1. The most suitable planting environment for grapevines: too little sunlight will cause sourness, and too much sunlight will cause it to be too sweet. When budding in spring, grapes prefer a temperature of 7-12°C, without frost or hail; when grape branches are growing, the best temperature is between 20-25°C, neither too cold nor too hot, but with bright sunshine; in autumn, grapes Begins to mature, the ideal temperature is 20-25℃, cool and pleasant.
The growth years of grapevines are based on planting technology, fertilizer use and fruit yield as prerequisites. It also includes tree species, natural environment, protection and other measures. Grapes begin to grow three years after they are planted, and there will be processes such as budding, flowering, and fruiting every year thereafter.
2. Grapevine planting and management technology:
(1) Fertilization
Mainly include base fertilizer and top dressing, which are used to ensure or compensate for the nutrients needed for grape growth. It also protects against diseases and pests. The fertilizers applied mainly include phosphorus, potassium, boron, urea and other fertilizers. Organic fertilizers such as river mud can also be used. (It is recommended to use Anoken Mercer controlled-release BB fertilizer as base fertilizer, 0.3-1kg per plant and seaweed organic fertilizer, 0.5-2kg per plant, and Mercer water-soluble fertilizer as top fertilizer in the later stage.)
(2) Pest control
Similar insect pests only occur in one generation (June to August) in the north, but two generations may occur in the south. The main pest species include hawkmoth larvae with green body and yellow antennae, commonly known as bean bugs or beetles; grape beetle larvae with purple, gray or dark green stripes or gray beetle larvae.
(3) Pruning
From November onwards, the grape leaves begin to turn yellow and fall. In winter, grape growers in cold areas must cover the roots of the trees with soil to prevent the vines from freezing to death. In order to slow down the aging of grapevines and control grape yield, pruning must be carried out from winter to March of the following year. The lignified grapevines are removed according to different pruning systems to remove excess buds and pruning the branches. Trim to desired shape. Vines that die during the year must also be replanted in winter.
Pruning method:
The most important work of pruning is winter pruning. Since grapevines cannot be harvested until at least the third year after planting, the pruning work in the first few years is mainly to cut out the shape of the pruning system, and pruning for grape production only begins in the third year. Due to the complexity of pruning, it can only be done manually.
The grapevines before pruning have more than hundreds of buds every year. Pruning can be done according to the pruning system and the number of buds that must be retained on each grapevine to control the yield. Because if part of the buds are not removed, not only will the quality of the grapes produced be poor, it will also accelerate the aging of the grapevines.
The essence of grape growing is to balance the growth of grape branches and leaves with the growth of grape fruits. On the one hand, there must be enough leaves for photosynthesis to produce nutrients. On the other hand, the leaves must not be too lush and consume the growth of the grapes. required nutrients.
Vine pruning and pruning are important methods to maintain this balance. In order to match various grape varieties and natural environments, many different styles of pruning systems have been developed to meet needs. Each pruning system has its own unique pruning method, branch binding method and various corresponding planting techniques.
(4) Grafting
The main effects of grafting technology on grapes are twofold:
On the one hand, the growth potential is strong in summer, the flower buds are well differentiated, and the grapes are fully grown. The branches can also produce flower spikes. The leaves are upright, dark green in color, with high photosynthetic efficiency, easy cultivation and management, and better cultivation results. It can be propagated by cuttings or grafting. On the other hand, new varieties can be cultivated.
1. Soil
The soil requires breathable, loose, fertile loam rich in inorganic matter and calcium. We can mix decomposed nutrient soil with 1/3 decomposed horse and cow dung and 2/3 pastoral soil, fill the pot firmly, water it thoroughly, and plant after the surface is dry and loose. The soil is very important and must be loosened regularly. But be careful not to hurt the roots. Or replace it with loose, breathable and nutritious leaf mold soil. Add enough decomposed fertilizer as base fertilizer.
2. Fertilization
The principle of fertilizing potted grapes is to apply less and more often.
Potted grapes can be fertilized temporarily during the nursery stage and early stage of planting. After the seedlings grow to 5 to 6 leaves, apply thin liquid fertilizer once every 6 to 8 days. After flowering and fruiting, the nutritional requirements increase, and the frequency of fertilization can be increased appropriately. Pay attention to watering immediately after each application of liquid fertilizer.
3. Watering
Water potted grapes once every 2-3 days before and after germination. It is better to water before 10 am and after 4 pm; When watering, the water temperature should be close to the temperature of the pot soil. In summer, the temperature is relatively high and evaporation is relatively large. Watering should be done once in the morning and evening. After the temperature gradually decreases in spring, the frequency of watering gradually becomes less, and it is better when the pot soil is moist; in summer During the dormant period of falling leaves, keep the pot soil dry and moist. When watering, you can sprinkle some water on the leaves.
4. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests
If there are diseases, you can spray 3-5 Baume degrees of lime sulfur mixture during the dormant period of the grapes. After germination, spray 1 dose every 10-15 days. 1: 0.5:200 Bordeaux mixture or 500 times compound carbendazim solution can prevent and control common diseases. If there are brown spots, white powder and other abnormal phenomena on the leaves, branches or fruit ears, they should be cut off immediately to avoid spreading, and sprayed with Bordeaux liquid for control.
5. Light
Grapevines Grapevines are very sensitive to light. They like light and must be placed in a place with sufficient light.
6. Shelves
Some people will build some shelves on the balcony to facilitate the climbing of grapes. Remember not to use iron shelves or shelves that conduct heat quickly. It is best to Use wooden ones.
Extended information:
Improving the fruit setting rate of grapes:
1. Prevent overgrowth
Many friends are concerned about the planting process. The long and leggy branches were not taken seriously and allowed to continue to grow. As everyone knows, if a certain branch of the grapevine grows too strong, it will affect the flowering and fruiting rate of the grapes. The growth of grapevines should not be too strong, because if it is too strong, it will require a lot of nutrients, which will compete for nutrients in the lower branches of the grapes, causing stunted growth of the grapes.
2. Reasonable fruit retention
When planting, most people think that the more fruits, the better, so they do not perform reasonable flower and fruit thinning on fruit trees. This will not only fail to increase fruit yield, but will also cause the quality of the grapes to deteriorate and reduce the vigor of the fruit trees. It causes stunted development of fruit trees, reduces the pollination rate of flower buds in the second year, and reduces the accumulation of nutrients in the branches of the plant, affecting the rate of flowering and fruiting, resulting in flower and fruit drop. Therefore, we must retain fruits reasonably, control quantity, ensure quality, and reduce the phenomenon of flower and fruit drop.
3. Ensure nutrition
Ensuring sufficient nutrients for the growth of grapevines is a key factor in enhancing the growth of grapevines and increasing the fruit setting rate. After harvesting, the orchard should be fully fertilized, and the amount should be at least half of the fertilizer required for a year. Topdress at least three times a year, with the first application of appropriate nitrogen fertilizer before germination. During the fruit expansion period, the second top dressing is carried out. The fertilizer can be decomposed farmyard manure. When the fruit is colored for the last time, it is mainly based on some trace elements. Pay attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer.
4. Disease prevention and control
Pests and diseases are also one of the main reasons for grape flower and fruit drop, so if you want to increase the fruit setting rate of grapes, you must also prevent the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. The main diseases and insect pests of grapes include downy mildew, leafhoppers, etc. After harvesting every year, the orchard must be fully disinfected in time, and the remaining diseased branches and damaged fruits must be collected and cleaned. Pay attention to stay away from orchards, and then low-level orchards should also be regularly cultivated and disinfected to remove the eggs of pathogens and insects in the orchards to reduce pathogens and reduce the incidence rate.