Chinese name: Ficus: Rosaceae.
Family: Moraceae: Plant
Genus: Ficus, alias: A Yi (Youyang Zaju, translated from Persian Angel)
Subgenus: Ficus Ficus Latin scientific name: Ficus.
Species: fig binomial method: fig phylum: angiosperm magnolia phylum
Class: Subclass Dicotyledonous Magnolia
Brief introduction of plants
The origin of the name: because its flowers are in the inner ovary, to be exact, in the embryonic stage of the fruit, bees (fig wasps) will come in from the holes at the bottom to fertilize the flowers. We eat its swollen inflorescence axis.
Latin name: fig
English name: Fig Ficus: Ficus of Moraceae is also called Ficus.
Alias: Yingri Fruit, Milk Berry, Honey Fruit, Tree Potato, Early Maturing Fruit and Mingmu Fruit.
Description: fig, dry skin grayish brown, smooth or irregular longitudinal crack. Branchlets are stout, stipules cover buds, and after stipules fall off, there are extremely obvious annular stipules marks on branches. Simple leaves alternate, thick-film-shaped, broadly ovoid or nearly spherical, long10 ~ 20cm, palmately parted with 3 ~ 5 pieces, with no teeth at the edge, rough top and short hairs at the bottom. Carnivorous inflorescence with short peduncle, solitary in leaf axils; Male peanut is located on the upper part of the inner surface of gall receptacle, with 3 stamens; Female flowers are born in another inflorescence receptacle. Chrysanthemum fruit pear-shaped, black and purple when mature; Achene ovoid, light brown. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruit can blossom and bear fruit from mid-June to 10. Many people think that it matures twice a year, but in fact it comes to 10 in June a year. Because of the different quality, Xia Guo and Qiuguo are different. Distribution of Origin: Originated in Europe and the Mediterranean coast of Central Asia, and introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty. It is planted in the Yangtze River basin and the coastal areas of North China, but only sporadically in the inland areas south of Beijing.
Ecological habits: like warm and humid maritime climate, like light fertilizer, not cold-resistant, not waterlogged, more drought-tolerant. In the inland area of North China, if the new shoots meet the low temperature of-12℃, they are prone to freezing injury, and the aboveground parts may die at -20℃, so it is extremely important to prevent cold in winter.
Garden use: the leaves are wide, the fruits are strange, and there are many fruits in summer and autumn. It is an excellent courtyard greening and economic tree species, and has the characteristics of resisting various toxic gases, smoke and dust, and fewer pests and diseases. It can be used for greening of factories and mines and household sideline production, and leaves, fruits and roots can be used as medicine. However, the cold resistance is low, so planting should be chosen in a warm place in the lee of the sun. Propagation and cultivation: cutting propagation is the main method, and sowing or layering propagation can also be used. Cutting in the first year can bear fruit in the second year, and it will reach the full fruit stage in 6-7 years.
Pests and diseases: mainly stem borers and longicorn beetles, especially stem borers, which are difficult to eradicate and do great harm to trees. If the tree core or wormhole is filled with pesticides, the fruit will be left behind and polluted, and the fruit that meets the green food standard cannot be produced.
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Detailed introduction
Ficus carica originated in southern Arabia and was introduced to Syria, Turkey and other places. At present, fig is the most cultivated in Mediterranean countries. Fig is one of the earliest fruit tree varieties cultivated by human beings. Cultivation began around 3000 BC and has a history of nearly 5000 years. In ancient Rome, there was a sacred fig tree, because it sheltered Prince romulus, the founder of Rome, and escaped the fierce witches and woodpeckers. This fig tree was later named "patron saint". In the ancient legends of Mediterranean countries, figs are called "sacred fruits" and are used as sacrificial fruits.
Penglai persimmon fig is the earliest plant cultivated by human beings. The latest archaeology confirms that the history of fig cultivation has reached ten thousand years. More interestingly, many experts and scholars at home and abroad have long concluded that figs are the fruit of wisdom stolen by Adam and Eve in the Bible-the Old Testament. The beautiful and broad leaves of figs naturally became the first costume described in the Bible.
Figs were introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty, about 1300 years ago. At present, figs are distributed in other provinces (regions) except Northeast China, Tibet and Qinghai. Although it is widely distributed, it is rarely concentrated in pieces and mostly distributed sporadically. The main distribution areas in China are Xinjiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangxi and other places. At present, the total cultivated area in China is about 45,000 mu, which is only equivalent to11.220 of the apple cultivated area and 1/420 of the citrus cultivated area, making it one of the smallest fruit trees in China. Therefore, although fig has a long history of cultivation and utilization, it is also included in the category of the third generation fruit because of its small cultivation area, which has a very broad development space.
Ficus is a berry tree species, with edible rate as high as 92%, thin seedless skin, soft and sweet meat, and high nutritional value and medicinal value. Planting banyan trees has high economic, ecological and social benefits. First of all, fig has high nutritional value, and its fruit is rich in sugar, protein, amino acids, vitamins and mineral elements. According to the determination of Shandong Forestry Department, the soluble solid content of mature figs is as high as 24%, and the sugar content of most varieties is between 15%-22%, which is more than double that of many first-and second-generation fruit varieties. Fruit contains 18 amino acids, 8 of which are essential for human body. Secondly, figs have extremely high medicinal value. Its fruit contains a lot of pectin and vitamins, which can absorb a variety of chemicals after water absorption and expansion. Therefore, after eating fig, all kinds of harmful substances in the intestine can be absorbed and excreted, which has the functions of purifying the intestine, promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, inhibiting the increase of blood sugar, maintaining normal cholesterol content and quickly discharging toxic substances. Fig is rich in protein-decomposing enzymes, lipases, amylases and oxidases, which can promote the decomposition of protein. Therefore, when people eat more meat rich in protein, fruits cooked with figs have a good effect on digestion. The fruit, leaves, branches and even the whole grass of fig can be used as medicine. In addition to appetizing and helping digestion, fruit can also stop diarrhea and cure sore throat. Putting dried fig leaves in the bathtub has the functions of warming the body, preventing and treating neuralgia, hemorrhoids, swelling and pain, and beautifying the skin. Therefore, the packaging of fig products in Japan is printed with the propaganda words of "healthy food" and "beauty". The most important medicinal function of Ficus carica is its remarkable inhibitory effect on cancer, and its anticancer effect is also recognized by all countries in the world, and it is known as "the patron saint of human health in 2 1 century". Ficus carica contains a variety of anticancer substances and is an important raw material for the study of anticancer drugs. Japanese scientists have extracted benzodiazepines, bergamot lactone, osteoprotegerin and other anticancer substances from flower-free juice, which have obvious inhibitory effects on cancer cells, especially on gastric cancer. Experts in the former Soviet Union experimented with mice, and the cancer inhibition rate was 43% ~ 64%. According to the experiments of Nanjing Agricultural University and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention, the inhibition rates of Ficus carica on EAC, S 180, Lewis and HAC were 53.8%, 4 1.82%, 48.85% and 44.4% respectively. After taking Ficus carica extract, patients with gastric cancer have obviously improved their condition, and the analgesic effect is also very obvious, which is expected to become the first health care fruit in China and even the world.
In addition to fresh food and medicinal use, figs can also be processed and dried to make preserved fruit, jam, fruit juice, fruit tea, fruit wine, beverage, canned food and so on. Dried figs, without any chemical additives, have a rich and sweet taste and are very popular in domestic and foreign markets. Flowerless fruit juices and drinks have unique fragrance and are suitable for all ages. Ficus carica is a good ornamental tree species in gardens and courtyard greening because of its lush foliage and elegant state. Planted and produced that year, it is one of the best potted fruit trees. If we vigorously develop fig bonsai, the effect will be very obvious, and it is one of the potted fruit trees with the highest profit rate at present.
Dried figs are easy to cultivate, have wide adaptability and are not strict with environmental conditions. Areas with annual average temperature above 13℃, minimum temperature above -20℃ in winter and annual precipitation of 400 ~ 2000 mm can grow and bear fruit normally. Generally speaking, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia are the northern boundaries of fig cultivation in the open field. To cultivate figs in northern Beijing, greenhouses and other facilities must be used, otherwise it is impossible to overwinter in the open field. Generally speaking, from the Yellow River basin in the north to Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan and other vast areas in the south, it is a suitable ecological area for fig cultivation in China. Ficus carica doesn't require much soil, and can grow normally on typical gray loam, calcareous sandy soil, humid subtropical acid red soil and alluvial clay loam. Strong saline-alkali tolerance, can grow and bear fruit well on saline-alkali soil. Ficus carica originated in the arid zone of West Asia, which is not strict with water conditions and is drought-tolerant. Ficus carica can't tolerate waterlogging, so it's better to choose the hillside in Gao Shuang or the flat dam with smooth drainage to build gardens. Figs are light-loving trees, so try to choose sunny slopes or flat dam areas with good light in the garden.
Ficus carica is one of the fastest growing fruit trees in the world, with high yield, no age, few pests and diseases, and easy cultivation and management. Figs are planted in the same year and bear fruit in the same year. With proper management, the yield per plant can reach 2 kg and the yield per mu can reach 500 kg. What's even more peculiar is that seedlings can bear a lot of fruits in the nursery that year, which is very rare in fruit trees. This excellent characteristic of fig makes the investment recover in a very short time, which is extremely beneficial to arouse the production enthusiasm of the majority of fruit farmers, and is also extremely beneficial to the industrialization of local governments and meet the requirements of maximizing profits of large domestic companies. Fig is one of the best projects for large-scale capital investment in agriculture. From the third year to the fifth year, the high-yield period is generally more than 2500 kg, and there is no year, and there are few pests and diseases, which is especially beneficial to the production of green fruits and conforms to the international fashion trend. Most fig varieties bear fruit in summer and autumn, and the fruit ripens in June ~165438+1October. The sales time of fresh fruit is long, the sales pressure is low, and the processing time is greatly extended, which is especially beneficial to improve the utilization rate of factory equipment. Fig trees have a long life, with an average economic life of 30-50 years.
Although fig cultivation has a long history, the systematic research on cultivation theory and technology started late. China began to study figs in the 1980s. With the progress of research on Ficus carica by scientists all over the world, especially the gradual understanding of its medicinal value and health care value, and the research progress in treating cancer, people have a new understanding of its economic value. With the rapid development of China's economy and the improvement of people's living standards in recent years, people pay more and more attention to their own health care, especially in the busy and high-paced life of modern people, physical exercise is reduced, physical fitness is declining, and various diseases are gradually increasing, especially in recent years, the incidence of various cancers in China is increasing, and the health care and cancer treatment effects of figs will be paid more and more attention. We believe that Ficus carica will make great achievements in improving people's physical health, and may become the first health care fruit in China and even the world. At present, the world's fig production is about 2.5 million tons, with a per capita of 0.04 kg, while China's is less than 30,000 tons, with a per capita of 0.025 kg. The fig market has broad prospects. With the improvement of packaging and transportation conditions and the further improvement of finishing technology, and with the optimization and adjustment of China's rural industrial structure, Ficus carica, as a fast-growing, high-quality, high-yield and efficient foreign exchange-earning agricultural project, will surely develop rapidly and play a great role in the development of western China and the poverty alleviation of farmers.
In view of the huge development potential of Ficus carica, in the spring of 1998, Chongqing Ficus carica Research Institute, the first professional research institution in China, was established in Tongliang County, Chongqing. Since its establishment, the Institute has introduced more than 90 new varieties of Ficus carica from the National "948 Project Ficus carica Research Group", the United States, Japan and other channels, and now, an excellent variety 12 has been selected and popularized nationwide since this year. [HT5 "SS] These varieties are both fresh and processed, with high sugar content and excellent fresh food quality, which overcomes the shortcomings of poor fresh food quality and poor palatability of many local fig varieties. At present, the price of this batch of fresh fruit is about 10 yuan/kg, and the output value per mu in that year is about 2500 yuan, which has obvious economic benefits.
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cultivation techniques
Field planting
The greenhouse is planted in the north-south direction, and the row spacing is 1.8m, ***4 1 row; 2 plants per row, with a spacing of 3m. Dig a planting ditch with a width of 50cm, a depth of 60cm and a length of 5m along the line, apply 4000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, calcium superphosphate 150kg and potassium sulfate 10kg every 666.7m2, mix them evenly with the soil, then backfill them to 4/5 of the depth of the ditch, step on them, water them and cover them with a layer of topsoil.
Choose to plant in sunny days. Select 1 year-old seedlings, dip the roots in rooting powder, and then plant them at fixed points. Cover the roots with soil first, then raise seedlings to stretch the roots, then cover the roots with soil and seal them for canal irrigation. Every 1d irrigation 1 time, loosen and level the soil behind the trunk and cover it with plastic film.
After planting, the stems should be fixed in time, and the stems should be low in the south and high in the north. The stem should be fixed at 10cm in the south and 15cm in the north. When drying, the incision should be flat, sealed with paint, and then put a special fruit bag on the trunk to prevent the seedlings from dying after being drained.
Temperature management
Ficus carica seedlings planted in winter have passed the dormancy period and can be directly heated. The temperature is controlled at 20-25℃ during the day and not lower than 8℃ at night. The relative humidity of the air is controlled at 80% to 90%, and the humidity will decrease relatively when the temperature rises during the day, so it is necessary to spray water manually. When the soil temperature of the local surface 15cm is above 10℃, the roots of Ficus carica begin to move and germinate at the beginning of 65438+ 10 (one month after planting). Remove the special bag and pour 1 time.
Within 50-70 days after germination, the fruit begins to bear fruit when the effective accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃. In order to reduce the fruiting part and prevent excessive growth, the temperature should be relatively low at this time, and the temperature should be controlled at 25℃ during the day and 13℃ at night. Grass can be removed in May. In summer, in order to prevent rain from attacking figs, it is necessary to keep the plastic film in the greenhouse and open the top and front skirt to ventilate and control the temperature. When it is hot in summer, spray water artificially to cool down.
Water and fertilizer management
1, fertilization
The ratio is calcium: nitrogen: potassium: phosphorus =1.43:1.00: 0.90: 0.30. The ratio of N, P and K in young trees is 1.0: 0.5: 0.7. The suitable adult tree is 1.00: 0.75: 1.00. Organic fertilizer is the best base fertilizer, which is generally applied in the dormant period after defoliation. The yield of organic fertilizer is required to be 1.0— 1.5kg. Ditching or ring furrowing should be applied below the branch shop. On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing (soil application or foliar spraying) is 5 ~ 6 times a year. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the early growth stage, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are the main fertilizer in the late fruit maturity stage, supplemented by calcium fertilizer (soil application and foliar spraying can be used). Topdressing of soil should be combined with watering, furrowing topdressing and covering soil with water, and spreading on the surface is not recommended. Foliar fertilizer such as 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaves during the fruit growth and development period to increase the fruit size and yield.
irrigate
Water must be replenished in time according to soil moisture. The main water demand periods of fig are germination stage, new shoot growth stage and fruit growth and development stage. In addition to traditional furrow irrigation and hole irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation can be carried out if conditions permit. Figs can't be watered too much at a time, especially in the mature harvest season. In order to avoid excessive changes in soil moisture, we should always maintain a stable and suitable soil moisture to avoid increasing fruit cracking. In addition, figs have strong drought resistance and weak waterlogging resistance, so special attention should be paid to timely drainage in rainy season and timely hoeing and loosening soil after rain. Fig Japanese purple fruit
get a first reign title after the founding of a dynasty
1. Garden selection: Ficus carica likes warm and dry, has strong photophobia, and is sheltered from cold and cool. Generally, the average annual temperature is above 15℃, the most Leng Yue temperature in winter is above 8℃, the hottest month temperature in summer is around 20℃, and the annual biological accumulated temperature above 5℃ is 1800℃, which is the most suitable for growth. When the temperature drops to-10℃ ~- 12℃, the top of the branch freezes. When the temperature drops to -20℃ ~-22℃, the aboveground parts freeze to death. Because Ficus carica has a strong ability to sprout and rejuvenate, the latent buds at the base of Ficus carica come to spring after freezing, and quickly germinate and sprout new buds, and quickly restore plants and fruits. Because fig is native to semi-arid areas, it does not require high water content, and it can grow and bear fruit normally in areas with annual rainfall of 400 ~ 800 mm; It can be cultivated in the area of 800 ~ 1200mm in Yunnan. If the rainfall is too large and there is too much groundwater, it will easily lead to defoliation and low fructose. Figs require sufficient light, good ventilation and light transmission, and the annual sunshine hours are about 2000 hours. It has wide adaptability to soil. Sandy soil, loam soil, waterlogged soil, acid soil, neutral soil and alkaline soil can all grow, but sandy loam soil with deep fertility, good drainage and pH value of 6.2 ~ 7.5 is the best.
2. Garden layout: If the garden is a wasteland or a long-term abandoned secondary wasteland, firstly dig out thorns and weeds, dig up the ground deeply, and plant two crops of green manure, such as vetch or alfalfa, until the soil is mature and has certain fertility. If it is a steep slope or steep slope, you should first build a ladder or fish scale platform to do a good job of soil and water conservation. When planting, the pond should be big and fat, and the seedlings should have developed roots and suitable depth.
3. Common varieties with pollination can bear fruit by self-pollination, or they may not be equipped with pollination trees. However, the self-pollination rate of the original seed, Smith milk and intermediate varieties is low and cross-pollination is needed. Pollination trees only need to account for 5% of the total number of trees.
4. Planting density: Ficus carica grows vigorously and has a broad crown. In temperate and subtropical regions, most trees grow into tall trees, which are a kind of fruit trees with strong light avoidance, so the spacing between plants should not be too small. Generally, the height of 4m× 5m is suitable for field cultivation, and the variety with large crown can be increased to 4m× 6m or 4.5m× 5.5m, with the minimum of 3.5m× 4.5m. The garden planting should be more than 1 m from the building foot and more than1.5m from other surrounding trees, so it is not suitable for planting under tall shade trees.
5. Planting period: autumn planting is from late June 65438+1October to early October165438+1October, spring planting is from early February after beginning of spring, and Mr. Autumn planting leaves behind the roots; Spring seed leaves first and then takes root, and autumn seed is better.
6. Propagation technique: Ficus carica can be propagated by cutting at high altitude. Branches are treated by double-ring stripping method. That is to say, after wrapping the culture medium at the first girdling point, girdling it again to make it take root at the temperature above 20℃ for 15 days.
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Pruning technique
Figs are easy to cultivate and have high yield. Figs can bear parthenocarpy and bear fruit many times a year. Trees begin to bear fruit in 2 ~ 3 years after planting, and enter the full fruit period in 6 ~ 7 years, and the yield increases year by year. In order to promote high yield, stable yield and high quality of trees, pruning should be done well.
Fig trees have great growth potential. The annual growth of tender shoots or overgrown tillers can reach more than 2m, which has many growth habits, but the budding ability and branching ability of branches are weak. Trees have many latent buds and long life, and trees are easy to form adventitious buds on the main branches. So it is easier to update the fig tree. According to the growth and fruiting habits of the above fig trees, the following points should be paid attention to when pruning:
65438+ This is the reason why fig trees can produce high yield, so when pruning figs, when dealing with branches, you should carefully cut them short and cut them as little as possible.
2. Different purposes have different methods of thinning branches: thinning branches should be carried out according to different purposes. When thinning branches, different pruning methods should be adopted according to the pruning purpose. Almost all the annual branches of fig (except long branches) can become fruiting mother branches, and bear fruiting branches on the fruiting mother branches. Therefore, we should be based on the principle of survival of the fittest, thinning out the branches that are too dense and too thin. In order to stabilize the fruiting area and delay the outward migration of fruiting parts, the weak side branches and auxiliary branches were thinned from the bottom to the top to promote the germination of new shoots. For varieties with weak germination ability, the annual branches should be sparse, and the middle and lower parts of the annual branches can be cut short to make them sprout new branches. As a result, the fruiting parts can also be prevented from moving out. The purpose of thinning weak branches is not only to promote the growth of new shoots, but also to revitalize and renew branches. Fig. 3, timely update and pruning: fig trees, except for particularly long sprouting strips and collapsed tillers, almost all new branches can bear fruit. However, after entering the peak of fruiting, the growth gradually weakened and the new shoots gradually transformed into fruiting branches. When the fruiting branches are aging and cannot produce robust mixed branches, pruning should be updated in time.
4. Pay attention to summer pruning: fig tree pruning is beneficial to increase production, but it should be noted that only winter pruning can not achieve great yield increase effect. The branches of fig grow vigorously and keep growing in the annual growth cycle. If you don't cut it in summer, the growth of branches will consume too much nutrition and affect the secondary results. Varieties with weak branching ability, mainly those that bear fruit in autumn, should pay more attention to pruning in summer.
In order to enrich the growth of lush new shoots, we can leave new shoots with a length of 30cm around mid-May, pick the core, promote the growth of secondary branches and promote the formation of flower buds. For the new shoots that have reached the predetermined length, the core should be picked in time to avoid further elongation, which is beneficial to the early fruiting of the lower branches and the secondary fruit ripening. The time, quantity and amount of fruit left should be moderate, which is not only beneficial to the fruit bearing in the current year, but also beneficial to the growth and fruit bearing of trees in the next year.
Pruning method of fig in winter
According to the characteristics of fig with few branches and strong growth potential, in the process of young tree shaping, in order to quickly increase branches, expand crown and promote early flowering and fruiting, the pruning amount should be appropriately light; Later, with the growth of tree age, the number of branches gradually increased and the growth potential gradually weakened. If we continue to cut lightly, it will easily affect the light, which is not conducive to the growth and development of fruiting mother branches, and will reduce the fruiting parts and affect the yield. After plastic surgery, the main job of pruning in winter is to keep the tree shape.
The extension branches of main branches and side branches are moderately short; In order to keep the growth balance of main branches and side branches, weak branches should be lightly cut and often left; Large branches crossing or parallel to each other in the crown should be properly thinned out to avoid mutual influence. Long branches sprouting in rhizosphere, at the base of big branches or near wounds can be cultivated as fruiting mother branches or used for regeneration when branches are missing or space is large, and those that cannot be used should be thinned out as soon as possible. Ficus carica 1 year-old branches can almost become fruiting mother branches and bear fruiting branches. If you keep all the bearing branches, they will affect each other because they are too dense, so you should choose the best and discard the bad, and properly remove the dense branches and twigs. After the terminal buds of some varieties are elongated, new buds with strong growth potential can be extracted from the buds below them, and 1 ~ 2 new buds with suitable orientation and strong growth potential can be selected from them, and the redundant new buds can be thinned out; However, for varieties with weak germination ability, it is not necessary to remove them, but to promote the germination and fruiting of new branches in the middle and lower parts and prevent the fruiting parts from moving out too fast. Varieties with autumn fruit as the main fruit bear late fruit and heavy fruit drop. If there are many branches, they can be thinned, and if there are few branches, they can also be used to hang fruits. For early-maturing varieties, the fruit on the new shoot of the terminal bud ripens early and the fruit is large. Generally, this fruiting branch should not be cut short. For other varieties, there is no need to pay special attention to preservation, that is, short cutting will not affect the yield. Because the new shoots of this fig, except for the basal 1 ~ 2 buds, few branches blossom and bear fruit, and most other branches can.
The fruiting parts on the main branches and lateral branches of fig will gradually move outward with the growth of tree age, resulting in emptiness at the base. In order to stabilize the fruiting area and delay the outward migration of fruiting parts, weak lateral branches and auxiliary branches can be thinned from the base to promote the germination of new buds and enrich the base. The new shoots germinated by these latent buds can also blossom and bear fruit in the same year, but the fruit quality is poor. The new shoots of fig are easy to blossom and bear fruit, so the purpose of thinning weak branches is mainly to regenerate shoots, not just to promote the growth and bearing of new shoots.
Pruning skills of fig in summer
According to the characteristics of vigorous and uninterrupted growth of fig branches, pruning only once in winter is often unsatisfactory, especially for varieties with strong growth and weak branching ability, as well as varieties that mainly harvest autumn fruits, which should be paid more attention to in summer.
In order to make vigorous but undeveloped new shoots form fully developed flower buds, about 30 cm can be left for coring in mid-May to promote secondary branches and form flower buds. If the growth of new shoots is not strong, and the secondary growth after core removal is weak, it is not easy to form full flower buds. Although the new shoots grow vigorously, it is difficult to form well-developed flower buds, although they can be sprouted twice when the enucleation time is too late. Therefore, the time to pinch the new tip must be timely.
The new shoots of fig are easy to form flower buds, even if they bear fruit. In order to promote fruit hypertrophy and full maturity, it is necessary to pick the new shoots that have reached the predetermined length in time to avoid continuing to elongate the fruit, so as to promote the full expansion and early maturity of the fruits that have been planted in the lower part. However, the time and quantity of stone removal and the amount of fruit left should be moderate, which is not only conducive to the timely maturity of the fruit in the current year, but also conducive to the growth and fruit in the next year.
Long branches sprouting from rhizosphere or other parts can be used to update or fill a larger space, and can be picked when they grow to about 20 cm to promote their development and sprout branches; For long branches that are not ready to be used or cannot be used, they can be thinned in time at the initial stage of germination to save nutrient consumption, and it is not necessary to wait for pruning in winter to avoid leaving big wounds.
Suitable tree diagram
According to the growth and fruiting habits of fig, its suitable tree shape is a natural shape with many main branches and no main branch layer.
The shaping process of multi-branch natural happiness is: after planting seedlings, leave 70 ~ 80 cm height to fix the stems. If it is cultivated in the courtyard, the fixed stem can be appropriately higher; As an ornamental cultivation of bonsai, it can be fixed according to different needs, and suitable and ornamental trees can be selected.
After the newly planted seedlings have new branches, the new branches with suitable angles and orientations are selected as the main branches, and the remaining new branches are used as auxiliary branches after coring, and the redundant parts are removed. The selected three main branches should be staggered, not overlapping, and the branch angle should not be less than 60 degrees, which will lead to the bifurcation of rabbits and main branches.
When pruning in the next winter, we should pay attention to adjusting the balanced growth between the main branches. The pruning amount of strong branches is slightly heavier, and the pruning amount of weak branches is slightly lighter. If it is less than 40 centimeters older, it is not short. In general, there are many outer buds left in the cutting buds of main branches and extended branches, but if they are weak branches or branches with large angles, they can also leave inner buds. In order to balance the growth among the main branches and strive to be robust, the robust new branches near the extension branches of the main branches should be controlled or thinned in time, and the remaining new branches can be reserved as side branches with appropriate angles.
Pruning after the third year is mainly to promote crown enlargement, adjust the balanced growth of main and lateral branches, select and retain auxiliary branches, and make full use of space, light and heat resources. After the tree is completed, it is mainly through maintaining pruning to maintain the balance of tree potential. Remove useless branches in time; Long branches to be used should be pulled out as soon as possible to promote the enrichment and germination of branches.
Because fig branches are weak, the branches in the crown are generally not too crowded, so the degree of thinning should be as light as possible. For varieties with mainly autumn fruits, the fruiting mother branches should not be cut short, otherwise the yield will be affected. Dead branches damaged by freezing in winter should be cut off in time, and attention should be paid to selecting long branches with appropriate positions to replace them, so as not to reduce the fruiting parts and affect the yield.