is only 0.045 mg/kg. 7. Improve the grade fruit rate. Bagging cultivation of pear fruit is a highly intensive and standardized production technology. Before bagging, it is necessary to ensure good pollination and fertilization of young fruits, strictly thinning flowers, reasonable loading, thinning top fruits, residual fruits and redundant young fruits, and bagging only the best fruits according to loading. 8. Increase the storability of fruits. After bagging, prevent pests and diseases from invading the germs and eggs on the surface of fruits and fruits. The occurrence of diseases such as ring rot, scab and black spot during storage is greatly reduced. Bagged fruit has less water loss, no wrinkling, high starch rate and slow ripening after breathing, which prolongs the sales time, so it becomes the first choice for modified atmosphere storage. Late management 1 soil, fertilizer and water management 3 years after transplanting fruit seedlings is the initial fruit period, at this time, nutrient follow-up should be strengthened, and fertilization should be carried out every year around 10. When applying fertilizer, double the soil around the plant and then apply fertilizer. At the same time, according to the growth of plants, some trace element fertilizers should be properly applied to prevent plants from element deficiency. For mature fruit trees, it is necessary to strengthen the application of farm manure, with farm manure as the main fertilizer and cake fertilizer as the supplement, to ensure that the nitrogen content of organic fertilizer accounts for more than 50% of the total fertilizer. Because Hongnanguo pear is drought-tolerant and not moisture-tolerant, it should be drained in time after irrigation, and frozen water should be poured before winter to avoid fruit quality decline and diseases. After transplanting 1 year, new shoots can be trimmed and reshaped for 3~5 times, but light pruning is the main method. For young trees within 3 years, the middle trunk should be cut short, and the branch length should be between 40 ~ 40 ~ 50cm. At the same time, we should leave more leaves to increase the photosynthesis of plants and accelerate the growth. For 5-year-old fruit trees, the crown should be enlarged and the twigs, heavy branches and dense branches should be removed. For vigorous trees, the main branches can be pruned by ring cutting. 3 pest control There are many pests and diseases in pear trees. The pests are mainly fruit eaters, and the diseases are mainly scab. The prevention and control of pests and diseases should start with strengthening the management of trees and underground soil, and the management of aboveground parts should focus on pruning to enhance the growth of trees; Soil management is mainly to clean up the soil and turn over the soil in time to improve the orchard environment. At the same time, physical control and chemical control are combined, such as using insecticidal lamps, attractants and chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases. Characteristics Yali pear is bright in color, and its pulp is very delicate, refreshing and juicy. When Nanguo pear is ripe, the pulp tastes a little elastic and has a faint white wine aroma in the taste (Nanguo pear wine is also being produced now). Because of its rich flavor, it is praised by friends at home and abroad and is known as the "Queen of Pears". It is a rare pear species that can be compared with many pears such as Korla Fragrant Pear in Xinjiang and Crystal Pear in Shanxi. Nanguo pear fruit is round or oblate, with beautiful appearance, with an average single fruit weight of 58 grams. The pericarp is green and yellow, the background color turns yellow after maturity, and there is a bright red halo on the front. The fruit stalk is thick and short. Sepals remain or fall off. The freshly harvested fruit is crisp and hard; After 10 ~ 15 days, the pulp turned yellow-white, soft and easy to dissolve in the mouth, very sweet and smooth, and the fragrance overflowed the mouth for a long time. Belongs to the northern fruit. The biggest feature of Nanguo pear is that you can feel the rich aroma of wine whether you smell it or eat it. This is because the pulp of Nanguo pear will naturally ferment after maturity, and only the fermented Nanguo pear is the best. When you can put a shallow fingerprint on the surface of the fruit, it is the best time for Nanguo pear. At this time, you can not only feel the delicious sweetness of Nanguo pear, but also drink intoxicating wine. This feature is not found in other fruits. The bright yellow on the outside of the pear and the blush on it are like a beautiful girl secretly drinking wine and her face is flushed. Main value 1, Nanguo pear has high nutritional value. Nanguo pear has the highest nutritional value among all pears. The soluble solids in this pear are as high as 15%, and there are a lot of acidic components, which can adjust the acid-base balance of human body. Nanguo pear contains 37 kinds of trace elements, especially zinc, iron and potassium. Regular consumption will obviously improve the functions of various organs of the human body. Nanguo pear can supplement trace elements needed by human body, balance pH, improve physical fitness and regulate stomach and intestines. 2. Nanguo pear can resist oxidation and prolong life. Nanguo pear is not only nutritious, but also contains a lot of amino acids and natural antioxidant components, especially anthocyanins. These substances can reduce the occurrence of oxidation reaction in human body, remove the accumulated free radicals in human body, thus delaying aging and prolonging life. Eating Nanguo pear can have antioxidant effect, which is beneficial to anti-aging and can also have a good effect of scavenging free radicals in the body. 3. Nanguo pear can soften anthocyanin in Nanguo pear, which is a natural antioxidant. This substance can soften blood vessels, increase vascular toughness, speed up blood flow and improve hemoglobin activity after entering the human body, and has obvious preventive effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of middle-aged and elderly people. Nanguo pear can soften blood vessels, improve hemoglobin and prevent cardiovascular diseases.