Summary of a compulsory knowledge point in senior high school biology 1.

1. (b) The structure and function of protein protein's chemical structure, basic units and their functions protein are composed of elements C, H, O and N, and some of them contain basic units P and S: amino acids have about 2 structural characteristics: each amino acid contains at least one amino group and one carboxyl group, and they The general formula of amino acid structure is shown in: H | R? C? COOH | NH2 peptide bonds: amino acids are formed by dehydration and condensation, and -NH-CO related calculation: number of dehydration = number of peptide bonds = number of amino acids n? Chain number m protein molecular weight = amino acid molecular weight? Number of amino acids-number of water? Functions:

1. Some proteins are important substances that constitute cells and organisms

2. Catalysis, that is, enzymes

3. Transport, such as hemoglobin transporting oxygen

4. Regulation, such as insulin and growth hormone

5. Immunity, For example, immunoglobulin (antibody)

2, (a) structure and function of nucleic acid Chemical composition and basic unit nucleic acid consists of C, H, O, N and P5. Basic unit: nucleotide (8 kinds) Structure: one molecule of phosphoric acid, one molecule of pentose (deoxyribose or ribose) and one molecule of nitrogenous bases (there are 5 kinds) A, T, C and G. U Nucleotides constituting DNA: (4) Nucleotides constituting RNA: (4) Functional nucleic acids are carriers carrying genetic information in cells, which play an extremely important role in the inheritance, variation and biosynthesis of protein. Nucleic acids are only composed of C, H, O, N and P, which are the genetic material of all living things and the carrier of genetic information. The basic unit of English abbreviation of species exists in the place where deoxyribonucleic acid DNA deoxynucleotide (composed of base, phosphoric acid and deoxyribose) is mainly in the nucleus. There is a small amount of RNA ribonucleotides (composed of bases, phosphoric acid and ribose) in leafy greens and mitochondria, which mainly exist in cytoplasm

3. (b) Types and functions of sugars A. Sugar is the main energy substance in cells. B. Carbohydrates C, H and O constitute important components of biology and main energy substances: ① monosaccharides: glucose (an important energy source), fructose, ribose &; Deoxyribose (constituting nucleic acid), galactose ② disaccharide: sucrose, maltose (plant); Lactose (animal) ③ Polysaccharide: starch, cellulose (plant); Glycogen (animal) four major energy sources: ① important energy source: glucose ② main energy source: sugar ③ direct energy source: ATP ④ fundamental energy source: sunlight

4. (a) The types and functions of lipids are composed of C, H and O, Some of them contain N and P. Classification: ① Fat: energy storage and body temperature maintenance ② Phospholipids: important components of membranes (cell membrane, vacuole membrane, mitochondrial membrane, etc.)

③ Sterols: cholesterol, sex hormones and vitamin D

5, (b) biomacromolecules take carbon chains as the skeleton a, and the types of chemical elements that make up organisms < S, K, Ca, Mg and their functions

2. Trace elements: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo

3 and C are the most basic elements

4. The most abundant elements in cells are C, H, O and N. Calcium-deficient animals will have convulsions, rickets, etc. Mg is the main component of chlorophyll and Fe is the main component of human hemoglobin. Unity and difference between biological and abiotic worlds: the elements that make up organisms can be found in inorganic nature, and none of them are unique to organisms. Difference: The contents of elements that make up an organism are quite different between organisms and inorganic nature. B, all biological macromolecules in organisms are based on carbon chains, and each monomer is based on a carbon chain composed of several connected carbon protozoa, and many monomers are connected to form a polymer

6. (a) The action of water and inorganic salts A. The existing form of water in cells and the action of water on organisms: bound water: free water: (mostly) exists in free form. Physiological functions: ① Good solvent ② Transport nutrients and metabolic wastes ③ Raw materials for photosynthesis of green plants. B. Forms and functions of inorganic salts Inorganic salts are the functions of inorganic salts in the form of ions. A. Important components of some complex compounds in cells. For example, Fe2+ is the main component of hemoglobin; Mg2+ is an essential component of chlorophyllin. B, maintain cell life activities (cell morphology, osmotic pressure, acid-base balance) such as blood calcium content is low will twitch. C, maintaining the pH value of cells

7. (b) The establishment process of cell theory Hooke is both the discoverer and the namer of cells. Cell theory was put forward by German botanist Schleiden and zoologist Shi Wang. Content:

1. All animals and plants are made up of cells.

2. Cell is a relatively independent unit

3. New cells can be produced from old cells

8. (a) Structure and function of cell membrane system a. fluid mosaic model of biofilm (

1) The distribution of protein in lipid bilayer is asymmetric and uneven. (

2) The membrane structure has fluidity. The structural components of the membrane are not static, but dynamic, and the biofilm is composed of a flowing lipid bilayer and embedded globulin arranged in two dimensions. (

3) The function of membrane is realized by complex interactions between proteins, proteins and lipids, and lipids and lipids. B, cell membrane composition and functional cell membrane composition: lipid, protein and a small amount of sugar. Phospholipids constitute the basic skeleton of cell membrane. Mature red blood cells in mammals have no nucleus (but this cell is still eukaryotic). In the process of the origin of life, The appearance of membrane plays a very important role

The function of cell membrane

1. Separating cells from the external environment

2. Controlling substances in and out of cells

3. The structural characteristics of cell membrane: it has the functional characteristics of mobile cell membrane: it has selective permeability

9. (a) The structure and function of several organelles (a)

. The process is granular and rod-shaped, with a double membrane structure, and the inner membrane protrudes inward to form a "ridge". There are enzymes related to aerobic respiration on the substrate and granules of the inner membrane, which is the place for the second and third stages of aerobic respiration. 95\\% of the energy of the living body comes from mitochondria, which is also called "power plant". Contains a small amount of DNA and RNA.

2. Chloroplast: only exists in green cells of plants. Flat ellipsoid or spherical, double-layer membrane structure. Pigment on the grain, substrate and substrate contain enzymes related to photosynthesis, which is the place of photosynthesis. Contains a small amount of DNA and RNA.

3. endoplasmic reticulum: a single-layer membrane folded body, which is the "workshop" of organic synthesis and the transportation channel of protein.

4. Ribosome: a membraneless structure, an ellipsoid granular body, which condenses amino acids into protein. Protein's "assembly machine"

5. Golgi apparatus: a single-membrane saccular structure, which is related to the formation of secretions in animal cells and the formation of cell walls during mitosis in plants.

6. centrosome: membrane-free, consisting of two vertical centrioles, exists in animals and lower plants and is related to animal cell mitosis.

7. Vacuole: single membrane vesicle, and mature plants have large vacuoles. Function: store (nutrition, pigment, etc.), maintain cell morphology, and adjust osmotic water absorption.

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1. (a) Structure and function of cell nucleus A. Structure of cell nucleus: The structure of cell nucleus includes: nuclear membrane (double membrane with holes on it where protein and RNA pass), nucleoli and chromatin B. Function: Cell nucleus is the place where genetic materials are stored and copied, and it is the control center of cell heredity and metabolism

11. (a) Prokaryotes and cells. There is only one kind of organelle-ribosome, and the genetic material is ring-shaped. If there is a cell wall, its component is peptidoglycan, while eukaryotic cells have a typical nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane, various organelles and chromosomes. If there is a cell wall, its component is cellulose and pectin. * * * The same thing is that they all have cell membranes and cytoplasm. Their genetic materials are all eukaryotes whose DNA is often tested: green algae, Chlamydomonas, fungi (such as yeasts, molds and mushrooms) and animals and plants. Prokaryotes (with real fine nuclei) often tested: cyanobacteria, bacteria, actinomycetes, lactic acid bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, mycoplasma. (There is no typical nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane) Note: Viruses are neither eukaryotes nor prokaryotes. Protozoa (paramecium, amoeba) are eukaryotic prokaryotes whose cell walls contain no cellulose, and are mainly composed of sugars and protein. Cell membranes are similar to eukaryotes.

12. (a) The cell is an organic and unified whole cell with a strict structure, and the complete cell structure is the premise for the cell to complete normal life activities.

13. (b) The mode and characteristics of trans-membrane transport of substances are called the transport direction, the carrier energy example freely diffuses high concentration → low concentration water, CO

2, and glycerol helps diffuse high concentration → low concentration ≤? Red blood cells absorb glucose and actively transport low concentration → high concentration → small intestinal villus epithelial cells absorb amino acids, and glucose, K+, Na+

are internalized and vomited, indicating that the cell membrane has fluidity

14. (b) Cell membrane is a selective permeable membrane, which allows water molecules to pass freely, and ions and small molecules that cells choose to absorb can also pass through, while other ions, small molecules and macromolecules cannot pass through, so cell membrane is a choice. The phospholipid bilayer and the carrier on the membrane determine the selective permeability of the cell membrane. Structural characteristics of cell membrane: it has certain fluidity, and functional characteristics of cell membrane are: selective permeability.

15. (a) The nature, characteristics and action of enzymes: Enzymes are organic substances with catalytic activity produced by living cells, most of which are protein and a small amount are RNase. Characteristics:

1. Enzymes have high efficiency

2. Enzymes have specificity

3. The action conditions of enzymes are mild. Enzymes are more effective than inorganic catalysts in reducing the activation energy of reactions. Therefore, the catalytic efficiency is higher

16. (b) The temperature and PH value, which affect the enzyme activity, can denature and inactivate protein, but the types, quantities and arrangement order of amino acids have not changed

17. (a) The chemical composition and structural characteristics of ATP are composed of five elements: ATP is composed of C, H, O, N and P. Structural characteristics: ATP is called adenosine triphosphate in Chinese, and its structural formula is A? P~P~P, where a stands for adenosine, p stands for phosphate group and ~ stands for high-energy phosphate bond. Phosphate bond line breaking away from A during hydrolysis: the direct source of energy needed for metabolism is ADP, whose Chinese name is adenosine diphosphate and its structural formula is A? The content of P~P ATP in cells is very small, but the transformation speed in cells is very fast, and as much as it is used, it will be formed immediately.

18. (b) The process and significance of the mutual transformation between ATP and ADP: ADP+Pi+ energy enzyme ATP ATPase ADP+Pi+ energy This process stores energy. The mutual transformation between ATP and ATP ATP ===== ADP+Pi+energy (1 mol of ATP is hydrolyzed and released

3.54KJ of energy). When the equation goes from left to right, energy represents the released energy. When the equation goes from right to left, energy represents the transferred energy, and the energy transferred for respiration in animals. From photosynthesis and respiration in plants. Significance: Energy circulates between energy absorption reaction and energy release reaction through ATP molecules, and ATP is the energy currency of energy circulation in cells

19. (a) The cognitive process of photosynthesis

1. In 1771, British scientist Priestley proved that plants can update air experiments;

2. In 1864, German scientist Sacks proved the experiment that green leaves produced starch in photosynthesis.

3. In 188, German scientist Engelmann proved that chloroplast was a place for photosynthesis and released oxygen from chloroplast.

4. In 193s, American scientists Rubin and Carmen used isotope labeling method to prove that all oxygen released by photosynthesis came from water.

5. The conclusion of engelmann's experiment is that oxygen is released from chloroplasts, and chloroplasts are places for photosynthesis of green plants.

2. (b) The process of photosynthesis (the most essential substance metabolism and energy metabolism in nature)

1. Concept: The process that green plants use light energy through chloroplasts to convert carbon dioxide and water into stored organic matter and release oxygen. Equation: CO2+H218? → (CH2O)+18O2

Note: All oxygen released by photosynthesis comes from water, and the products of photosynthesis are not only sugars, but also amino acids (egg white) and fats, so the products of photosynthesis should be organic.

2. Pigment: including chlorophyll 3/4 and carotenoid 1/4. Pigment distribution map: Pigment extraction experiment: acetone extraction of pigment; Silicon dioxide makes the grinding more complete, and calcium carbonate prevents the pigment from being damaged

3. Place of the photoreaction stage: On the membrane of chloroplast saccular structure, conditions: There must be light, enzyme steps of pigment and combination: ① photolysis of water, which decomposes into oxygen and reduces hydrogen H2O under light? →2[H]+1/2 O2 ②ATP generation, ADP and Pi receive light energy and change into ATP energy: light energy becomes ATP active chemical energy

4. Dark reaction stage location: chloroplast substrate conditions: with or without light, carbon dioxide, energy and enzyme steps: ① fixation of carbon dioxide, combination of carbon dioxide and five-carbon compounds to generate two three-carbon compounds ② reduction of carbon dioxide, and three-carbon compounds receive hydrogen and reduction.