Urine volume
Normal condition: 1000-2000ml.
Polyuria: The urine volume frequently exceeds 2500ml/ day, which is polyuria.
Oliguria: urine volume is less than 500ml/ day, indicating oliguria.
Urine color
Normal condition: light yellow. With the amount of drinking water and sweating, the color depth may be different.
The urine color is dark red with yellow like strong tea, which is found in bilirubin urine. The urine color is strong tea color or soy sauce color, which is found in hemoglobinuria. The urine color is reddish fog/meat washing water sample or mixed with blood clot, which is seen in hematuria. White milk-like urine is called chyluria, which is seen in lymphatic drainage around the kidney caused by filariasis or tumor. Chylouria should be distinguished from the gray-white hue of phosphate and carbonate in urine. The latter is common in children, which is a normal phenomenon and can be detected when necessary. Many drugs can change the color of urine. Berberine turns urine yellow. Vitamin B complex, tetracycline, vitamin B2, rifampicin, sulfadiazine, furazolidone, nail pills, compound Dahuang tablets, etc. Turn urine into red, yellow or brown; Nitrofurantoin, quinine for malaria control, primaquine, sulfonamides. Urine turns red: aminopyrine, phenol peptide, phenytoin sodium, rifampicin, hibernating spirit. Urine turns green: indomethacin, methylene blue, amitriptyline. Urine darkens and turns black: metronidazole, methyldopa, levodopa, remifentanil, iron sorbitol.
Urine odor
Normal situation: fresh urine has no special smell.
The urine just discharged has ammonia odor, which is found in chronic cystitis and chronic urinary retention; There is an apple-like smell when diabetic acidosis occurs; Some drugs and foods such as garlic and onions can also make urine have a special smell.
Normal urine protein: negative
Increased: seen in various nephritis, nephropathy, urinary system infection, kidney calculi's disease, polycystic kidney disease, systemic diseases involving kidney, drug-induced renal damage, etc. Qualitative and approximate protein content of urine protein;
Estimation of protein Content by Symbolic Turbidity
-clear and transparent without turbidity. No: No protein.
When observed only on a black background, it is white and slightly turbid: about 0.0 1g/dlc or lower.
+White is slightly turbid with few particles: about 0.0 1-0.05g/dl.
Median turbidity of++obvious white granules: about 0.05-0.2g/dl.
+++A lot of white flocculent turbidity: about 0.2-0.5g/dl.
++++agglomeration and massive turbidity are particularly high: > 0.5g/dl.
urine sugar
Normal condition: urine sugar is negative when it is normal.
Increased: seen in diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyroidism, chronic liver disease, etc.
Qualitative analysis of urine sugar and approximate content of urine sugar;
Estimation of urine sugar content by symbol color change
-Color unchanged negative: urine contains no sugar.
There is no discoloration, and there is a small amount of green precipitate after cooling: less than 0.25g/dl.
+Slight discoloration: 0.25-0.50g/dl.
++Green-yellow medium: about 0.5- 1g/dl.
+++lots of khaki: 1-2g/dl
++++Very large amount of reddish brown: > 2g/dl
Normal urine sediment under microscope: white blood cells < 5/HP; ; Erythrocyte 0 ~ 1/HP, (children) < 3/HP; Epithelial cells 0 ~ a small amount///HP；; ; Tube type 0/HP or occasionally transparent tube type.
Leukocytosis: urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, etc. ), urinary calculi (kidney calculi, ureteral calculi, bladder calculi), urinary tuberculosis (renal tuberculosis, bladder tuberculosis), urinary tumors (kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer), etc. Polycythemia: urinary calculi, tuberculosis and tumors, renal tubular nephritis, urinary vascular malformation, hemorrhagic diseases, etc. Cast increase: red blood cell cast: acute stage of nephropathy. Leukocyte cast (pus cell cast): pyogenic infection (acute pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis, etc. ). Epithelial cell casts: acute nephritis, rapidly progressive nephritis, eclampsia, heavy metal poisoning, chemical poisoning, acute rejection of kidney transplantation, etc. Granular cast: chronic nephritis, advanced acute nephritis, drug poisoning, lipid nephropathy, acute renal failure (renal failure cast), etc.
Urinary bilirubin
Normal condition: negative
Positive: obstructive jaundice, hepatocellular jaundice and congenital non-hemolytic jaundice.
urobilin
Normal condition: negative
Positive: abnormal liver function, increased destruction of red blood cells, intestinal obstruction, long-term constipation and acute fever.
Urine ketone body
Normal condition: negative
Positive: diabetes, hunger, vomiting, dehydration, fever, hypothyroidism.
Urine urobilinogen
Normal condition: less than 1: 20
Increase: abnormal liver function, increased destruction of red blood cells, intestinal obstruction, long-term constipation, acute fever.
Decrease: bile duct obstruction, acute hepatitis and diarrhea.
Urine specific gravity 1.008- 1.03
Increase: diabetes, acute nephritis, diarrhea, vomiting, fever.
Decrease: diabetes insipidus, drinking too much water, late renal failure, using diuretics.
Urine ph value
Normal condition: 5.0 ~ 7.0
Increase: respiratory alkalosis, partial metabolic alkalosis, urinary Proteus infection, renal tubular acidosis, application of alkaline drugs such as sodium bicarbonate, primary aldosteronism, etc.
Decrease: respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemic alkalosis, application of acidic drugs such as ammonium chloride, etc.