Guangzhou is located in the subtropical zone, with a wide variety of tropical and subtropical fruits, and fresh fruits are on the market all year round, so it has the reputation of "the hometown of fruits". The history of cultivating fruit trees in Guangzhou can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. According to historical records, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty collected "imperial oranges" from Lingnan that year, and Shi Xie, the satrap of the handover of the Three Kingdoms and Wu, presented "Rui oranges" to Sun, all of which refer to sweet oranges, not oranges as commonly mentioned today.
According to the investigation, there are 40 families, 77 genera 132 species and varieties of fruit trees in Guangzhou, and there are more than 500 varieties, among which 33 excellent varieties have been introduced from home and abroad. Famous varieties include Zengcheng Gualv Litchi, Huangdeng Pineapple, Luogang Sweet Orange, Shek Kip Mei Longan and Fangcun Huadi Sweet Carambola. In recent years, varieties such as Hu Aizhi, litchi ripe in August, Hongjiang orange, longan with big fruit, papaya in fruit ear and Cuibao watermelon have been cultivated.
"Zengcheng hangs green"
"Zengcheng hangs green" red has a green shell, four points are slightly green, and six dividends are paid. Every litchi is surrounded by a green line. The pulp is white and crystal clear, sweet and refreshing, and has a unique flavor. The hanging green tree, which lives in the hanging green garden in Licheng Town, Zengcheng, is the ancestor of hanging green litchi, with a tree age of more than 400 years and a height of more than 5 meters. Several generations of Gualv descendants have been successfully cultivated, and more than 65,438+000 plants have been planted in several towns and villages in Zengcheng.
Oranges
Oranges, oranges, lemons, oranges and grapefruit are a large category of fruits. Citrus is one of the famous fruits in Guangzhou, which is widely planted in Guangzhou. As early as the Southern Dynasties in the 5th century, there were many orange and pomelo orchards in Guangzhou. Today, the American Citi tangerine is indirectly introduced from Europe by Guangzhou Sweet Orange.
Citrus is an evergreen shrub or small tree, with white flowers in late spring, summer and autumn, oblate fruit, red or orange yellow, and sweet and sour taste. It is rich in China and has a history of 4000 years. The main excellent citrus varieties in Guangzhou are: dark orange, banana orange, fragrant orange, red orange, Sihui orange, mandarin orange, Nian orange, Xinhui sweet orange and so on. Guangzhou people say: high orange, naked orange and flat orange vividly illustrate the shapes of orange, orange and orange. Among them, Luogang Black Willow Sweet Orange produced in Luogang Town, Baiyun District is the most famous.
Tanzhou white sugarcane
Panyu is rich in sugar cane, known as the "sugar capital", and the white sugar cane produced in tanzhou town enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. Tanzhou white cane is blue and white in color, thin in skin and crisp in flesh, with more sweet juice and less fiber. It can be eaten as fruit, and has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting fluid production and quenching thirst.
pineapple
Originally known as pineapple, it originated in Brazil and was introduced to China in16th century. There are more than 70 varieties, which is one of the four famous fruits in Lingnan.
Pineapple is a perennial evergreen herb of pineapple family, with only one fruit in the center of each plant. Its fruit is cylindrical and is a compound fruit, which consists of many ovaries and floral axis. Pineapple peel has many flower organs (commonly known as fruit eye or pineapple chicken), which is hard and tricky. It must be peeled and dug up before eating.
Pineapple has three fruiting periods in a year, and the quality is the best when it matures from June to August. Fresh food should be bright in color, straight in shape, solid and medium-ripe. There are three common varieties of pineapple: Shenwan, Bali and Sarawak, and the "sugar-heart pineapple" carefully cultivated by Guangzhou fruit farmers in recent years is the best.
"sugar pineapple"
"Sugar pineapple" belongs to Sarawak species. Sarawak, also known as "Hawaii", has two or three kilograms of large and shallow-eyed fruit, which can be eaten after peeling. Its fruit shape is regular, its flesh is smooth and juicy, and its sweet and sour taste is moderate. It is an excellent variety of fresh food and canned food. Among the "sugar-heart pineapples", "Huangdeng Pineapple" produced in Huangdeng Village, Huangpu District, Guangzhou is the best. It is famous for its large meat, thick juice, sweet as honey and unusual smell.
pawpaw
Papaya, also known as papaya, is one of the four famous fruits in Lingnan, and is known as "the king of Lingnan fruits".
Papaya originated in Mexico and was introduced to China in17th century. Now it is cultivated all over Guangdong, especially in the suburbs of Guangzhou.
Papaya is an evergreen cork tree of Caricaceae, which is also called "three tropical herb fruit trees" with bananas and pineapples. The better varieties produced in Guangzhou are Lingnan species, Suihong, Thai red meat and so on. And the quality of Lingnan species is the best. Its fruit shape is long, round and full, with thick meat and few seeds, and it has the fragrance of osmanthus. Papaya fruit is huge, the fruit weighs one or two kilograms, and the big one can reach six or seven kilograms. Its fruit is fresh, tender and delicious, and rich in nutrition; Can also be stewed, papaya stewed with rock sugar can clear the heart and moisten the lungs, and treat laryngitis and other diseases; Immature papaya can be added with sugar, eaten as vegetable soup, or pickled into "salty and sour papaya".
Bananas on thousands of hectares of sandy land
Among the famous fruits in Guangzhou, there are plantains. Wanqingsha is not only rich in bananas, but also rich in plantains. Its "red-billed green Ying Ge plantain" is one of the rare plantains. Its banana fruit is golden in color, and there is a green line beside the banana. When ripe, the banana stalk remains turquoise and the top of the fruit is purple, hence the name.
Bananas on thousands of hectares of sandy land
Banana is one of the four famous fruits in Lingnan. The planting quantity is second only to citrus, litchi and pineapple.
Bananas have been planted in China for more than 2000 years. Besides Dongguan, Zhongshan, Xinhui and Shunde, Guangdong also has Panyu and Guangzhou suburbs.
Banana is a large perennial evergreen herbaceous fruit tree of Musaceae. Each banana bears buds once, each banana bears more than ten combs, and each comb bears 10- 15 fruits. Its pulp is soft, sweet and delicious, with unique aroma, and it has the functions of moistening intestine, relaxing bowels, lowering blood pressure and preventing arteriosclerosis. Bananas in Wanqingsha, Panyu are produced on sandy soil, and the fruits are rich in fragrance.
Longan in Shek Kip Mei
Longan, whose real name is Longan, is a perennial evergreen arbor plant, which blooms in spring and bears fruit in summer. Its fruit is spherical, its shell is light yellow or brown, its flesh is white and transparent, and its juice is sweet. It is one of the best fruits in Lingnan. Longan with shell can also be processed and baked into dried eyes (that is, longan meat), which is a kind of medicinal material with sedative and nourishing functions.
Longan originated in China and has been planted for more than 2,000 years. At present, longan is widely planted in Baiyun District, Haizhu District, Zengcheng, Panyu and Huadu City. The varieties are Wuyuan, Jieshi, Shuiyan, Mizaiyan and Round Eye, among which Xinzhou Longan in Haizhu District is the most famous.
Shijie longan has large fruit, high yield and sweet taste of honey. Legend has it that "stone tablet" means "stone clip". The earliest longan tree grew from a crack in a big stone. Because its roots are caught by a big stone, it has to be drilled into deep soil, and the roots absorb the "essence" of the underground, and the longan fruit is particularly delicious.
Chinese black olive
Olives and white olives are called olives, which are the specialties of Zengcheng.
Olive is one of the "Four Treasures of Zengcheng" (the other three treasures are Diaoqing Litchi, Silk Miao Rice and Mesona), and it is full of treasures: olive meat is used to make olive horns and extract oil; Lazy people can cook and are also good ingredients for snacks; Element core is the raw material of famous handicraft olive carving, which has a history of more than 300 years. There are more than 30 varieties of black olives, among which Xishan, Yang Jiao, Yellow Meat, Amanita, Sanfang and Youlanzi are the most famous.
Michelia alba
Zengcheng also produces white olives. Can be made into various snacks, such as licorice, olive, pepper olive, peeled olive, osmanthus olive, health olive and so on. It is processed through a series of processes such as pickling, pickling with sugar or adding spices and food coloring.
mango
Mango belongs to the genus Mangifera of Cucurbitaceae and enjoys the reputation of "king of tropical fruits". Mango tree is an evergreen tree with a height of 10-20m, a stout taproot and a round crown. The fruit is spherical or kidney-shaped, light green or light yellow. Its pulp juice is sweet and can be eaten fresh, or made into preserved fruit and squeezed into mango juice. Mango varieties in Guangzhou mainly include purple mango, Gui Xiang mango, string mango, green mango and native mango. Among them, Xiamao Xiangmang, which is produced in Xiamao Village, Shijing Town, Baiyun District, is a high-quality mango variety renowned at home and abroad.
The flesh of "Xiamaoxiangmang" is soft and sweet. After peeling, the meat is dry and refreshing, which is easy to store and carry. It is said that Xiamao Xiangmang was introduced and planted from other places during the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, and was later designated as a tribute because of its high quality. At present, there are only a few real famous-brand mango trees, and the annual harvest fruit is only 1000 kilograms, which is extremely precious.
carambola
Carambola is also known as "Carambola" and "Carambola", and its scientific name is "Five Lotus Seeds". Because its cross section looks like a five-pointed star, it is also called "Star Pear" abroad. It is one of the famous Lingnan fruits.
The carambola fruit has a special shape, green and yellow color, thin skin like a film, crisp and juicy meat, sweet and sour. Besides containing 10% sugar, it is also rich in vitamins A and C. The main varieties are "rose (flat) sweet carambola", "pointed (pointed) sweet carambola" and "sour carambola". The most famous is the carambola produced in Huaxiang, Fangcun District.
Carambola is a small evergreen tree or shrub. Berries alternate all the year round, but the quality is the best and the yield is the highest when they bloom in July and mature in the autumn equinox. Mid-Autumn Festival is the peak of carambola.
guava
Guava is native to America; It has been introduced to Guangzhou for more than 200 years. Mainly distributed in Haizhu District, Panyu and Zengcheng. There are varieties such as Early Maturity Day, Fan-Hung Gung, Jinhong, Shengchenhong and July Maturity. Most fruits are gourd-shaped, cyan or yellowish, fresh and sweet, and have a unique flavor. It can be eaten fresh, canned pomegranate or soft-packed beverage. The famous one is Datang Guava.
watermelon
Cucurbitaceae, dicotyledonous plants, Cucurbitaceae, watermelon.
Annual vines. The fruit is crisp, sweet and juicy, rich in mineral salts and vitamins, and is the main fruit in summer. Watermelon can clear away heat and relieve summer-heat, and has an auxiliary effect on treating nephritis, diabetes and cystitis. Peel can be preserved, preserved, jam and feed. The oil content of seeds is as high as 50%, which can be used to extract oil, fry food or make pastry ingredients.
Characteristics: Watermelon has a main root system, the depth of which is more than 1 m, and the root groups are mainly distributed in the 20 cm-30 cm plough layer. The roots are slender, easily broken, weak in regeneration and not resistant to transplantation. The stems of seedlings stand upright, elongate after 4-5 internodes, crawl after 5-6 leaves, and have strong branching ability, which can form 3-4 levels of lateral branches. Leaves alternate, deeply divided, shallowly divided and entire. Dioecious flowers are the same plant. Male flowers appear in the 3-5 nodes of the main stem, and female flowers appear in the 5-7 nodes. A few bisexual flowers can appear at flowering stage. Corolla yellow. The ovary is below and the placenta is the lateral membrane. Both male and female flowers have nectaries, and the flowers are insect-borne flowers, which open in the morning and close in the afternoon. Fruits are spherical, oval, oval, cylindrical and so on. The surface of the fruit is smooth or ribbed, and the epidermis is green-white, green, dark green, dark green and black, with fine meshes or stripes in between. The pulp is milky white, light yellow, dark yellow, light red, bright red and other colors. Meat is divided into meat and mortar. Seeds flat, ovoid or oblong, smooth or cracked. The seed coat is white, light brown, brown, black or brown, monochrome or variegated. The 1000-grain weight is 100g- 150g for large grain type, 40g-60g for medium grain type and 20g-25g for small grain type. Melon type 150g-200g.
Cultivation: Watermelon likes high temperature and dry climate. The suitable growth temperature is 25 ~ 30℃, and 6 ~ 10℃ is vulnerable to cold damage. Open field cultivation is only feasible in areas where the monthly average temperature is above 19℃ and the whole year lasts for more than 3 months. It is a long-day plant, which likes strong light, and its light saturation point is 80,000 lux. Suitable for dry and hot climate, strong drought tolerance, sandy loam with good drainage and deep soil layer. The pH value of the soil is 5 ~ 7. There are many ways to grow watermelons in China. There are dry pond cultivation and shatian cultivation in northwest China, flat border cultivation in north China and high border cultivation in south China. Protected areas include windbreak cultivation in Beijing, reed hair cultivation in Baoding, plastic film mulching cultivation, plastic greenhouse cultivation and greenhouse cultivation. Whether cultivated in open field or protected field, seedlings are raised in the protected field in spring before planting. Organic fertilizer is the main base fertilizer, and calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate can improve the sugar content of fruit. The planting density is generally 500 ~ 600 plants per mu. North China is pruning, one plant, one vine and one melon; If you don't prune in South China, you will get more vines and melons. It takes about 80 ~ 120 days from sowing to harvesting, and about 30 ~ 50 days from female flower opening to fruit ripening. The main diseases are Fusarium wilt, anthracnose and powdery mildew. The main pests are aphids, flies and melons.
Origin most parts of the country can be cultivated. There are a lot of cultivation in Laixi, Shandong Province. Nanlan watermelon is produced in Hetoudian Town, Laixi City, and is famous for its thick pulp, sweet taste, rich moisture and rich nutrition.
Watermelon is the main fruit in summer. Mature fruit contains a lot of water, and the sugar content of pulp is generally 5 ~ 12%, including glucose, fructose and sucrose. The sweetness increased with the increase of sucrose in the late mature stage. There is almost no starch, and the sweetness will decrease due to the hydrolysis of disaccharide into monosaccharide during storage. Melon seeds can be used as tea, and melon skin can be processed into watermelon sauce. Chinese medicine uses melon juice and peel as medicine, which can clear away heat and relieve summer heat.
It can be called the king of melons. It was introduced from the western regions in the Han Dynasty, so it was called watermelon. Watermelon also belongs to the genus Cucurbitaceae, which is native to Africa. At present, except for a few remote and cold areas, it is planted all over the country, and the fruit is sweet and cold.
Watermelon is a typical fruit and the main fruit in summer. As long as there is frozen watermelon in hot summer or hot tropical night, it will have the effect of relieving summer heat.
orange
Citrus is the most important commercial fruit in the world, the most widely cultivated fruit tree in China subtropical area and the most important fruit tree in Guangxi. Including sweet orange, wide-peel orange, grapefruit, kumquat, lemon and so on, mainly planted in Guangxi, each with many excellent varieties.
According to the ancient book Gong Yu, oranges produced in Guangxi, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and other places in China have been listed as tributes in the Xia Dynasty 4000 years ago. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, citrus production developed further. Historical records? The Biography of Su Zou (written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty) records that "Qi will lead to the sea of fish and salt, and Chu will lead to the garden of oranges and pomelo", which shows that Chu (Hubei, Hunan and other places) and Qi (Shandong and other places) pay equal attention to the production of oranges, fish and salt, and Historical Records also mentions: "There are thousands of oranges in Jiangling, Shu Han. It can be seen that citrus production had a considerable scale at that time.
Citrus juice is delicious, rich in sugar, organic acids, minerals, vitamins and other ingredients, and has high nutritional value. Citrus is also an important raw material for medicine and food industry. In addition to fresh food, pulp can also be processed into canned food, fruit juice, jam and so on. Hesperidin, essence and pectin can be extracted from pericarp.
Fruits that can be beautified are:
Kiwi, lemon, citrus, papaya, grape, pineapple, cherry, strawberry and apple.
Scientific name litchi
Alias Dali and Dan Li
This family belongs to Sapindaceae and Litchi.
Characteristics and characteristics of evergreen trees. Bark grayish brown, undivided. Even pinnate compound leaves alternate, leaflets 2? 4 pairs, long oval-lanceolate, 6? 12 cm. The flowers are small and have no petals, forming a terminal panicle. The fruit is spherical or ovoid, red at maturity, with obvious protrusions on the pericarp and brownish red seeds. The flowering period is 3? April, fruit 5? Mature in August. I like warm, hot and humid climate, I like light, and I am afraid of frost. High temperature and high humidity are needed in the process of growth and development, and the optimum growth temperature is 23? 29℃, 10? It grows slowly at 12℃. Sufficient moisture is needed, and the annual rainfall is required to be above 1200mm. Soil has strong adaptability, but it is characterized by deep soil layer, good drainage and irrigation, more than 2% organic matter, loose soil and acidity (pH5? 6) Sandy loam is better.
Distribution originated in southern China, the main producing areas are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan Province and other provinces, with a small amount of cultivation in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan. /kloc-was spread all over the world at the end of 0/8, and countries with large planting areas have developed into commercial production, such as Thailand, Vietnam, India, Australia, the United States and South Africa.
Functional litchi fruit is rich in nutrition and has certain medicinal and nourishing effects. In addition to fresh food, it can also be processed into dried litchi, canned litchi in syrup, litchi juice, quick-frozen litchi and litchi wine. Litchi is a good nectar source fruit tree with large flowers, long flowering period and large honey secretion.
Litchi medicinal
Sexual taste orientation
Root: slightly bitter, astringent and warm.
Aril (pulp): sweet, sour and warm.
Nucleus: sweet, slightly bitter, astringent, warm.
Functional indication
Root: detumescence and pain relief. Used for epigastric pain.
Aril (pulp): benefiting qi and enriching blood. It is used for asthenia, chronic diarrhea due to spleen deficiency and bloody collapse after illness.
Nuclear: regulating qi, dispersing stagnation and relieving pain. Used for hernia pain, hydrocele of tunica vaginalis, testicular swelling and pain, stomachache and dysmenorrhea.
Usage and dosage stone: 3? Five dollars. Root number 1 2.
kind
There are many varieties of litchi, among which cinnamon and glutinous rice paste are the best varieties and the choice of fresh food; Diaoqing is a precious and hard-to-find variety. "Luogang Guiwei", "Bicun glutinous rice paste" and "Zengcheng Guilv" are known as "Three Unique Litchi".
Hanging green: Because the shell is slightly green, six points are divided into dividends, and each point is named after a circle of green lines. According to "Guangdong Xinyu", hanging green is "crisp as a pear, and the pulp is gone. If you shell it, it will remain unchanged for three days. " Among them, Zengcheng Guaqing has always been a tribute of the emperor. According to legend, during the Qianlong period, Zengcheng people cut down 100 hanging green trees due to the annual tribute, and there was only one mother tree left in the hanging green garden in Litchi Town, Zengcheng, which was called "hanging green in the west". There is still a result of hanging green in Xiyuan every year. 200 1, there is a litchi hanging in Xiyuan, setting a world record for auctioning "the most expensive fruit".
Guiwei: It is characterized by sweet-scented osmanthus, and the meat is cool and sweet. The skin is light red, the lobes on the skin are sharp and prickly, and the skin is thin and brittle; There are normal large nuclei and degenerated focal nuclei in the nucleus. There is a kind of cinnamon called "duck head green" with dark green patches, which is an excellent variety.
Glutinous rice paste: It is characterized by thick meat, rich juice and sweet as honey. The skin is bright red and thin, and the lobes on the skin have no peaks. The nucleus is so small that it has degenerated into seedless.